Sudden Events Research Articles

Abstract 15476: Methadone-Related Sudden Death in the Community

Introduction: Non-toxic levels of methadone have been associated with ventricular dysrhythmias and sudden death, but current community-based data are lacking. We studied demographics and resuscitation circumstances at the time of cardiac arrest in these individuals. Methods: We prospectively ascertained all residents of Multnomah Co., OR (2002-18) and Ventura Co., CA (2015-21) who suffered out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and had toxicology reports available. We excluded individuals under age 18 or with evidence of recreational drug use or drug overdose. Methadone levels were captured on toxicology reports from the medical examiner and resuscitation variables were obtained from emergency medical services. We used logistic regression to compare demographics and resuscitation features in those with and without methadone. Results: Of the 789 subjects who met criteria, the mean (SD) age was 49 (13) years, 34% were females, and 85 (11%) had therapeutic levels of methadone (Table). After adjusting for age, females were 2.26 times more likely to have methadone on their toxicology report (1.42-3.57; p-value=0.0005). Subjects with methadone-related deaths were younger and 3.5 times more likely to suffer cardiac arrest in a home setting compared to those without methadone. Although the prevalence of night-time arrest was similar in those with and without methadone, those with methadone were more likely to have an unwitnessed event or no resuscitation attempted. When resuscitation was attempted, 97% of those with therapeutic methadone levels had a non-shockable presenting rhythm. Conclusion: Although males account for 66% of overall sudden death events, females were twice as likely to have a methadone-related sudden death compared to males. Methadone-related cardiac arrests are difficult to resuscitate. These findings highlight the need to enhance primary prevention of methadone-related sudden deaths, and a renewed investigative focus on higher risk in women.

Sudden Event Prediction Based on Event Knowledge Graph

Event prediction is a knowledge inference problem that predicts the consequences or effects of an event based on existing information. Early work on event prediction typically modeled the event context to predict what would happen next. Moreover, the predicted outcome was often singular. These studies had difficulty coping with both the problems of predicting sudden events in unknown contexts and predicting outcomes consisting of multiple events. To address these two problems better, we present the heterogeneous graph event prediction model (HGEP), which is based on an event knowledge graph. To cope with the situation of missing contexts, we propose a representation learning method based on the heterogeneous graph transformer. We generate event scenario representations from arguments of the initial event and other related concurrent events for the event prediction. We improve the prediction ability of the HGEP model through prior knowledge provided by scenario models in the event knowledge graph. To obtain multiple prediction outcomes, we design a scoring function to calculate the score of the occurrence probability of each event class. The event classes with scores higher than a priori values are adopted as prediction outcomes. In this paper, we create an event knowledge graph in the domain of transportation for an event prediction experiment. The experimental results show that the HGEP model can effectively make predictions with event scenario representations and has a more accurate matching rate and higher precision than the baseline model.

Response of the American equatorial ionization anomaly to 2016 Arctic sudden stratospheric warming events

Apart from the rapid ionospheric response to geomagnetic forcing originating from the Sun during extreme space weather events, forcing from the lower atmosphere below still exerts a significant influence on the ionosphere during quiet-time conditions. This study examines the ionospheric response of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) in the American sector to the combined influence of the cascades of sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events and the geomagnetic storms that coexisted with them during the period of January–March 2016. We adopted a multi-instrument and multi-modeling approach with the study locations spanning ±40° geomagnetic latitudes. Our results showed a hemispheric asymmetry in the total electron content and change in total electron content (ΔTEC) distribution with higher enhancement clearly visible in the Northern Hemisphere in comparison to the Southern Hemisphere (NH). Semidiurnal signatures were observed in both ΔTEC and equatorial electrojet parameters for some days. The double-peak zonal mean zonal wind amplitude days supported the formation of the reverse fountain effects. The different SSW peak temperature days also showed either positive or negative ionospheric response. Generally, orientation of the prompt penetration electric field (PPEF) and their strengths at either daytime or nighttime played a weak role in the ionosphere response during some of the geomagnetic storms. The negative and positive ionospheric responses under geomagnetic storm conditions were ascribed to changes in the composition of the thermosphere, prompt penetration electric field (PPEF), and traveling atmospheric disturbances (TADs).

