Sudden Pressure Changes Research Articles

Hydrodynamic Cavitation‐Induced Thrombolysis on a Clot‐on‐a‐Chip Platform

Complications from thrombosis constitute a massive global burden for human health. Current treatment methods have limitations and can cause serious adverse effects. Hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) is a physical phenomenon where bubbles develop and collapse rapidly within a moving liquid due to sudden pressure changes. These collapsing bubbles provide high targeted energy which can be used in a controlled environment with the help of microfluidic devices. This study introduces a new clot‐on‐a‐chip (CoC) platform based on HC, evaluated for thrombolysis efficacy. The microfluidic device, paired with a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchip, generates cavitation bubbles at low upstream pressures (≤482 kPa), enabling microscale blood clot erosion. Different HC exposure conditions (varying pressure and duration) are assessed by changes in clot mass, diameter, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The largest mass reduction occurs at 482 kPa for 120 s, with a decrease of 6.1 ± 0.12 mg, while the most erosion in diameter of blood clots is obtained 482 kPa for 120 s with complete removal. SEM results show increasing damage to clot structure from less to more intense HC exposures. The CoC platform, at controlled pressures and durations, efficiently disrupts clot structure and offers a promising drug‐free alternative for thrombolysis treatment.

Discovery of delayed gas production after implantation of a continuous-flow left ventricular assist device and a preliminary exploration of the mechanisms of its occurrence.

To characterize the gas production phenomenon in the animal model of left ventricular assist device (LVAD), and study its mechanism. An in vitro bubble precipitation experiment was conducted, and the blood samples of Parma spp. animals were divided into ordinary group and oxygen-enriched group according to whether they were oxygenated or not at the time of blood collection, and a static control group was set up respectively. Blood gases were drawn and analyzed before and after the experiment. Activate the pump, and the number of air bubbles in the loop was measured by ultrasound at different rotational speeds; CFD was applied to simulate the flow field in the blood pump, and pressure, fluid velocity vector and shear force diagrams were plotted, and a thrombus model was constructed and the flow field was simulated and plotted as a cloud diagram. There was a statistical difference in the number of bubbles in the inflow and outflow tubes of the blood pump (P values of 0.04 and 0.023, respectively), and the number of bubbles in the outflow tubes of both groups was significantly higher than the number of bubbles in the inflow tubes. The number of bubbles in the tubes of both the oxygen-enriched and normal groups was significantly higher than that in the inflow group. In both the normal and oxygen-enriched groups, more gas was produced at higher speeds than at lower speeds. Blood gas analysis showed that the reduced gas composition in the blood was mainly oxygen. Flow field simulation results: the high rotation speed group had lower central pressure and greater scalar shear. The thrombus simulation group was more prone to turbulence, sudden pressure changes, and greater shear than the normal group. Blood gas production is associated with higher partial pressures of blood oxygen, higher rotation speed, and intrapump thrombosis, and the mechanism of pump gas production is degassing of dissolved gases rather than cavitation of water, and the gas released is most likely to have oxygen. The degassing phenomenon is an warning factor for pump thrombosis.

Valsalva Retinopathy Induced by Straining Due to Constipation

Valsalva retinopathy is as the rupture of superficial capillaries secondary to an increase in retinal venous pressure, following a sudden change in intrathoracic or intra-abdominal pressure. The Valsalva maneuver is quite common in daily life and typical activities such as coughing hard, vomiting, straining, constipation, and sexual activity can all lead to it. We reported a rare case of multi-level hemorrhages by the Valsalva maneuver in an elderly female with hypertension after heavy straining due to constipation.

Reducing Automotive Cooling System Complexity through an Adaptive Biomimetic Air Control Valve.

