Sudden Change In Behavior Research Articles

Analysis of intellectual property cooperation behavior based on stochastic catastrophe theory and the QSIM algorithm

This article introduces a new model, the catastrophe model of intellectual property cooperation behavior. The purpose of the model is to analyze the evolutionary track of intellectual property cooperation behavior. After providing a general of catastrophe mechanism of intellectual property cooperation behavior and introducing stochastic catastrophe theory, this article offers a catastrophe model of intellectual property cooperation behavior. And then, based on the survey data of high-tech enterprises, the model parameters were given by introducing the qualitative simulation algorithm. The results demonstrate that intellectual property cooperation is composed of a cooperation strategic planning stage, cooperation system formation stage, cooperation system working stage, and cooperation profit distribution stage. Under the influence of control variables, the intellectual property cooperation behavior will appear catastrophic near the set of bifurcation points. Most previous studies on intellectual property cooperation have disregarded the characteristic of the sudden changes in cooperation behavior. Therefore, this article offers an integrated catastrophe model and explains the nature of intellectual property cooperation behavior.

Protecting infrastructure performance from disinformation attacks

Disinformation campaigns are prevalent, affecting vaccination coverage, creating uncertainty in election results, and causing supply chain disruptions, among others. Unfortunately, the problems of misinformation and disinformation are exacerbated due to the wide availability of online platforms and social networks. Naturally, these emerging disinformation networks could lead users to engage with critical infrastructure systems in harmful ways, leading to broader adverse impacts. One such example involves the spread of false pricing information, which causes drastic and sudden changes in user commodity consumption behavior, leading to shortages. Given this, it is critical to address the following related questions: (i) How can we monitor the evolution of disinformation dissemination and its projected impacts on commodity consumption? (ii) What effects do the mitigation efforts of human intermediaries have on the performance of the infrastructure network subject to disinformation campaigns? (iii) How can we manage infrastructure network operations and counter disinformation in concert to avoid shortages and satisfy user demands? To answer these questions, we develop a hybrid approach that integrates an epidemiological model of disinformation spread (based on a susceptible-infectious-recovered model, or SIR) with an efficient mixed-integer programming optimization model for infrastructure network performance. The goal of the optimization model is to determine the best protection and response actions against disinformation to minimize the general shortage of commodities at different nodes over time. The proposed model is illustrated with a case study involving a subset of the western US interconnection grid located in Los Angeles County in California.

Intrusion Detection System using Multi-Layer Perceptron with Grid Search CV

In today’s life all the organization over the globe are facing a major issue with security’s most common challenging issue of intrusion into their network. This intrusion in the network may lead to security concerns hampering the organizations integrity, confidentiality and availability. To solve this issue there are multiple tools in the market which detects the intrusion in a networkby surveillance of network activities and block the unusual activity detected. These tools and technologies monitor the network for sudden change in activity or behavior and processing them further for analyzing if unusual activity is noticed and inform the administrator about the change in behavior of network.Most of these tool uses the traditional machine learning method for intrusion classification into ‘good’ or ‘bad’ network. In this paper we propose a deep learning model whose architecture compromises of Multi-Layer Perceptron used for intrusion classification and uses GridSearchCV to automate the best model selection for the problem. Using deep learning to solve the problem of intrusion detection in an organization by classification of network has numerous advantages as deep learning performs well on large datasets, unstructured data, better self-learning capabilities, cost effective and scalable. In the implementation of the proposed architecture, we have achieved an accuracy of 98.10% for binary classification and 97.62% for multi-class classification.For hyperparameter tuning as we have used GridSearchCV and used five k-fold cross validation for evaluating the best performing model.

Teaching NeuroImage: Hypothalamic Involvement in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder in a Child.

