Sudden Impact Loads Research Articles

Impact energy in Heat-Treated aluminium alloy 6061 and 7075

Instrumented Charpy impact is one of the promising methods to assess the impact energy; toughness and resilience of a material. The test consists of the Charpy machine and instrumentation equipment which is the strain gauge and the data acquisition system. Impact energy evaluations are important to understand the material behaviour subjected to sudden impact loading. Aluminium 7075 has good strength strength-to-weight ratio than aluminium 6061 and hence the AL 7075 is usually used in the aerospace industry, whilst the AL 6061 is commonly used in the automotive industry. The objective of the study is to observe and analyse the impact response of the Aluminium 6061 and 7075 at different heat- treated conditions; O-anneal and T6 temper. In addition to the impact energy absorbed value, the impact strain signal is recorded too. Theoretical impact energy is calculated as well based on the information given by the Charpy machine software. Aluminium 7075 exhibits a lower value of impact energy absorbed and a smaller area under the curve compared to Aluminium 6061. The energy absorption capacity for each material grade and heat-treated condition are different from one another. O-anneal aluminium has a lesser energy absorbed value and a smaller area under the curve than the T6 temper aluminium. The outcome reveals that the heat treatment process alters the material microstructure and mechanical properties, whereas in this study the impact energy responses are influenced by these circumstances. Moreover, the chemical composition of the aluminium alloy distinguishes these two grades from one another, thus resulting in different impact responses.

Low-velocity impact behavior of two-way SFRC slabs strengthened with steel plate

Structural systems and structural elements can often suffer severe damage or even completely collapse under the effect of sudden dynamic impact loading, which is a different type of loading that is not considered during their design. Research on how structures behave under impact loading and how they can be strengthened to perform better against this type of loading has increased to avoid such undesirable severe damage. Within the scope of this study, it is aimed to improve the behavior and increase the performance of two-way steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC) slabs, one of the leading structural elements that can be affected by impact loading, using steel fiber concrete (SFC) and placing steel plates on the surface of the RC slab. Within the scope of the study, the effects of placing FRC as layers in different positions within the slab and placing the steel plate on different surfaces of the slabs were examined. Impact loading was applied using a drop weight test setup designed by the authors, and the acceleration–time, displacement–time, and impact loading–time behaviors of the RC slabs were measured and interpreted. The use of fiber concrete in RC slabs and strengthened with steel plates increased the maximum acceleration values by an average of 3% and 113%, respectively. The use of fiber concrete in RC slabs reduced the maximum displacement and residual displacement values by an average of 2% and 25%, respectively. Placing steel plates on the slabs reduced the maximum displacement and residual displacement values by an average of 270% and 199%, respectively. In addition, the energy absorption capacities of RC slabs were calculated, and how they were affected by experimental variables was examined. Numerical analyses of the RC slabs tested in the study were also conducted using ABAQUS finite element software, and the results obtained were compared with the experimental ones.

Microstructure and mechanical assessment of Inconel 625 and AISI 904L dissimilar joints using high-density welding technique for pressure vessels

The dissimilar bimetallic joints of 5 mm thick Inconel 625 and AISI 904L were accomplished through the high-density fiber laser welding (LBW) process. The metallurgical investigation ensured the micro-segregation of Mo and Nb in the dendritic and inter-dendritic regions along with the formation of secondary topologically closed packed (TCP) phases. In addition to the metallurgical studies the Kernal average misorientation (KAM), Schmid factor (SF), and nucleation of the new grains were investigated through Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis. The tensile strength opined the occurrence of failure on the 904L side, away from the weld seam ensuring that the joints have a higher strength. The notch tensile showed a higher strength of 678 ± 4 MPa in the weld zone than that of the 904L base alloy. The Charpy V notch studies showed a drastic decrease in the impact toughness with 38 ± 2 J as compared to the base alloys under sudden impact loading at room temperature (RT).

