Sudden Infant Death Research Articles

Effectiveness of Educational Program on Mothers’ Knowledge and Practices for The Prevention of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Effectiveness of Educational Program on Mothers’ Knowledge and Practices for The Prevention of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Epidemiological changes and causes of sudden unexpected death in infancy: A 30-year population-based study in Basque Country

IntroductionSudden unexpected deaths in infancy (SUDI) represents a serious public health problem. The objective of this work is to analyze its epidemiological and clinical-pathological characteristics. MethodRetrospective population study of SUDI in Bizkaia between 1991-2020. Data from the Mortality Registry and Forensic Pathology Service were examined. Results1,109 deaths in children under one year were recorded. A forensic autopsy was performed in 107: 61 cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and 23 SUDI of explained cause. In other 10 cases SIDS was coded as cause of death without forensic autopsy. The incidence of SIDS was 0.26/1,000/year and decreased from 0.74 (1991-1995 five-year period) to 0.07 (2011-15 and 2016-20 periods). The percentage of SIDS in relation to total mortality decreased from 11.2 to 2.5%. In SIDS, category IB from San Diego (67%) and infants between 1 and 4 months (63%) predominated. An “unsafe sleep environment” was detected in 6 SIDS. 56.5% of the explained SUDI were infectious. Of the 84 autopsied SUDI cases, 70% had no pre-existing disease and 15% were premature and/or low birth weight infants. In 32% there were prodromal symptoms, mainly respiratory tract infection. Microscopic findings suggestive of respiratory infection were diagnosed in 10 SIDS. ConclusionsThe incidence of SIDS in Bizkaia is low and has decreased notably in the last 30 years. Prodromal symptoms and histopathological signs suggestive of infection are relatively common. Forensic studies provide relevant data, although prospective multidisciplinary and multicenter research would be desirable.

Infant & Child Mortality in Pakistan and its Determinants: A Review.

Over the years, several developing countries have been suffering from high infant and child mortality rates, however, according to the recent statistics, Pakistan falls high on the list. Our narrative review of copious research on this topic highlights that several factors, such as complications associated with premature births, high prevalence of birth defects, lack of vaccination, unsafe deliveries, poor breastfeeding practices, complications during delivery, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), poor socioeconomic conditions, and a struggling healthcare system, have influenced these rates. Bearing in mind the urgency of addressing the increased infant and child mortality rate in Pakistan, multiple steps must be taken in order to prevent unnecessary deaths. An effective initiative could be spreading awareness and education among women, as a lack of education among women has been indirectly linked to increased child mortality in Pakistan across many researches conducted on the issue. Furthermore, the government should invest in healthcare by hiring more physicians and providing better supplies and improving infrastructure, especially in underdeveloped areas, to decrease child mortality due to lack of clean water and poor hygiene. Lastly, telemedicine should be made common in order to provide easy access to women who cannot visit the hospital.

Exploring the brain with sleep-related injuries, and fixing it.

The focus of my research efforts rests with determining dysfunctional neural systems underlying disorders of sleep, and identifying interventions to overcome those disorders. Aberrant central and physiological control during sleep exerts serious consequences, including disruptions in breathing, motor control, blood pressure, mood, and cognition, and plays a major role in sudden infant death syndrome, congenital central hypoventilation, and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy, among other concerns. The disruptions can be traced to brain structural injury, leading to inappropriate outcomes. Identification of failing systems arose from the assessment of single neuron discharge in intact, freely moving and state-changing human and animal preparations within multiple systems, including serotonergic action and motor control sites. Optical imaging of chemosensitive, blood pressure and other breathing regulatory areas, especially during development, were useful to show integration of regional cellular action in modifying neural output. Identification of damaged neural sites in control and afflicted humans through structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging procedures helped to identify the sources of injury, and the nature of interactions between brain sites that compromise physiological systems and lead to failure. Interventions to overcome flawed regulatory processes were developed, and incorporate noninvasive neuromodulatory means to recruit ancient reflexes or provide peripheral sensory stimulation to assist breathing drive to overcome apnea, reduce the frequency of seizures, and support blood pressure in conditions where a failure to perfuse can lead to death.

Association of Placental Histology with the Pulsatility Index of Fetal and Uteroplacental Vessels during Pregnancy and with Birthweight Z-Score.