A 10-year-old girl presented with a 15-day history of excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden sleep onset, hypnagogic hallucinations, hyporexia, and behavioral changes. An MRI examination of the brain revealed a bilateral hypothalamic lesion (Figure). We found positive AQP4 -IgG antibodies in serum and low hypocretin levels (93 pg/mL) in the CSF. A diagnosis of narcolepsy secondary to neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder was made. She improved after glucocorticoid administration. After 10 months of immunosuppressive maintenance therapy with azathioprine, she remains asymptomatic without new lesions in the follow-up neuroimages. Any diencephalic clinical syndrome, such as narcolepsy, with hypothalamic involvement, should prompt a serum test for AQP4 -IgG.1,2

Global Pandemic and Entrepreneurial Intention: How Adversity Leads To Entrepreneurship

The COVID-19 global pandemic eruption has thrown schedules, preferences, and current networks into disarray, creating inherent uncertainty about what lies ahead. This adversity brought on by covid 19 global pandemic created a displacement event in an individual life that can trigger sudden behavioral changes in an individual that would necessitate the search for several opportunities for making ends meet. However, individuals’ responses to the occurrence of any particular event are influenced by their judgments of whether the event is negative or positive, as well as whether the occurrence of that event can be used to generate income. Thus this study is intended to explore how adversity leads to entrepreneurship during covid 19 global pandemic. Specifically, what can inspire individuals to start a new venture in today’s world that has been severely impacted by the covid 19 global pandemic? This study collects survey data from popular cities in China and analyzed the data using a structural equation model to empirically explore what determines entrepreneurial intention to start a new venture during a global pandemic. The findings show that possible feasibility and necessity have a strong influence on entrepreneurial intention in starting a new venture.

Social Relationship as a Factor for the Development of Stress Incubation in Adult Mice.

While stress reactions can emerge long after the triggering event, it remains elusive how they emerge after a protracted, seemingly stress-free period during which stress incubates. Here, we study the behavioral development in mice isolated after observing an aggressive encounter inflicted upon their pair-housed partners. We developed a spatially resolved fine-scale behavioral analysis and applied it to standard behavioral tests. It reveals that the seemingly sudden behavioral changes developed gradually. These behavioral changes were not observed if the aggressive encounter happened to a stranger mouse, suggesting that social bonding is a prerequisite for stress incubation in this paradigm. This finding was corroborated by hemisphere-specific morphological changes in cortex regions centering at the anterior cingulate cortex, a cognitive and emotional center. Our non-invasive analytical methods to capture informative behavioral details may have applications beyond laboratory animals.

Epilepsy and Related Disorders

Epilepsy is a chronic disorder of the brain characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. A seizure is a sudden change in behavior that is accompanied by electrical discharges in the brain. Many patients presenting with a first-ever seizure are surprised to find that it is a very common event. A reversible or avoidable seizure precipitant, such as alcohol, argues against underlying epilepsy and therefore against treatment with medication. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, etiology, and classification of epilepsy and provides detailed descriptions of neonatal syndromes, syndromes of infancy and early childhood, and syndromes of late childhood and adolescence. The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis are described, as are syncope, migraine, and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Two case histories are provided, as are sections on treatment (polytherapy, brand-name versus generic drugs, surgery, stimulation therapy, dietary treatments), complications of epilepsy and related disorders, prognosis, and quality measures. Special topics discussed are women?s issues and the elderly. Figures illustrate a left midtemporal epileptic discharge, wave activity during drowsiness, cortical dysplasias, convulsive syncope, rhythmic theta activity, right hippocamal sclerosis, and right temporal hypometabolism. Tables describe international classifications of epileptic seizures and of epilepsies, epilepsy syndromes and related seizure disorders, differential diagnosis of seizure, differentiating epileptic versus nonepileptic seizures, antiepileptic drugs, status epilepticus protocol for treatment, when to consider referral to a specialist, and quality measures in epilepsy. This review contains 7 figures, 17 tables and 38 references Keywords: Seizures, focal (partial)seizure, generalized seizures, Myoclonic seizures, Atonic seizures, Concurrent electromyographyTonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures

Epilepsy and Related Disorders

Epilepsy is a chronic disorder of the brain characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. A seizure is a sudden change in behavior that is accompanied by electrical discharges in the brain. Many patients presenting with a first-ever seizure are surprised to find that it is a very common event. A reversible or avoidable seizure precipitant, such as alcohol, argues against underlying epilepsy and therefore against treatment with medication. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, etiology, and classification of epilepsy and provides detailed descriptions of neonatal syndromes, syndromes of infancy and early childhood, and syndromes of late childhood and adolescence. The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis are described, as are syncope, migraine, and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Two case histories are provided, as are sections on treatment (polytherapy, brand-name versus generic drugs, surgery, stimulation therapy, dietary treatments), complications of epilepsy and related disorders, prognosis, and quality measures. Special topics discussed are women?s issues and the elderly. Figures illustrate a left midtemporal epileptic discharge, wave activity during drowsiness, cortical dysplasias, convulsive syncope, rhythmic theta activity, right hippocamal sclerosis, and right temporal hypometabolism. Tables describe international classifications of epileptic seizures and of epilepsies, epilepsy syndromes and related seizure disorders, differential diagnosis of seizure, differentiating epileptic versus nonepileptic seizures, antiepileptic drugs, status epilepticus protocol for treatment, when to consider referral to a specialist, and quality measures in epilepsy. This review contains 7 figures, 17 tables and 38 references Keywords: Seizures, focal (partial)seizure, generalized seizures, Myoclonic seizures, Atonic seizures, Concurrent electromyographyTonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures

Epilepsy and Related Disorders

Epilepsy is a chronic disorder of the brain characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. A seizure is a sudden change in behavior that is accompanied by electrical discharges in the brain. Many patients presenting with a first-ever seizure are surprised to find that it is a very common event. A reversible or avoidable seizure precipitant, such as alcohol, argues against underlying epilepsy and therefore against treatment with medication. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, etiology, and classification of epilepsy and provides detailed descriptions of neonatal syndromes, syndromes of infancy and early childhood, and syndromes of late childhood and adolescence. The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis are described, as are syncope, migraine, and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Two case histories are provided, as are sections on treatment (polytherapy, brand-name versus generic drugs, surgery, stimulation therapy, dietary treatments), complications of epilepsy and related disorders, prognosis, and quality measures. Special topics discussed are women?s issues and the elderly. Figures illustrate a left midtemporal epileptic discharge, wave activity during drowsiness, cortical dysplasias, convulsive syncope, rhythmic theta activity, right hippocamal sclerosis, and right temporal hypometabolism. Tables describe international classifications of epileptic seizures and of epilepsies, epilepsy syndromes and related seizure disorders, differential diagnosis of seizure, differentiating epileptic versus nonepileptic seizures, antiepileptic drugs, status epilepticus protocol for treatment, when to consider referral to a specialist, and quality measures in epilepsy. This review contains 7 figures, 17 tables and 38 references Keywords: Seizures, focal (partial)seizure, generalized seizures, Myoclonic seizures, Atonic seizures, Concurrent electromyographyTonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures

Epilepsy and Related Disorders

Epilepsy is a chronic disorder of the brain characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. A seizure is a sudden change in behavior that is accompanied by electrical discharges in the brain. Many patients presenting with a first-ever seizure are surprised to find that it is a very common event. A reversible or avoidable seizure precipitant, such as alcohol, argues against underlying epilepsy and therefore against treatment with medication. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, etiology, and classification of epilepsy and provides detailed descriptions of neonatal syndromes, syndromes of infancy and early childhood, and syndromes of late childhood and adolescence. The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis are described, as are syncope, migraine, and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Two case histories are provided, as are sections on treatment (polytherapy, brand-name versus generic drugs, surgery, stimulation therapy, dietary treatments), complications of epilepsy and related disorders, prognosis, and quality measures. Special topics discussed are women?s issues and the elderly. Figures illustrate a left midtemporal epileptic discharge, wave activity during drowsiness, cortical dysplasias, convulsive syncope, rhythmic theta activity, right hippocamal sclerosis, and right temporal hypometabolism. Tables describe international classifications of epileptic seizures and of epilepsies, epilepsy syndromes and related seizure disorders, differential diagnosis of seizure, differentiating epileptic versus nonepileptic seizures, antiepileptic drugs, status epilepticus protocol for treatment, when to consider referral to a specialist, and quality measures in epilepsy. This review contains 7 figures, 17 tables and 38 references Keywords: Seizures, focal (partial)seizure, generalized seizures, Myoclonic seizures, Atonic seizures, Concurrent electromyographyTonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures

Epilepsy and Related Disorders

Epilepsy is a chronic disorder of the brain characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. A seizure is a sudden change in behavior that is accompanied by electrical discharges in the brain. Many patients presenting with a first-ever seizure are surprised to find that it is a very common event. A reversible or avoidable seizure precipitant, such as alcohol, argues against underlying epilepsy and therefore against treatment with medication. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, etiology, and classification of epilepsy and provides detailed descriptions of neonatal syndromes, syndromes of infancy and early childhood, and syndromes of late childhood and adolescence. The pathophysiology, diagnosis, and differential diagnosis are described, as are syncope, migraine, and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Two case histories are provided, as are sections on treatment (polytherapy, brand-name versus generic drugs, surgery, stimulation therapy, dietary treatments), complications of epilepsy and related disorders, prognosis, and quality measures. Special topics discussed are women?s issues and the elderly. Figures illustrate a left midtemporal epileptic discharge, wave activity during drowsiness, cortical dysplasias, convulsive syncope, rhythmic theta activity, right hippocamal sclerosis, and right temporal hypometabolism. Tables describe international classifications of epileptic seizures and of epilepsies, epilepsy syndromes and related seizure disorders, differential diagnosis of seizure, differentiating epileptic versus nonepileptic seizures, antiepileptic drugs, status epilepticus protocol for treatment, when to consider referral to a specialist, and quality measures in epilepsy. This review contains 7 figures, 17 tables and 38 references Keywords: Seizures, focal (partial)seizure, generalized seizures, Myoclonic seizures, Atonic seizures, Concurrent electromyographyTonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures

TO STUDY THE PREVALENCE OF ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE IN PATIENTS WITH SEIZURES

Background: Seizure is dened as an episode of neurological dysfunction caused by abnormal neuronal activity that results in a sudden change in motor, behaviour and sensory perception1. Electrolytes seem to have a dominant role in the causation of seizures Electrolyte homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS) is a characteristic essential feature behind brain functioning. “A number of clinical studies have also shown a relationship between electrolyte imbalance and seizures. OBJECTIVE: To Determine the Prevalence of electrolyte imbalance in patients with Seizures. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted at , MLN Medical College associated SRN Hospital, Prayagraj. A total 100 patients were enrolled in the study. Patients with 18 years of age or older presented with seizure as the presenting complaint were included. Patients presenting with cerebrovascular accident ,subarachnoid hemorrhage, tuberculoma cavernous sinus thrombosis febrile seizures hypoglycemia alcohol withdrawal uremic encephalopathy and patients refusing to participate in the study. RESULT: Nearly two third (64%) patients had generalized tonic clonic seizures followed by focal seizures (27%) and status epilepticus (9%) respectively. Maximum electrolyte imbalance was seen for calcium (99%) followed by sodium (92%), potassium (63%) and magnesium (33%) respectively. A signicant association of serum sodium status was observed with type of seizures with hyponatremia being more common in GTCS and hypernatremia being more common in status epilepticus. Conclusion: In the present study, there was a high prevalence of hyponatremia (82%). Hyponatremia could be one of the most common factors leading to seizure activity. The ndings of the present study shows that both in adults as well as in children show that electrolyte imbalance is a frequent observation in seizure activity, primarily cation deciency is highly prevalent in seizure cases, however it is difcult to establish the role of a single electrolyte cation to be responsible for this activity

A New Approach for Abnormal Human Activities Recognition Based on ConvLSTM Architecture.