Dynamic responses analysis of submerged floating tunnel under impact load

Submerged floating tunnel (SFT) may be subjected to sudden impact loads such as submarine and shipwreck. Besides the local damage caused by impact, the overall transient dynamic response may also affect its driving safety. Based on the dynamic impact finite element software, the full-length model, and the locally truncated accurate model with solid element of the SFT are established respectively. By applying different spring stiffness constraints on the boundary of the truncated model, its first three modes are consistent with the full-length model, thus their dynamic characteristics are basically the same. The truncated model is further used to simulate the impact of a massive object on the SFT under different impact velocities, impact mass, impact angles and impact positions. The velocity and mass of the impact object have positive influences on the peak contact force, the displacement amplitude of the tube and the length of the damaged area. When the impact angle is perpendicular to the SFT tube, the contact force, displacement amplitude and the damaged area are the largest. The change of the impact position has little effect on the contact force and the damage area, but it will affect the distribution of displacement amplitude.

Influence of tool plunging rate on mechanical properties and microstructure of friction stir welded DMR249A high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel butt joints

Abstract The main aim of this study is to analyse the influence of tool plunging rate on tool wear and stir zone characteristics of DMR249A high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel joints developed using friction stir welding (FSW). The HSLA steel plates were welded at five levels of tool plunging rates varying from 2.0 mm min−1 to 3.0 mm min−1. The tool rotational speed of 600 rpm and welding speed of 30 mm min−1 were kept constant during welding. The wear of FSW tool was analysed by microscopic observations of tool condition after welding, stir zone characteristics, weight loss measurement and pin profile analysis. The characterization techniques of optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to analyse the microstructural characteristics of stir zone of welded joints. Results disclosed that the severe degradation of FSW tool occurred due to the sudden dynamic impact load on tool pin while plunging and more diffusion of work piece material into the tool pin which leads to insufficient plasticized material flow. The tool plunging rate of 2.5 mm min−1 showed minimum tool wear and produced defect free sound joint.

Modelling transient stresses in dynamically loaded elastic solids using the Lattice Boltzmann Method

AbstractIn solids subjected to transient loading, inertial effects and S‐ or P‐wave superposition can give rise to stresses which significantly exceed those predicted by quasi‐static models. It pays to accurately predict such stresses – and the failures induced by them – in fields from mining to automotive safety and biomechanics. This, however, requires costly simulations with fine spatial and temporal resolutions.The Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) can be used as an explicit numerical solver for certain appropriately formulated conservation laws [1]. It encodes information about the field variables to be simulated in distribution functions, which are modified locally and propagated across a regular lattice. As the LBM lends itself to finely discretised simulations and is easy to parallelise [2, p.55], it is an intriguing candidate as a solver for dynamic continuum problems.Recently, Murthy et al. [3] and Escande et al. [4] adopted LBM algorithms to model isotropic, linear elastic solids. We extended these algorithms using local boundary rules that allow us to model arbitrary‐valued Dirichlet and Neumann boundaries. Here, we illustrate applications of the LBM for solids and the proposed additions by way of a simple numerical example – a glass pane subject to a sudden impact load.

Crack-bridging and strengthening prospects of nanofibers in the cement composite – A review

The primary objective of this review is to investigate the influence of nanofibers in the modifications of the strength characteristics of the cement composite. Cement composite is an important constituent in civil infrastructures due to its great compressive strength and constructability. The poor binding characteristics of cement composite lead to microfractures during casting, which leads to the weakening of the structure. In order to decrease the microfractures, nanofibrous materials like carbon nanofibers are employed. The incorporation of nanofibers in cement composite also increases the water resistance in buildings. Hence in this article, the use of nanofibers in diverse constructions and property enhancement approaches are examined. The incorporation of fibers in cement composite has been proven to control its fracture behavior and retain its ductility in tension. Nanofiber-reinforced cement composite was also put into practice in highway construction to withstand the bearing loads and sudden impact loads of automobiles. Recent work on nanofiber cement composite demonstrates to acquire a better toughness value and also opens the path to higher flexural strength than that of regular fiber-reinforced cement composite and plain cement composite. The performance of this composite emerges the excellent crack bridging and favored load transmission at micro-scale by the inclusion of fibers in cement composite. These nanofibers also aid in the early identification of micro-cracks and maintain cement composite compactness during the construction of a structure. The review finds that appropriately dispersed nanofibers in a cement matrix may considerably increase the cracking resistance and flexural strength of cement composite by early detection of fractures which acts as a key element in the prevention of brittle cement composite failure.