To compare macro- and microscopic features of the placenta with the pulsatility index (PI) of the uterine (UtA), umbilical (UA) and middle cerebral arteries at 20-24- and 34-38-weeks' gestation, and with birthweight z-scores (BWZS). Recruitment for the Safe Passage Study, which investigated the association of alcohol and tobacco use with stillbirth and sudden infant death syndrome, occurred from August 2007 to January 2015 at community clinics in Cape Town, South Africa. The population represents a predominantly homogenous population of pregnant women from a low socioeconomic residential area. This study is a further analysis of the data of the Safe Passage Study. It consists of 1205 singleton pregnancies for which placental histology was available, of whom 1035 had a known BWZS and 1022 and 979 had fetoplacental Doppler examinations performed at Tygerberg Academic Hospital at 20-24 and 34-38 weeks respectively. Features of the placenta were assessed according to international norms. Significantly higher ORs for the presence of individual and combined features of maternal vascular malperfusion (MVM) were found with lower BWZS and higher UtA PI values, more consistently than with higher UA PI values. Strongest associations were for a small placenta for gestational age (UtA OR 4.86 at 20-24 and 5.92 at 34-38 weeks; UA OR 5.33 at 20-24 and 27.01 at 34-38 weeks; low BWZS OR 0.31), for accelerated maturation (UtA OR 11.68 at 20-24 weeks and 18.46 at 34-38 weeks; low BWZS 0.61), for macroscopic infarction (UtA OR 6.08 at 20-24 weeks; UA OR 17.02 at 34-38 weeks; low BWZS OR 0.62) and for microscopic infarction (UtA OR 6.84 at 20-24 and 10.9 at 34-38 weeks; low BWZS OR 0.62). There is considerable variability in the associations between individual features of MVM and increased UtA or UA PI and low BWZS. Although all MVM features currently carry equal weight in defining the condition of MVM, our data suggest that some should carry more weight than others. Macroscopic examination of the placenta may be helpful in identifying placental insufficiency as a small placenta for gestational age and macroscopic infarction were the features most strongly associated with outcomes.

Safe Newborn Sleep Practices on a Large Volume Maternity Service.

Reinforcing safe infant sleep conditions in the hospital setting supports continuation of safe sleep practices after hospital discharge and should be considered the first line of defense for reducing risk for sudden unexpected infant death (SUID) and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) at home. The purpose of this study is to determine knowledge of perinatal nurses, nursing assistants, physicians, and ancillary personnel about safe sleep recommendations and implementation of safe sleep practices on the mother-baby unit. Nurses and other members of the perinatal health care team in a level III maternity service were invited to participate in a survey about safe sleep knowledge and practices. An audit for safe sleep adherence was conducted on the mother-baby unit for 120 mother-baby couplets over 1 year as a process improvement project. N = 144 surveys were completed; most participants (86%) were nurses. They had high levels of knowledge about safe sleep recommendations and 74% reported making at least one safe sleep adjustment during one shift per week. The most common modifications at least once per week were removing baby from a sleeping caregiver (30%) and removing items from baby's bassinet (26%). Safe sleep audit findings revealed 32 out of 120 couplets were not fully following safe sleep recommendations, with most common unsafe sleep practice metrics being items in the baby's bassinet (18%) and bassinets propped up (8%). During the hospitalization for childbirth, new parents can learn about safe sleep practices from the perinatal health care team. Sharing information and role modeling safe sleep practices can promote continuation of safe sleep practices for the newborn at home after hospital discharge.

Welcome to volume 18 of Nanomedicine.

Welcome to volume 18 of Nanomedicine.

Perceptions and Use of Safe Sleep Baby Boxes at Hospital Discharge by New Mothers.

A large community hospital in South Texas began distributing safe sleep baby boxes to reduce sudden unexplained infant death (SUID) in 2017. To describe safe sleep practices among new mothers who received a safe sleep baby box at hospital discharge. An information sheet containing a link to an online survey was mailed to all women who received a safe sleep baby box prior to discharge from the hospital from January 2018 to January 2019. N = 84 women participated. Most reported using the safe sleep baby box only during nap time (n = 62, 88.6%). Only 70.2% of participants reported that baby always slept their back (n = 59). Most reported their baby did not use a pacifier (n = 62, 73.8%), and many reported they were not breastfeeding their baby (n = 38, 45.2%). Many women were not using the safe sleep baby box as intended and were not following many of the other safe sleep guidelines. Nurses should ask their patients about plans for infant safe sleep after discharge to provide individualized education or recommend specific resources to address the family's needs.