Recognizing various abnormal human activities from video is very challenging. This problem is also greatly influenced by the lack of datasets containing various abnormal human activities. The available datasets contain various human activities, but only a few of them contain non-standard human behavior such as theft, harassment, etc. There are datasets such as KTH that focus on abnormal activities such as sudden behavioral changes, as well as on various changes in interpersonal interactions. The UCF-crime dataset contains categories such as fighting, abuse, explosions, robberies, etc. However, this dataset is very time consuming. The events in the videos occur in a few seconds. This may affect the overall results of the neural networks that are used to detect the incident. In this article, we create a dataset that deals with abnormal activities, containing categories such as Begging, Drunkenness, Fight, Harassment, Hijack, Knife Hazard, Normal Videos, Pollution, Property Damage, Robbery, and Terrorism. We use the created dataset for the training and testing of the ConvLSTM (convolutional long short-term memory) neural network, which we designed. However, we also test the created dataset using other architectures. We use ConvLSTM architectures and 3D Resnet50, 3D Resnet101, and 3D Resnet152. With the created dataset and the architecture we designed, we obtained an accuracy of classification of 96.19% and a precision of 96.50%.

An abrupt decline in springtime zooplankton diel vertical migration due to a shift in stratification regime

Returned signal strength intensity measurements from an acoustic Doppler current profiler deployed at an open-water site in Lake Superior from May-July 2019 were used to estimate the scattering intensity over the top 50 m of the water column. It displayed a strong diel signal, with higher scattering intensity at night, consistent with the normal diel vertical migration of planktonic organisms. However, the intensity of the nocturnal scattering signal decreased abruptly on 10 June, coincident with the end of winter stratification (cold water on top of warmer water) and the beginning of the neutrally stratified period. We hypothesize that the sudden change in zooplankton behavior is due the availability of phytoplankton deep in the water column after the transition, made possible by radiatively driven convection mixing the entire water column on time scales of hours.

Declines and peaks in NO<sub>2</sub> pollution during the multiple waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in the New York metropolitan area

The COVID-19 pandemic created an extreme natural experiment in which sudden changes in human behavior and economic activity resulted in significant declines in nitrogen oxide (NO x ) emissions, immediately after strict lockdowns were imposed. Here we examined the impact of multiple waves and response phases of the pandemic on nitrogen dioxide (NO2) dynamics and the role of meteorology in shaping relative contributions from different emission sectors to NO2 pollution in post-pandemic New York City. Long term (> 3.5 years), high frequency measurements from a network of ground-based Pandora spectrometers were combined with TROPOMI satellite retrievals, meteorological data, mobility trends, and atmospheric transport model simulations to quantify changes in NO2 across the New York metropolitan area. The stringent lockdown measures after the first pandemic wave resulted in a decline in top-down NO x emissions by approx. 30% on top of long-term trends, in agreement with sector-specific changes in NO x emissions. Ground-based measurements showed a sudden drop in total column NO2 in spring 2020, by up to 36% in Manhattan and 19%-29% in Queens, New Jersey (NJ), and Connecticut (CT), and a clear weakening (by 16%) of the typical weekly NO2 cycle. Extending our analysis to more than a year after the initial lockdown captured a gradual recovery in NO2 across the NY/NJ/CT tri-state area in summer and fall 2020, as social restrictions eased, followed by a second decline in NO2 coincident with the second wave of the pandemic and resurgence of lockdown measures in winter 2021. Meteorology was not found to have a strong NO2 biassing effect in New York City after the first pandemic wave. Winds, however, were favorable for low NO2 conditions in Manhattan during the second wave of the pandemic, resulting in larger column NO2 declines than expected based on changes in transportation emissions alone. Meteorology played a key role in shaping the relative contributions from different emission sectors to NO with low-speed (< 5 ms-1) SW-SE winds enhancing contributions from the high-emitting power-generation sector in NJ and Queens and driving particularly high NO2 pollution episodes in Manhattan, even during - and despite - the stringent early lockdowns. These results have important implications for air quality management in New York City, and highlight the value of high resolution NO2 measurements in assessing the effects of rapid meteorological changes on air quality conditions and the effectiveness of sector-specific NO x emission control strategies.