Mechanical property and sealing performance analysis of the diaphragm compressor cylinder head for the hydrogen refueling station under the mutation impact load

Abstract: Under the combined action of structure-process -load, the stiffness and stress distribution at the sealing interface of the ultra-high pressure diaphragm compressor cylinder head exhibit significant nonlinear and uncertain characteristics, resulting in damage to the sealing interface, diaphragm and sealing ring. This paper first establishes a finite element numerical model considering assembly process parameters based on sudden impact load conditions, and analyzes the dynamic characteristics under different assembly process parameters. It is found that some modal frequencies transition with bolt loosening. Then, the mechanical characteristics of the assembly interface of the compressor sealing system under sudden impact load were studied. The maximum equivalent stress at the assembly interface was 298.9 MPa, and the maximum deformation at the top of the air chamber was 0.167mm. Finally, the nonlinear effects of sealing ring compression rate, sealing ring diameter, and sealing groove structure on contact stress and sealing performance were obtained. The results show that as the compression ratio increases by 20% and 25%, the contact pressure at the sealing interface increases by 42.0% and 77.5%, respectively; When the compression rate is 25%, the width of the sealing groove increases by 0.5mm, and the maximum contact pressure decreases by 8.1%. The research on the dynamic characteristics and sealing performance of diaphragm compressors provides technical support for the structural optimization design of diaphragm compressors cylinder head.

Impact behavior of low strength concrete slab strengthened with fan type anchored carbon fiber‐reinforced polymer strips

AbstractThis study investigated the behavior of slabs produced with low compressive strength concrete without reinforcements under the effect of sudden dynamic impact loading. In addition, an experimental study was conducted by proposing a strengthening method with anchored carbon fiber‐reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips to strengthen the nonreinforced slabs with low‐strength concrete against sudden dynamic impact loads to improve their performance. The variables examined in the experimental study were the placement of the CFRP strips adhered to the concrete slabs for strengthening purposes and anchors in the strips. A constant energy level of impact loading was applied to the concrete slab test specimens with the authors' free weight drop test setup. The acceleration‐time, displacement‐time, strain‐time, and applied impact loading‐time measurements on the concrete slabs were examined, and comments were made about the strengthening method applied to the slab test specimens. In addition, numerical analysis of the tested concrete slabs with ABAQUS finite element software was performed, and the results were compared with the experimental results. In the comparison, it was investigated to what extent numerical analysis and this type of impact analysis can be done realistically and compatible with the experimental results. Within the scope of the study, the strengthening method applied with fan‐type anchored CFRP strips significantly improved and increased the impact performance of concrete slabs produced with low‐strength concrete.

Low-velocity impact behavior of two-way RC slab strengthening with carbon TRM strips

Sudden dynamic impact loading on reinforced concrete (RC) slabs due to reasons such as the impact of debris due to landslide or rock fall, the impact of drifting objects due to effects such as flood or tsunami, the impact of vehicles on highway or seaway bridges, the impact of air shock waves due to explosions inside or outside of structures may lead damage and collapses. This study is aimed to examine the behavior of RC slabs reinforced with Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM) strips, which have been used in reinforcement applications for the last ten years, under the effect of sudden dynamic impact loading. The variables examined in the experimental study are the TRM strip width, the placement of the strips, and whether the anchors are present on the strips or not. The acceleration-time, displacement–time, strain–time over the strips, and applied impact loading-time distributions are measured and interpreted under the effect of impact loading with a constant energy level applied by the drop-weight system. In addition, numerical analysis of the slabs is done with Ls-Dyna software, compared with the experimental results, and examines how successful the analysis results are. The reinforcement technique applied with TRM strips developed within this study's scope significantly increased RC slabs' performance under impact loading. The TRM strips used for strengthening in both directions were the variable that had the most positive effect on impact behavior. Increasing the strip width and anchoring followed the use of double directional strips in improving performance under the impact loading.

Effect of Embedded Thin-Plies on the Charpy Impact Properties of CFRP Composites.