Recognition of crowd abnormal activities using fusion of handcrafted and deep features

Constant vigilance is extremely important at crowded public places where some unusual activities such as sudden dispersion or continuous gathering of people may lead to chaotic and disastrous situations. Automatic recognition of such collective activities of people is indeed an important task to ensure people safety. In this view, we propose a novel approach for automatic recognition of crowd merging and sudden dispersion events. The proposed method detects dispersion and merging using fusion of features extracted by deep networks with a novel set of optical flow based and density based handcrafted features. These proposed features are not affected by occlusion and illumination. These features complement the features extracted by deep network and their fusion improves the performance of event recognition by significant amount. The method is tested profoundly on benchmark public datasets as well as private datasets. Abnormal activity recognition data often suffers from high class imbalance. However, the proposed method could successfully recognize sudden dispersion and merging activities on such very small datasets having class imbalance. This proves the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed features. The proposed method also shows better performance than other state of the art methods based on deep networks.

Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation Treated with Rivaroxaban or Warfarin: A Population-Based Study from the United Kingdom.

To compare the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) among users of rivaroxaban vs warfarin. We identified two cohorts of patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) who initiated rivaroxaban (15/20 mg/day, N = 6436) or warfarin (N = 7129) excluding those without estimated glomerular filtration rate values recorded in the year before oral anticoagulant (OAC) initiation and those with a history of end-stage renal disease or AKI. We used two methods to define AKI during follow-up (mean 2.5 years): coded entries (method A) and the Aberdeen AKI phenotyping algorithm (method B) using recorded renal function laboratory values during the study period to identify a sudden renal deterioration event. Cox regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) for AKI with rivaroxaban vs warfarin use, adjusted for confounders. The number of identified incident AKI cases was 249 (method A) and 723 (method B). Of the latter, 104 (14.4%) were also identified by method A. After adjusting for age, sex, baseline renal function and comorbidity, HRs (95% CIs) for AKI were 1.19 (0.92-1.54; p=0.18) using method A and 0.80 (0.68-0.93; p<0.01) using method B. Estimates stratified by baseline level of chronic kidney disease were largely consistent with the main estimates. Our results support a beneficial effect of rivaroxaban over warfarin in terms of AKI occurrence in patients with NVAF. More research into how best to define AKI using primary care records would be valuable for future studies.

Which events are experienced as traumatic by obstetricians and gynaecologists, and why? A qualitative analysis from a cross-sectional survey and in-depth interviews

ObjectivesTo explore the events perceived as traumatic by obstetricians and gynaecologists (O&G), and to examine factors contributing to the perception of trauma.DesignMixed methods: cross-sectional survey and in-depth interviews.Sample and settingFellows,...

Gaze tracking patterns on different types of traffic risk in early-stage Alzheimer’s disease

Many fatal accidents are caused by the driver’s inability, upon the occurrence of sudden events, to detect hazards in time, an ability that is based on the driver’s eye movement patterns, the detection of involved persons, events, objects, as well as the length of time spent on noticing same. This study intends to compare risk perception and decision-making in high-risk traffic situations between individuals with AD and controls by exploring gaze tracking and hazard detection patterns. The study included 16 individuals with early-stage AD and 26 controls. During the experiment, participants underwent several vision and cognitive tests and watched twelve videos of high-risk traffic situations while their eye movement patterns were being recorded by the eye tracking device, in order to understand how cognitive abilities affect eye movement patterns during high-risk traffic situations. The results revealed poorer cognitive abilities and diminished risk perception in individuals with AD compared with the controls and thus an inability to predict potential accidents. In terms of high-risk traffic situations involving pedestrians, traffic violations by others and view-blocking events, a significant difference in gaze patterns was found between individuals with AD and healthy seniors. The contribution of this study is in elaborating the effect of different traffic event type and specific cognitive abilities on traffic risk-detection in individuals with AD. The results of this study may aid in the formulation of driver licensing policies and the design of traffic scenarios; they also elucidate the driving behaviors of individuals with AD.