Giant immature teratoma in a 15 year old causing anti-n-methyl-d-aspartate (anti-nmda) receptor encephalitis-like and Guillain-Barré Syndrome as paraneoplastic manifestations: A case zreport

Germ cell tumor is the most prevalent ovarian tumor in young women between 10 and 30 years of age.[1] However, immature teratomas account for only 20% of the malignant ovarian tumors found in the adolescent age group.[2] More uncommon is the occurrence of immature teratoma causing anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (Anti-NMDAR) encephalitis and Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS). This is a case of a 15-year-old female, nulligravid, who initially presented sudden behavioral change and symmetrical weakness of both lower and upper extremities with concomitant seizure episodes and with palpable lower abdominal mass. The patient was diagnosed to have GBS and treated with intravenous immunoglobulin causing resolution of neurologic symptoms months after. During the management of GBS, the patient noted increasing abdominal girth. Tumor markers showed elevated alpha-fetoprotein, CA125, and lactate dehydrogenase. An imaging study revealed predominantly solid ovarian mass hence malignancy was considered. Once the medical condition stabilized, the patient underwent fertility-sparing surgery with the final histopathologic result of immature teratoma. The aim of this report is to present a case of anti-NMDAR encephalitis and GBS as paraneoplastic manifestation of immature teratoma.

Behavior of wood during the thermal transition between torrefaction and pyrolysis: chemical and physical modifications.

ABSTRACT Despite the wealth of physical and chemical information available about wood torrefaction and pyrolysis, very few studies to date have focused on the transition between these two processes. It has been experimentally determined, however, that torrefaction and pyrolysis lead to very different products, indicating a change in their degradation chemistry. There exists, therefore, a need to investigate this transition between torrefaction and pyrolysis from a chemical perspective, very useful for the development of kinetic models. This study focuses on investigating thermogravimetric analysis, shrinkage, flexural strength, total weight loss, of two common industrial European wood species treated at temperatures ranging from 250°C to 400°C. A comparison reveals an obvious change in the degradation of cellulose as a function of treatment temperature that can be correlated with the yield of the main thermal treatment products, such as acetic acid, furfural, CO, H2, etc. At temperatures higher than 350°C, all wood components are extensively degraded. In conclusion, this study indicates a deep modification during the transition between torrefaction and pyrolysis. The results obtained in this study help establish specific temperature ranges, based on wood component degradation, that can be used in the refinement of kinetic models for wood thermal treatment. It is envisioned that, due to the sudden change in behavior at temperatures covering a range between torrefaction and soft pyrolysis, an adequate model with distinct stages is required. Ultimately, this study aims at defining, based on TGA, DTG, mechanical testing, color/appearance, and dimensional change results, the appropriate temperature ranges to be used in the refinement of unique kinetic models that contemplate the degradation of wood components.

Counterfactual time series analysis of short-term change in air pollution following the COVID-19 state of emergency in the United States

Lockdown measures implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic produced sudden behavioral changes. We implement counterfactual time series analysis based on seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average models (SARIMA), to examine the extent of air pollution reduction attained following state-level emergency declarations. We also investigate whether these reductions occurred everywhere in the US, and the local factors (geography, population density, and sources of emission) that drove them. Following state-level emergency declarations, we found evidence of a statistically significant decrease in nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels in 34 of the 36 states and in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) levels in 16 of the 48 states that were investigated. The lockdown produced a decrease of up to 3.4 µg/m3 in PM2.5 (observed in California) with range (− 2.3, 3.4) and up to 11.6 ppb in NO2 (observed in Nevada) with range (− 0.6, 11.6). The state of emergency was declared at different dates for different states, therefore the period "before" the state of emergency in our analysis ranged from 8 to 10 weeks and the corresponding "after" period ranged from 8 to 6 weeks. These changes in PM2.5 and NO2 represent a substantial fraction of the annual mean National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of 12 µg/m3 and 53 ppb, respectively. As expected, we also found evidence that states with a higher percentage of mobile source emissions (obtained from 2014) experienced a greater decline in NO2 levels after the lockdown. Although the socioeconomic restrictions are not sustainable, our results provide a benchmark to estimate the extent of achievable air pollution reductions. Identification of factors contributing to pollutant reduction can help guide state-level policies to sustainably reduce air pollution.