In this study, different configurations of epoxy composite laminates that contained thin plies were prepared and characterised for sudden impact load bearing applications. The primary aim of this investigation was to develop a hybrid epoxy-based thin ply composite for aerospace and automotive applications that would be tolerant of high impacts. The impact properties of the selected configurations were investigated both experimentally and numerically under low-velocity Charpy impact loading conditions. Furthermore, any damage to the laminates was evaluated with an emphasis on the identification of dominant damage mechanisms and locations. This included a comparison between the laminates that were made from traditional plies and the thin ply laminates in terms of their absorbed energy and failure modes. The results revealed that the integration of thin plies into normal ply had a major effect on the amount of absorbed energy under flatwise conditions: up to 8.7 J at a cut-off angle of 90°. However, edgewise conditions produced a maximum observed energy of 10.0 J for the thin plies that were surrounded by normal plies (Plate 3). The damage assessments showed the increased damage resistance of the hybrid thin ply composites due to their uniform stress distribution. The traditional ply composites incurred large deformations from the impact loads. Moreover, it was noted that delamination formed in the middle regions of the traditional plies. The FEM model analysis revealed that it was capable of accurately predicting the absorbed energy for different configurations of composites, which were prepared and analysed experimentally. Both the experimental and numerical values were very similar to each other. These impact damage assessments improved the thin ply composites so that they could be used as working materials for applications that are prone to high loads, such as the aerospace, defence, automotive and structural industries.

Impact damage behavior of lightweight CFRP protection suspender on railway vehicles

The lightweight design of railway vehicle components using fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs) has become a research hotspot due to the strong need for energy saving and environmental protection. This paper aims to evaluate the impact damage behavior of a carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) protection suspender, which is a component on railway vehicles to prevent the falling joist and bolster from touching the rails and to avoid the derailment of trains. A finite element (FE) model of the CFRP protection suspender, which considered varying bolt preloads was established in ABAQUS/Explicit. The bolt preload was successfully applied around the installation holes on the protection suspender by deliberately reducing the local temperature of the bolt shank to create shrinkage. The impact behavior of the protection suspender was then analyzed, and the impact-induced damage was governed by the Continuum Damage Mechanics (CDM) models, which include both intra-laminar damage and inter-laminar damage. The low-velocity impact response of the CFRP protection suspender was investigated with the lay-ups of [0]10 and [0/90/0/90/0]S under different bolt preloads (i.e. 0, 5 and 20 kN). The results showed that the vulnerable positions of the protection suspenders included the contact edge between the protection suspender and the impactor, the curved corner of the suspender, and the areas around the bolt holes. In addition, the protection suspender with the lay-up of [0]10 had better impact resistance than that with the lay-up of [0/90/0/90/0]S. By applying different preloads, it showed that the increase of bolt preloads could help to prevent the occurrence of crack damage around the installation holes, thus improving the structural safety when subjected to low-velocity impact. The present simulation results offered great value for the lightweight design and structural optimization of a protection suspender on railway vehicles that had to survive from sudden impact loads in service.

The Influence of Simulated Low Speed Vehicle Impacts and Posture on Passive Intervertebral Mechanics.

An in vitro biomechanics investigation exposing porcine functional spinal units (FSUs) to sudden impact loading although in a flexed, neutral, or extended posture. To investigate the combined effect of impact severity and postural deviation on intervertebral joint mechanics. To date, no in vitro studies have been conducted to explore lumbar tissue injury potential and altered mechanical properties from exposure to impact forces. Typically, after a motor vehicle collision, the cause of a reported acute onset of low back pain is difficult to identify, with potential soft tissue strain injury sites including the intervertebral disc, facet joint and highly innervated facet joint capsule ligament. Seventy-two porcine functional spinal units (36 C34, 36 C56), consisting of 2 adjacent vertebrae, ligaments, and the intervening intervertebral disc were included in the study. Each specimen was randomized to 1 of 3 experimental posture conditions (neutral, flexed, or extended) and assigned to 1 of 3 impact severities representing motor vehicle accident accelerations (4 g, 8 g, and 11 g). Before impact (pre) and after impact (post) flexion-extension and anterior-posterior shear neutral zone testing was completed. A significant two-way interaction was observed between pre-post and impact severity for flexion-extension neutral zone length and stiffness and anterior-posterior shear neutral zone length and stiffness. This was a result of increasedneutral zone range and decreased neutral zone stiffness pre-post for the highest impact severity (11 g), regardless of posture. Functional spinal units exposed to the highest severity impact (11 g) had significant neutral zone changes, with increases in joint laxity in flexion-extension and anterior-posterior shear and decreased stiffness, suggesting that soft tissue injury may have occurred. Despite observed main effects of impact severity, no influence of posture was observed.Level of Evidence: N/A.