Conception of a home-based sleep apnoea identification and monitoring system

Healthy sleep is one of the prerequisites for a good human body and brain condition, including general well-being. Unfortunately, there are several sleep disorders that can negatively affect this. One of the most common is sleep apnoea, in which breathing is impaired. Studies have shown that this disorder often remains undiagnosed. To avoid this, developing a system that can be widely used in a home environment to detect apnoea and monitor the changes once therapy has been initiated is essential. The conceptualisation of such a system is the main aim of this research. After a thorough analysis of the available literature and state of the art in this area of knowledge, a concept of the system was created, which includes the following main components: data acquisition (including two parts), storage of the data, apnoea detection algorithm, user and device management, data visualisation. The modules are interchangeable, and interfaces have been defined for data transfer, most of which operate using the MQTT protocol. System diagrams and detailed component descriptions, including signal requirements and visualisation mockups, have also been developed. The system's design includes the necessary concepts for the implementation and can be realised in a prototype in the next phase.

Effectiveness of Educational Program on Mothers’ Knowledge and Practices for The Prevention of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Effectiveness of Educational Program on Mothers’ Knowledge and Practices for The Prevention of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Mothers' Knowledge about Prevention of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in Holy Karbala City

Mothers' Knowledge about Prevention of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in Holy Karbala City

The Loss of a Child : Miscarriage

There are different types of losses that people can experience in life. Much has been written about the death of a child, some has been written about sudden infant death syndrome, but less has been written about the sorrow, grief and pain that accompanies a miscarriage. This paper will explore some of these issues and argues that a miscarriage is surely as devastating and traumatic as other types of early deaths

Fetal Arrhythmia Detection Based on Labeling Considering Heartbeat Interval.

Arrhythmia is one of the causes of sudden infant death, and it is very important to detect fetal arrhythmia for fetal well-being. Fetal electrocardiogram (FECG) is one of the methods to detect a heartbeat. Fetal arrhythmia can be detected based on the heartbeat detection results from FECG signals such as heartbeat intervals. However, the accuracy of arrhythmia detection easily degrades depending on the accuracy of heartbeat detection. In this paper, we propose a deep learning-based fetal arrhythmia detection method using FECG signals. Recently, arrhythmia detection methods using adult ECG signals have achieved a high arrhythmia detection accuracy based on deep learning. Motivated by this fact, in the proposed method, the acquired FECG signals are segmented, and the segments are input into a deep learning model that classifies them into normal or arrhythmia ones. Based on the classification results of multiple segments, a subject is judged as a healthy or arrhythmia subject. Each segment of the training data is divided into three categories based on the estimated heartbeat interval: (i) normal, (ii) arrhythmia, and (iii) a segment that could be both normal and arrhythmic. Only segments labeled as normal or arrhythmia are used for training a deep learning model to achieve a higher classification accuracy of the model. Through these procedures, the proposed method detects fetal arrhythmia with fewer effects of heartbeat detection results. The experimental results show that the proposed method achieves 96.2% accuracy, 100% specificity, and 100% recall, improving the values of conventional methods based on heartbeat detection and feature detection.

Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Dalam Perilaku Ibu Primigravida Trimester III Terhadap Teknik Menyusui Yang Benar di Kelurahan Ladang Bambu Kecamatan Medan Tuntungan

Breast milk is one of the perfect and best foods for babies because it contains the nutritional elements needed by babies and is very beneficial for the baby's growth and development. Breastfeeding is one way to provide the best nutrition for babies and strengthen the bond between mother and baby. Breast milk contains immune-forming antibodies which can help fight viral bacteria so that breastfed babies are at less risk of developing diseases such as: diarrhea, asthma, allergies, ear infections, respiratory tract infections, constipation, sudden infant death syndrome and meningitis. The aim of this health education for community empowerment is to increase the knowledge of TM III pregnant women about the importance of exclusive breastfeeding. The method used in this counseling is by presenting material using lecture and demonstration methods using communication media such as leaflets. The number of respondents was 12 people, carried out on October 18 2023. Pretest and posttest were carried out to evaluate the mother's knowledge before and after counseling. The results of the evaluation of mothers' knowledge before the counseling was carried out showed that 5 people (20%) were in the good category and there was an increase in mothers' knowledge to 12 people (88%) after the counseling was in the good category.