Future automotive mobility is predominantly electric. Compared to existing systems, the requirements of subsystems change. Air flow for cooling components is needed predominantly when the car is in rest (i.e., charging) or at slow speeds. So far, actively driven fans consuming power and generating noise are used in this case. Here we propose a passive adaptive system allowing for convection-driven cooling. The developed system is a highly adaptive flat valve derived from the bordered pit. It was developed through an iterative design process including simulations, both structural and thermodynamic. In hardwoods and conifers, bordered pits enable the challenging transport of vertical fluids by locally limiting damage. Depending on the structure, these can close at sudden pressure changes and take the function of valves. The result of the biomimetic abstraction process is a system-integrative, low-profile valve that is cheap to produce, long-lasting, lightweight, maintenance-free, and noise-free. It allows for the passive switching of air flow generation at the heat exchanger of the cooling between natural convection or an active airstream without the need for complex sensing and control systems. The geometric and material design factors allow for the simple tuning of the valve to the desired switching conditions during the design process.

Study on the strain response of slopes containing cavities under the effect of strong earthquakes

AbstractThe weak points in a slope often control its deformation and failure mode. Under the action of earthquakes, the complex influence of seismic waves on slopes with cavities is rarely considered. By studying the strain response of this kind of slope, the triggering mechanism of the slope under a strong earthquake can be further discussed. On the basis of the existing research, a shaking table test of a slope model with a cavity structure is carried out. The following conclusions were made: (1) Under the condition of a strong earthquake, the initial crack of the slope with cavities mainly occurs around the cavities, the top of the slope, and the boundary of the slope. (2) During the vibration process, the peak air pressure in a cavity has a good correlation with the peak strain in the surrounding material. The peak strain appears just after the peak air pressure, indicating that the sudden change in the air pressure in the cavity will lead to significant tensile damage to the cavity wall. Repeated air pressure changes in the cavity cause progressive damage to the slope near the cavity structure, accelerating fracture expansion and leading to the fracture penetrating the slope boundary. (3) The overall failure of the slope is somewhat related to the development of cracks around the cavity structure, but failure does not necessarily occur along the cavity zone. The failure site is closely related to the free surface condition and the upper slope structure.

Analysis of vortex characteristics in hump region of reversible pump-turbine based on omega vortex identification method

As the core equipment of pumped storage power stations, reversible pump-turbines will frequently switch between different working modes during operation, and it is easy to appear hump region under pump condition, which will greatly affect the performance of the pumped storage unit. Therefore, in order to explore the causes of the hump region, this paper takes the model reversible pump-turbine as the research object. First, the unit speed–unit flow characteristics are compared with the model test results under different working conditions. Then, based on the omega vortex identification method, the vortex distribution in the flow channel of the unit is analyzed. By analyzing the flow characteristics of the flow components of the unit under different flow rates in the hump region, the internal flow law of the hump region is revealed. It is found that when the flow rate decreases, the rising head cannot offset the head lost by the hydraulic loss, thus forming the hump region, and the unstable flow gradually appears in the guide vane and runner area. There are unstable phenomena, such as flow separation, in the guide vane area. There is a sudden change of radial pressure in the vaneless area between the guide vane and the runner; that is, the unstable vortex almost occupies the whole flow channel due to the change of pressure in this area, resulting in the deterioration of the instability of the unit operation. When the flow rate is large, the radial pressure mutation zone mainly exists between the guide vane cascades, making it easy to form an unstable vortex. The research results can provide a theoretical reference for improving the stability of reversible pump-turbines.

Reservoir-triggered seismicity: case study of the Dnister Hydro Power Complex (Ukraine)