Dynamic responses of reinforced concrete slabs under sudden impact loading

Reinforced concrete (RC) slabs may be subjected to low-velocity impact effect in their service lives. In this study, it is aimed to investigate dynamic responses of two-way rc slabs. So, a total of 6 slabs with 500x500, 550x550 and 600x600 mm side lengths and having same thickness are both experimentally and numerically investigated under low velocity impact loading. Two different reinforcement configurations are used in the production of each slab. A drop test setup is designed for the experimental study. Besides, measurement devices such as accelerometer, lvdt, dynamic load cell, data logger and optic photocells are used in the experimental program. Experiments on the specimens are carried out for the same level of impact energy. Acceleration, displacement and impact load values of slabs are presented by time dependent graphs. In addition, cracks and deformations are observed during tests. In the numerical part of this study, a detailed finite element procedure where explicit dynamic analysis is performed by Abaqus finite elements software is established. The simulations are performed for each test specimen under impact effect and analysis results are used in the verification of experimental results. The relationship between experimental and numerical studies is comparatively examined in terms of crack patterns and average ratios of accelerations, displacements, impact loads. Finally, it is considered that the proposed numerical model could be used in the evaluation of experimental results under impact loading.

Transient response of collinear Griffith cracks in a functionally graded strip bonded between dissimilar elastic strips under shear impact loading

This article analyses the interaction between a central and two symmetrically placed collinear Griffith cracks subjected to transient response under anti-plane shear impact loading. The cracks are situated in a strip constituted by functionally graded material (FGM) bonded between two dissimilar elastic strips of equal thickness. The material properties of FGM are assumed to vary exponentially as a function of thickness. Applying integral transforms, the boundary value problem reduces to a system of singular integral equations in the Laplace transformed domain. These equations are solved numerically using the Lobatto-Chebyshev collocation quadrature approach. The inverse Laplace transform is used to find the approximate expressions of dynamic stress intensity factors (DSIFs). The striking feature of the article is the study of phenomenal changes of shielding and amplification through dynamic stress magnification factors (DSMFs) at the tips of the cracks under the sudden impact loading applied at the upper material surface. The effects of impact load applied at different surfaces, positions of cracks’ axis and the thickness of the strips of the composite material on the possibilities of cracks’ arrest are depicted graphically for different particular cases.

Study on failure of transmission shaft based on finite element and fracture analysis technology

Due to the harsh driving environment, the power transmission components of military vehicles are subjected to long-term alternating loads and sudden impact loads. A failure analysis of the transmission shaft of a military truck was carried out. By constructing a mechanical simulation analysis model of the transmission shaft, the dynamic response of the structure under alternating stress and impact load is solved. Then the cause and mechanism of drive shaft failure were analyzed. Using fracture analysis technology to discuss the phenomenon of bearing sleeve cracking, circlip rupture and flange fork deformation. It indicates that caused by overload, foreign matter between the shaft and the needle etc., which ultimately leads to the failure of the universal joint transmission. Finally, the optimal design of the drive shaft is proposed.

Damage sensing and mechanical properties of a laminate composite material containing MWCNTs during low-velocity impact

In this work, we present a new criterion, unlike other attempts, to evaluate and quantify the degree of damage of composite material when it subjected to a sudden impact load. Our criterion exploits the high intrinsic electrical conductivity property of the Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) after dispersing different concentrations of them (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 %) in the epoxy matrix of a glass fibre composite. Following this goal, the low-velocity impact and flexural after impact (FAI) tests on the MWCNTs-glass epoxy (i.e. MWCNTs-GF) nanocomposite were evaluated. At the same time, the changes in its electrical resistance were measured. The results showed that the properties of the self-sensing composites were significantly affected by impact energy. The damage after impact causes an increase in the electrical resistance of the MWCNTs-GF nanocomposite and increases with increased impact energy. In addition, the samples containing a high concentration of MWCNTs showed lower damage sensitivity under all impact energies levels as compared with the samples contain a lower MWCNTs concentration. Therefore, the results presented in this work have shown that it is possible to associate the change in electrical resistance of the MWCNTs-GF nanocomposite with the degree of damages caused by impact load.