Sentinels in Salmon Aquaculture: Heart Rates Across Seasons and During Crowding Events.

Advances in tag technology now make it possible to monitor the behavior of small groups of individual fish as bioindicators of population wellbeing in commercial aquaculture settings. For example, tags may detect unusual patterns in fish heart rate, which could serve as an early indicator of whether fish health or welfare is becoming compromised. Here, we investigated the use of commercially available heart rate biologgers implanted into 24 Atlantic salmon weighing 3.6 ± 0.8 kg (mean ± SD) to monitor fish over 5 months in a standard 12 m × 12 m square sea cage containing ∼6,000 conspecifics. Post tagging, fish established a diurnal heart rate rhythm within 24 h, which stabilized after 4 days. Whilst the registered tagged fish mortality over the trial period was 0%, only 75% of tagged fish were recaptured at harvest, resulting in an unexplained tag loss rate of 25%. After 5 months, tagged fish were approximately 20% lighter and 8% shorter, but of the similar condition when compared to untagged fish. Distinct diurnal heart rate patterns were observed and changed with seasonal day length of natural illumination. Fish exhibited lower heart rates at night [winter 39 ± 0.2 beats per min (bpm), spring 37 ± 0.2 bpm, summer 43 ± 0.3 bpm, mean ± SE] than during the day (winter 50 ± 0.3 bpm, spring 48 ± 0.2 bpm, summer 49 ± 0.2 bpm) with the difference between night and day heart rates near half during the summer (6 bpm) compared to winter and spring (both 11 bpm). When fish experienced moderate and severe crowding events in early summer, the highest hourly heart rates reached 60 ± 2.5 bpm and 72 ± 2.4 bpm, respectively, on the day of crowding. Here, if the negative sublethal effects on fish that carry tags (e.g., growth rate) can be substantially reduced, the ability to monitor diurnal heart rate patterns across seasons and detect changes during crowding events, and using heart rate biologgers could be a useful warning mechanism for detecting sudden changes in fish behavior in sea cages.

Family Caregivers' Experience of Patients With Delirium in Critical Care Units: A State-of-the-Science Integrative Review.

Delirium as a sudden cognitive and behavioral change can be traumatic for family caregivers. An understanding of family caregivers' experiences with delirium in their loved one in an intensive care unit (ICU) will help clinicians provide family-centered care. To explore the impact of delirium on, and the needs of, family caregivers of ICU patients with delirium. A comprehensive search was done of literature in the PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus databases published from 2000 to 2020. Primary studies written in English and done in critical care settings were included. Studies that did not focus on the family experience of delirium were excluded. Additional studies were identified by reviewing the reference lists of selected articles. Evidence was synthesized, and common themes were identified. Among 210 studies, 7 were included after irrelevant and duplicate studies had been removed. Findings were categorized as (1) psychological impacts of a patient's delirium on family caregivers and (2) family caregivers' needs. Common psychological impacts included anxiety, depression, concern, fear, anger, uncertainty, shock, insecurity, and disappointment. Family caregivers reported needing informational and emotional support from, and effective communication with, health care professionals. Family caregivers' health is crucial to ensuring the effectiveness of family engagement in delirium management. Future studies should consider family caregiver characteristics that could be used to predict psychological symptoms when caregivers are exposed to a patient's delirium and explore whether specific types of delirium cause more psychological impacts and needs among family caregivers than other types of delirium cause.