Medicolegal study of Egyptian suspicious childhood deaths during 2020–2021

BackgroundPediatric autopsy is an effective tool for identifying the cause and the manner of death in suspicious childhood deaths. Aim of the studyTo explore the pattern of suspicious childhood deaths during the recent years (2020–2021) in the Egyptian community and to identify the risk factors to avoid them during the childhood period. Subjects and methodsOne hundred and fifty Egyptian suspicious child death cadavers (less than 18 years old) were autopsied in Zeinhom Morgue during one-year period (2020–2021). Demographic data, circumstances of death, causes and manner of death were defined and statistically analyzed. ResultsIdentity was known in 77.3% of the studied cases, and male to female ratio was 2.2:1. Most of cases were recruited from Cairo and Giza governorates. Adolescents contributed to about one third of the cases. Deaths at home or in hospital were more than outdoor deaths. Seasonal variation was observed as more cases were autopsied during spring and summer. Homicidal deaths (32%) were more in toddlers and adolescents mostly by blunt trauma (58.3%) with signs of violence and resistance or child abuse, mainly in males. The perpetrator was known to be a family member in more than half of the studied cases (56.25%). Accidental deaths (17.3%) were mainly by firearm injuries or poisoning. Suicidal deaths (13.3%) were represented more in adolescents by hanging or by aluminum phosphide poisoning. Natural deaths (13.3%) by bronchopneumonia or leukemia were found in neonates and adolescents. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) (6.7%) was diagnosed by exclusion among neonates and infants only during spring, with equal gender distribution (1:1). Malpractice (6%) leads to death by sepsis or hemorrhage. ConclusionsAll manners of death contribute to suspicious death during childhood period, especially during summer and spring. Family members are the perpetrator for most of accidental, homicidal or suicidal deaths. RecommendationsTraining courses are recommended to parents for proper care and protection of their children to avoid violence, abuse and accidents at home or outdoor.

Implementation of Apnea Monitor with Telemedicine Smartphone System (TMSS) for diagnosis and management of sleep-disordered breathing in Cases of Respiratory Disorders in Indonesia

In connection with the increase in patients with respiratory problems in the Kenjeran Health Centre area of Surabaya City and the cases of respiratory problems in Covid 19 patients which caused a lack of treatment for these patients due to limited health workers and insufficient monitoring equipment, resulting in an impact on the health service system for patients being disrupted. The Community Service Programme with the PKM scheme is carried out in the form of synergistic cooperation between the Poltekkes Kemenkes Surabaya and the Surabaya City Health Office which is oriented towards community independence through counseling and mentoring, especially in the application of the use of Apnea Monitor at the respiration rate using the Telemedicine Smartphone System (TMSS). These problems are obtained from supporting data about the general description, health degree situation, health resource situation, health service efforts and disease cases at the Kenjeran Health Centre obtained from the Surabaya City Community Satisfaction Survey 2016-2021 so that they can be analysed for problem solutions. With the concept of methodology, a design / flow of extension activities and assistance in the application of the use of Apnea Monitor with Telemedicine System carried out by a team consisting of 3 lecturers and 3 students in accordance with their fields of expertise as well as participants from Kenjeran Health Centre and the community in the area, so that the Community Service activities to be carried out are expected to help solve the problems faced by Kenjeran Health Centre. The results of activities that have been achieved are: 1).The results of SPO2 and BPM values on 40 workers are recorded.2). Identification of 40 workers who do not experience respiratory problems; 3). Identification of workers with respiratory problems (none); 4) Implementation of the TMSS apnea monitor system by measuring SPO2 and BPM in smoking workers in the Kenjeran Health Centre area. Future development plans for the Apnea Monitor -TMSS tool can be accessed via the web.