A new methodology for measuring traveling quasi-5-day oscillations during sudden stratospheric warming events based on satellite observations

Abstract. Enhancements of stationary planetary waves (SPWs) and traveling planetary waves (TPWs) are commonly observed in the middle atmosphere during sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events. Based on the least squares fitting method (Wu et al., 1995), numerous studies have used satellite measurements to investigate the characteristics of TPWs during SSWs, but they have ignored the effect of the SPWs. However, a rapid and large change in the SPWs during SSWs may lead to significant disturbances in the amplitude of derived TPWs. In this study, we present a new methodology for obtaining the amplitudes and wave numbers of traveling quasi-5-day oscillations (Q5DOs) in the middle atmosphere during major SSWs. Our new fitting method is developed by inhibiting the effect of a rapid and large change in SPWs during SSWs. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the new method using both synthetic data and satellite observations. The results of the simulations indicate that the new method can suppress the aliasing from SPWs and capture the real variations in TPWs during SSWs. Based on the geopotential height data measured by the Aura satellite from 2004 to 2021, the variations in traveling Q5DOs during eight midwinter major SSWs are reevaluated using the new method. The differences in the fitted amplitudes between the least squares fitting method and the new method are usually over 100 m during the SSW onsets. Our analysis indicates that previously reported Q5DOs during SSWs might be contaminated by SPWs, leading to both overestimation and underestimation of the amplitudes of the traveling Q5DOs.

The hypogea of the churches of Naples: Burials and cult of the dead

An interesting mortuary practice widespread in Naples until the second half of the nineteenth century was the one housed in the hypogea located under the floor of churches and convents. These funerary crypts were structured according to two organizational models based on the double burial system: the terresante and the scolatoi, both of which aimed at favouring the decomposition of the corpses and reaching the state of a skeleton. According to the established procedures, once skeletonization was accomplished, the skulls were usually displayed on a cornice running along the walls of the hypogeum, while non-cranial bones were placed in a common ossuary. The foundation of the ritual was the idea of death perceived not as a sudden event but as a long-lasting process, during which the deceased went through a transitional phase, gradually passing from the earthly state to the hereafter. Indeed, the ultimate purpose of these funerary rituals was the liberation of the bones from the earthly element of the flesh, an indispensable condition to allow the definitive passage of the soul into the afterlife. This process also had to been exhibited, and, therefore, in these hypogea the decomposition of the corpse was displayed to visitors. Through the corpse’s progressive decomposition, the ritual was intended to visually symbolize the various stages of purification faced by the soul on its path towards the kingdom of the dead, a destination considered reached only when the skeletonization was complete, and the definitive burial carried out. This article briefly reviews the structural organization of these underground sepulchral chambers, the funerary practices held within and the worships which took root and developed within them.

Financial Instability and International-Lender-of-Last-Resort Theory from the Gold Standard to the Dollar System

Abstract We identify two approaches to financial crises in the history of political economy, namely, the exogenous approach whereby financial crises are sudden events, and the endogenous approach whereby they arise from a long process. In focusing on the endogenous approach, we study the contributions by Thomas Tooke, Ralph Hawtrey, Hyman Minsky and Charles Kindleberger to the lender-of-last-resort theory, especially in international contexts, under the gold standard and the dollar system. The function of the lender of last resort broadens institutionally (depending on the type of securities and on the institutions issuing or holding them) and internationally (depending on jurisdiction and on the type of institutions ultimately requiring international liquidity).

Kiwifruit Adaptation to Rising Vapor Pressure Deficit Increases the Risk of Kiwifruit Decline Syndrome Occurrence

Kiwifruit has, for a long time, been widely affected by a syndrome named “kiwifruit decline syndrome” (KiDS). Several environmental factors have already been investigated looking for the possible origin of this syndrome. Recently, a possible role of climate change has been proposed, highlighting the influence of high air and soil temperature. In this work, the role of rising vapor pressure deficit (VPD) was also investigated in an experimental orchard in which several agronomic practices were examined in order to find strategies to face KiDS occurrence in crops. Stomatal control in response to rising VPD showed to be lacking, and root xylem vessel size and number modifications were observed as an adaptation to water stress; then, a scarce prospect of success facing sudden and strong weather events related to climate change can be expected in this plant. None of the agronomic strategies tested, that were focused on the soil quality improvement and on prevention of desiccation, avoided the KiDS occurrence. Agronomic management should move to new practices focused on orchard climate control.