Impact behaviour of nanomodified deflection-hardening fibre-reinforced concretes

The behaviour of concrete under sudden impact loads is complex. Moreover, very little is known about the impact behaviour of high-performance fibre-reinforced concretes (HPFRCs). To account for this, nanomodified deflection-hardening HPFRC mixtures incorporating coarse aggregates were produced with three ratios of fly ash to Portland cement (0·0, 0·2 and 0·4), three nanomaterials (nanosilica, nano-alumina and nanocalcite) and two hybridised fibre combinations (hooked-end steel with polyvinyl alcohol, or hooked-end steel with brass-coated microsteel) and tested for basic mechanical properties and flexural impact resistance. After experimental testing, beams used in impact testing were modelled using Abaqus. Cubic compressive strength did not change significantly with the differences in mixture parameters, although this was not the case for flexural parameters. For a given fly ash/Portland cement ratio and nanomaterial type, mixtures with hooked-end steel and polyvinyl alcohol fibres exhibited higher displacement and lower flexural strength capacity than those with hooked-end steel and brass-coated microsteel fibres. Nano-alumina contributed best to the development of mechanical properties and impact resistance of HPFRCs, followed by nanosilica and nanocalcite. Results validate the idea that costly polyvinyl alcohol fibres can be fully replaced with brass-coated microsteel fibres without risking mechanical properties and impact resistance, as long as matrix properties are properly controlled.

A Research on Strength Characteristics of Compact Tension Specimens with Heterogeneous Composite Materials Bonded by Adhesives

With CT specimen models of CFRP with cracks and adhesive interfaces, this study aims at investigating the strength characteristics of heterogeneous composite materials bonded by adhesives through the analyses. Even minor cracks or defects that may occur inside a composite material in the manufacturing process can result in the stress concentration, and this will lead to the material breakage. So, we designed CT specimen models with CFRP alone and CFRP with stainless steel or aluminum by using their material properties of CFRP, stainless steel, and aluminum. The simulation analyses were carried out and their strength characteristics were investigated. It is necessary to prepare a way to relieve stress concentration at the stage of design under the assumption those cracks actually occur at manufacturing process. By combining CFRP with stainless steel or aluminum, both of which have good ductility, we found that the deformation and deformation energy increased and the maximum equivalent stress decreased. It is thought that this material can lower the risk of material breakage by changing some of the impact energy which may damage CFRP, into the deformation energy. This deformation energy brings about the good ductility by utilizing stainless steel and aluminum under the situations where the sudden tension and impact loads are expected or applied. The results revealed that when CFRP was combined with the heterogeneous metal, it was possible for CFRP to be used where otherwise it could not be used alone and provided CFRP with better material property and more diverse process-ability So, this composite material can be prevented from breakage in the process of manufacturing and increase the safe use. As CFRP with the rigidity better than metals can be applied to composites, the composites with CFRP can be improved to have better material property and more diverse process-ability

Experimental and numerical investigation of timber formwork beam under different loading type

With the developing construction technologies, the formwork systems used in the manufacturing of the structures have also changed and developed significantly. Especially in the production of high-rise buildings, a special sliding formwork system that is quick-installation, resistant to external loads, can be used more than once, are widely used and preferred. Timber and composite timber materials are preferred due to their durability, ease of installation, lightness compared to steel systems, and easy to use more than one time. Within the scope of this study, it was aimed to investigate the performance and behaviors of timber beams of 1800 and 2450 mm length experimentally under the influence of different loading types in H20 top P-type, which is among the products of DOKA Company. During the use of timber formwork beams, various loading types such as static, fatigue, and sudden dynamic impact load can be affected. For this reason, an experimental study was carried out, and general load-displacement behaviors, initial stiffness, displacement ductility ratios, energy dissipation capacities, collapse mechanisms, acceleration, displacement, and impact load-time behaviors under the effect of monotonic static, repetitive fatigue and impact loading of two different length timber formwork specimens were examined. In addition to experimental study, nonlinear numerical analysis is made by using ABAQUS software for experimental specimens and compared with results with an experimental study.