Racial and incident discrepancies in news media reporting of sudden unexpected infant death (SUID)

BackgroundRegardless of injury prevention and outreach efforts, there continue to be low rates of adherence with the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) safe sleep recommendations. Media is an important tool for parental education and may influence risk perception and caregiver choices. Due to media reports potentially serving as an opportunity for shaping social norms, caregiver education and injury prevention, an evaluation was undertaken to evaluate Georgia local news reporting of sudden unexpected infant death (SUID) as compared to drownings, homicides, and firearm injuries. Our objective was to evaluate incident and racial discrepancies in Georgia news media reporting of SUID as compared to other pediatric injury deaths.ResultsDespite its high incidence, SUID was far less commonly mentioned in the news media, with only 1.9% (10/525) mentioned as compared to 8.1% of drownings (17/211), 11.4% (74/649) of MVC’s, 14.7% (59/402) of homicides between ages 1–18, 20% (11/55) of fire-related deaths and 25% (15/59) of homicides under age one (infant homicides). Across SUID and homicide, deaths of White infants were reported in the news media at 2.5 times the rate of Black infants.ConclusionDespite SUID being a leading cause of infant death, it is infrequently mentioned in the news media. When mentioned, the news media are more likely to highlight the deaths of White infants as compared to Black infants, though the incidence rate of SUID is higher in Black infants as compared to White.

Medical Aspect of Tobacco Smoke's Adverse Effects on Human Health

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, there is an annual rate of 7 million deaths because of tobacco use, and this rate is expected to step up to 8 million deaths in 2030 by virtue of smoking-related health complications. Furthermore, it is pathetic to know that almost more than 23% of high school students use tobacco, which if continued at the current rate; about 5.6 million teenagers would be vulnerable to death as mentioned by the World Health Organization. On the other hand, smokers do not only harm themselves but also increase the incidence of pneumonia, asthma, and bronchitis for passive smokers, which by the way contribute to the development of lung cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, infant death syndrome and slow-growing lung cancer are prevalent in children with continuous exposure to second-hand smoke. These adverse effects emerge from the complex mixture of chemicals present in submicron-sized particles suspended in cigarette smoke like carbon monoxide, benzene, nitrogen oxides, and other gases. Thus, it seems that tobacco smoking has been spreading worldwide as an epidemic with devastating lethal disorders represented in diverse pulmonary, neurological, and cardiovascular-related diseases. Wherefore, this paper discusses the harmful effects of tobacco smoke on human health in accordance with the modern advanced genetic technologies used in exploratory investigations for the relation between smoking and the emergence of human diseases.

Decreasing Sudden Unexpected Infant Death

Background: Sleep-related sudden unexpected infant death (SUID) is an alarming, potentially preventable event with over 3,500 annual occurrences in the United States (US). In response to sleep-related SUIDs, the American Academy of Pediatrics and National Institutes of Health advocate for safe sleep practices to promote establishment of safe sleep environments for infants through the Safe to Sleep initiative. However, research evidence shows that lack of knowledge in hospital staff and community members (parents/caregivers) and cultural barriers/biases are factors associated with the inability or resistance to adopting safe sleep practices for infants.

Prenatal cannabis use disorder and infant hospitalization and death in the first year of life

ObjectiveTo determine whether maternal cannabis use disorder is associated with infant hospitalization or death in the first year of life. MethodsWe queried an administrative birth cohort derived from the hospital discharge database maintained by the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development and linked with vital statistics files. We included singleton, live-birth deliveries between 2011 and 2018. Pregnancies with cannabis use disorder were classified from International Classification of Disease codes. Outcomes included infant emergency department visits and hospital admissions identified from health records, and infant deaths identified from death records. Models were adjusted for sociodemographic variables, psychiatric comorbidities and other substance use disorders. ResultsThere were 34,544 births (1.0 %) with a cannabis use disorder diagnosis in pregnancy, with increasing prevalence over the study period. The incidence of infant death in the first year of life was greater among those with a maternal cannabis use disorder diagnosis than those without (1.0 % vs 0.4 %; adjusted risk ratio 1.4 95 % CI: 1.2–1.6). When examining specific causes of death, the increased risk estimates were attributable to perinatal conditions and sudden unexpected infant death. After adjustment, there was no increased risk of infant hospitalizations or emergency department visits. ConclusionsThese findings warrant further investigation into the underlying mechanisms of maternal prenatal CUD on infant outcomes, and add to a rapidly expanding body of literature supporting the need for effective treatment options for pregnant individuals with cannabis use disorders