Hydrodynamic and water quality impacts of water transfer project on regulating reservoir, a case study of Dongzhang reservoir

Regulating reservoirs play vital roles in water transfer project, of which the hydraulic and water quality status are usually affected by diverted water. To study the environmental impacts of Pingtan and Minjiang Estuary water resources allocation project on regulating reservoir, a two-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model of Dongzhang reservoir is established and calibrated. Combined with flow field features, Dongzhang reservoir is divided into six parts. The sensitivities to sudden water pollution events of different parts of Dongzhang Reservoir are analyzed. Dry year is the most unfavorable operation typical year. Wind field is the main driving force on flow field whether the water transfer project operates. The water transfers will change main flow route greatly of Dongzhang reservoir in dry season. Mixed with diverted water from Dazhang stream, the total phosphorus concentration of Dongzhang reservoir will increase in short-term. For reaching the water quality standard of Dongzhang reservoir, a total phosphorus concentration threshold of Dazhang stream is predicted. The study will guide the pollution control work along the water transfer project. Also, it should be helpful in ecological restoration and management of Longjiang basin.

Characterization and long-term follow-up of children with brugada syndrome: experience from a tertiary paediatric referral centre

Abstract Introduction Brugada syndrome (BrS) is an autosomal dominant channelopathy, which typically presents in young adults. It can also be diagnosed in children, but data in this age group is scarce. Purpose To describe the clinical features, management and long-term follow-up of children with BrS history followed-up in a tertiary paediatric referral centre. Methods Single centre retrospective study of consecutive patients with history of BrS, defined as having a BrS positive phenotype (BrS(+)), or a negative phenotype-positive genotype (BrS(−)). They were all followed up in a paediatric heart rhythm clinic. Clinical and demographical data were collected and analysed according to the phenotype. Results 30 patients were included, with a median age at diagnosis of 7 years (IQR 1–13) and a mean follow-up time of 7±3 years. Sixteen patients were BrS(+), predominantly male (n=13, 81%). 88% (n=14) performed a genetic test, which was positive in 57% (n=8); the most frequent mutation was SCN5A (n=5). Family history of BrS was present in 56% (n=9) and almost one third had family history of sudden cardiac death (SCD). Most of the patients had a type 1 Brugada ECG pattern (n=14) and 2 patients presented a fever and drug induced pattern, respectively. Fourteen patients were BrS(−), mostly female (n=11, 79%) with a loss-of-function mutation in the SCN5A gene (n=10). They all had family members with BrS, mainly from the paternal side, and 43% (n=6) mentioned SCD history. Although most of the patients were asymptomatic, the prevalence of rhythm or conduction disturbances was not infrequent, particularly in BrS(+) patients (n=12, 75%). Also, in this group and during follow-up, 3 patients had documented supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, and 2 patients had syncope episodes, one of which required an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. No events were reported in the BrS(−) patients. Nine patients (n=9/30, 30%) were hospitalized, 3 due to an arrhythmic event (all in the BrS(+) group). Overall, no sudden cardiac death event was reported during follow-up. Conclusion In our study, although the majority of the patients were asymptomatic, the occurrence of arrhythmic events was not negligible, especially in the BrS(+) patients. Despite the significant family history, patients with BrS(−) had no events reported during follow-up. Nevertheless, the management of these patients is not clear cut, and a personalized therapeutic strategy with close follow-up is essential. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

Electrocardiographic profile of asymptomatic adolescents by the TELE ECG system in Brazil: analysis of 11058 patients

Abstract Introduction The search for markers that can serve as screening methods for young practitioners of physical activity has always raised an intense discussion between pediatricians and cardiologists. Thus, the ideal investigation algorithm should identify patients at high risk also among asymptomatic patients and be of low cost to society. This would only be possible by including a low cost diagnostic method and largely accessible. In this context, telemedicine systems and in particular tele-electrocardiogram (tele-EKG) systems have low cost and agility and can collaborate to solve this problem. Purpose To analyze the electrocardiographic pattern in asymptomatic patients aged between 10 and 20 years old who underwent EKG by the tele-EKG system between 2007 and 2014 Methods All EKG valid results from asymptomatic patients aged between 10 and 20 years old from 2007 and 2014 sent to the tele-EKG system of a large tertiary hospital were analysed aiming to determine the prevalence of abnormal findings. Results Of the 797,115 exams on the analysed period 25,326 were from patients aged between 10 and 20 years old and 11,058 (55% male) of them were asymptomatic. Regarding disorders of rhythm, ventricular arrhythmias were found in 0.54% and atrial premature beats in 0.47% of the exams. There were 5 episodes of supraventricular tachycardia (0.04%) and one episode of atrial fibrillation. Atrioventricular blocks were: first degree (0.71%) and second degree (0.03%). There was 1 case of 2:1 AV Block and 1 case of advanced AV block. Short PR interval was observed in 0.76% of the exams, with 15 of them showing ventricular pre-excitation (0.13%). Regarding morphological changes in EKG pattern, right bundle branch disorders were present in 7.5% of the patients and left bundle branch in 0.04%. Right bundle branch block occurred in 0.63% and left bundle branch block in only 1 case. Repolarization changes occurred in 1.8% of patients. We found left ventricular overload in 0.25% and right ventricular overload in 0.14% of cases. Only 5 patients had typical EKG of septal hypertrophy (0.045%). There were 1751 diagnostics overall, representing 15.8% of the sample. The most prevalent was right bundle branch abnormalities, followed by repolarization abnormalities (graphic below). Conclusion EKG screening in asymptomatic adolescents is a low cost and feasible method to identify individuals with electrical alterations and who require detailed clinical evaluation. This also may contribute to reduce risk of sudden events during sports activities. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

Prediction of Sudden Cardiac Arrest After Alcohol Septal Ablation for Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy: ASA-SCARRE Risk Score

This study aimed to derive a new score, the Alcohol Septal Ablation-Sudden Cardiac ARREst (ASA-SCARRE) risk score, that can be easily used to evaluate the risk of sudden cardiac arrest events (sudden cardiac death, resuscitation, or appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator discharge) after alcohol septal ablation (ASA) in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. We analyzed 1,834 patients from the Euro-ASA registry (49% men, mean age 57 ± 14years) who were followed up for 5.0 ± 4.3years (9,202 patient-years) after ASA. A total of 65 patients (3.5%) experienced sudden cardiac arrest events, translating to 0.72 events per 100 patient-years. The independent predictors of sudden cardiac arrest events were septum thickness before ASA (hazard ratio 1.09 per 1mm, 95% confidence interval 1.04 to 1.14, p <0.001) and left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradient at the last clinical checkup (hazard ratio 1.01 per 1mm Hg, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 1.02, p=0.002). The following ASA-SCARRE risk scores were derived and independently predicted long-term risk of sudden cardiac arrest events: "0" for both LVOT gradient <30mmHg and baseline septum thickness <20mm; "1" for LVOT gradient ≥30mm Hg or baseline septum thickness ≥20mm; and "2" for both LVOT gradient ≥30mm Hg and baseline septum thickness ≥20mm. The C statistic of the ASA-SCARRE risk score was 0.684 (SE 0.030). In conclusion, the ASA-SCARRE risk score may be a useful and easily available clinical tool to predict risk of sudden cardiac arrest events after ASA in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.

S924 Cardiovascular Outcome and Cancer Risk in Adult Patients With Ulcerative Colitis in Routine Clinical Care: The Effect of Cardiovascular Risk-Enrichment Factors

S924 Cardiovascular Outcome and Cancer Risk in Adult Patients With Ulcerative Colitis in Routine Clinical Care: The Effect of Cardiovascular Risk-Enrichment Factors

İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİNİN ARDAHAN İLİNDE SÜT VE BAL ÜRETİMİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ

Küresel iklimde meydana gelen değişiklikler küresel gıda arzı istikrarını tehdit eden unsurlar arasında yer almaktadır. Tarım sektörünün önemli bileşenlerinden olan yağış ve sıcaklık üretimi doğrudan etkilerken, yaşanan sıcaklık artışları, kuraklık ve ani hava olaylarına bağlı gerçekleşen doğal afetler tarım sektörüne yönelik kaygıları artırmaktadır. İklim, tarımsal üretimin ve verimliliğin sağlanmasında en belirleyici faktörlerden biridir. İklim değişikliğinden kaynaklı tarımsal üretim üzerindeki olumsuzlukları önlemek ve tarımsal üretimin iklim değişikliğine adaptasyonunun artırılması, sürdürülebilir gıda güvencesinin sağlanması hükümetlerin öncelikleri arasında yer almalıdır. Bu çalışmada, 1995-2020 zaman periyodunda, Ardahan ilinde küresel iklim değişiminin tarım sektörü üzerine etkilerinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla Ardahan ekonomisi için önemli olan süt ve bal üretimleri ile ortalama sıcaklık ve toplam yağış miktarı arasındaki ilişki doğrusal regresyon analizi ile incelenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre yıllık toplam yağış süt ve bal üretimini azaltırken, ortalama sıcaklıların süt ve bal üretimi üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisi görülmemiştir.

Study on the Impact of Supply Chain Dynamic Capabilities on Long-Term Performance of Enterprises

The risk of frequent disasters is becoming a huge challenge for enterprises and their supply chains. In particular, sudden global public health events have brought a great test to the supply chain. How to make sustainable planning and preparedness and smoothly carry out supply chain operations and obtain sustainable firm performance in the complex market environment requires urgent attention from industries and academia. The different effects of supply chain operational capability and dynamic capability on the long-term performance and short-term performance of enterprises are still unclear; therefore, a model was established to discuss this. Based on the theory of dynamic capability, a relational model between supply chain dynamic capability, supply chain operational capability, and firm performance was constructed, a hypothesis testing method and Amos software were used to verify the set model, and the mechanisms of supply chain dynamic capability and supply chain operational capability on firm performance were discussed. The empirical results show that supply chain operational capability has a mediating effect on supply chain dynamic capability and firm performance, and supply chain dynamic capability has a moderating impact on supply chain operational capability and firm performance. The supply chain and its enterprises should cultivate and continuously improve the supply chain dynamic capability as soon as possible, so that in the face of emergencies, the supply chain operation capability can be reasonably configured to avoid damage, improve firm performance, and gain competitive advantages.

Exploring factors that influence the cardiovascular health of bus drivers for the improvement of transit safety

The causes of traffic accidents include sudden cardiovascular disease events of drivers that go undetected in routine physical examinations of their health. While increased attention has been paid to proactive driver management by the frequent monitoring of drivers’ mental and physical condition to avoid such events, very few studies have examined the deeper risk factors that influence the cardiovascular health of bus drivers represented by workload and scheduling. To fill this knowledge gap, this study adopts a data mining approach to exploring the factors influencing the cardiovascular health of intercity bus drivers using their daily cardiovascular measurement data along with their schedules and routine physical examination results. Ten influencing factors were identified, including medical history, late-night habits and afternoon and evening driving schedules. The present findings will be useful for preventing accidents where cardiovascular disease is involved, which in turn will help improve transit safety.

DRIVER DROWSINESS DETECTION USING MACHINE LEARNING

Drowsy driving is one of the major causes of road accidents and death. Drivers must keep a close eye on the road, so they can react to sudden events immediately. Driver fatigue often becomes a direct cause of many traffic accidents. Therefore, there is a need to develop the systems that will detect and notify the driver bad psychophysical condition, which could significantly reduce the number of fatigue related car accidents. However, the Development of such systems encounters many difficulties related to fast and proper recognition of a driver’s fatigue symptoms.. Most of the conventional methods are either vehicle based, or behavioral based or physiological based. Few methods are intrusive and distract the driver, some require expensive sensors and data handling. Therefore, in this study, a low cost, real time driver’s drowsiness detection system is developed with acceptable accuracy. One of the technical possibilities to implement driver drowsiness detection systems is to use the vision-based approach. Here we are detecting the driver drowsiness by estimating vision system of him/her. We will be using Open CV for gathering the images from webcam and feed them into a Deep Learning model which will classify whether the person’s eyes are ‘Open’ or ‘Closed’. Webcam records the video and driver’s face is detected in each frame employing image processing techniques. Facial landmarks on the detected face are pointed and subsequently the eye aspect ratio, mouth opening ratio and nose length ratio are computed and depending on their values, drowsiness is detected based on developed adaptive thresholding. Machine learning algorithms have been implemented as well in an offline manner.