The work considers the seismic activity around the Dnister Hydro Power Complex in the Dnister Reservoir area from 2012 to 2021. Maximum local magnitude of earthquakes for the studied period is ML=3.4. Hypocenters of earthquakes are at the depth of 1—3 km. They are located nearby to previously established faults and contacts of structures with a different lithological composition. Artificial water level regulation in the reservoir is related to the operation of the Dnister Hydro Power Plant and, according to our results, probably affects the occurrence of seismic events. Although the maximum water level changes only by 8.7 m, the region has increased natural seismicity and is located in the transition zone between 6th and 7th isoseims according to the seismic zoning map of Ukraine. Accumulated natural stresses can be triggered into earthquakes when there is a sudden change in water pressure. The seismicity of the region around the Dnister Reservoir was investigated for 10 years, taking into account the water level data in the reservoir, as well as comparing the location of earthquakes with the State Geological Map of the Crystalline Foundation. The profile of the State Geological Map of the Crystalline Foundation with the projected earthquakes hypocenters allowed to indicate that a significant number of earthquakes are located between different lithological structures. In order to assess the interrelationship between seismicity and water level changes in the reservoir, 111 periods of lowering or filling of the reservoir were selected. Parameters of seismic activity within the periods were calculated and analysed. Correlation between the sum of logarithms of energy with water volume changes and pressure changes in the Dnister Reservoir was established. Considering linear dependence it is possible to predict potential intensity of local seismicity caused by water level changes in the Dnister Reservoir.

Anesthesia management for thoracoscopic resection of a huge intrathoracic meningocele: a case report

BackgroundDiagnosed intrathoracic meningocele is an uncommon complication of neurofibromatosis type 1. We report an anesthesia management for a rare case undergoing thoracoscopic resection of a huge intrathoracic meningocele.Case presentationA 51-year-old woman was scheduled for thoracoscopic meningectomy under general anesthesia. We monitored intrathecal pressure during anesthesia to prevent a decrease in intrathecal pressure. During surgery, the intrathecal pressure occasionally increased by around 5 cmH2O immediately after the insertion of the drainage tube and occasionally decreased by up to 10 cmH2O during the careful slow aspiration of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The pressure rapidly recovered after the interruption of the procedures. She was discharged on postoperative day 4 without major complications.ConclusionsThe CSF pressure was fluctuated by procedures during thoracoscopic resection of a huge meningocele. A CSF pressure monitoring was useful to detect the sudden change of CSF pressure immediately, which can cause intracranial hemorrhage.

Smart Patch for Non-Invasive Blood Pressure Monitoring in Epileptic Seizure Patients via the Sole

Epileptic seizures can cause sudden blood pressure changes, requiring continuous monitoring. However, traditional blood pressure monitoring methods are often invasive and uncomfortable for the patient. In addition, it is difficult to measure blood pressure during seizures. This research aims to design a non-invasive, comfortable device to monitor blood pressure during epileptic seizures continuously. Photoplethysmography (PPG) signals from the sole of the patient's foot were used to extract blood pressure data. A smart patch was designed to be worn comfortably on foot for continuous monitoring during seizures. The results show that the average systolic and diastolic blood pressure errors were 2.838 and 4.494 mmHg during epileptic seizures, respectively. These blood pressure changes could be related to the onset of seizures, suggesting that the device and methodology could be combined with other measures to analyze and predict seizure activity. This research offers a non-invasive and comfortable solution for continuous blood pressure monitoring during seizures, which may affect seizure prediction and management.

Visualization study of improving anode water management by variable pressure hydrogen supply in proton exchange membrane fuel cell

To alleviate the prolonged closure of anodic outlet, which causes water to gradually accumulate in the porous layers that hinder hydrogen transfer in dead-ended anode mode. This study proposes an anode variable-pressure hydrogen supply strategy. The hydrogen supply pressure is suddenly reduced for a period before triggering purging, creating a pressure difference between the membrane assembly electrode and flow channels to induce water discharging into the flow channels, then directly purging out of the cell. Optical visualization is utilized to observe and analyze the effect of this strategy on water distribution and quantified through voltage, power, purging pressure change, and water coverage rate. Experiments indicate that the sudden pressure change in the variable pressure hydrogen supply mode effectively promotes water discharge from the porous layers, provides higher water coverage within the entire flow field, and promotes the fusion of neighboring droplets to form larger ones for better water management. Compared to normal mode, the proposed strategy achieves 3.4% performance improvement at 0.32A/cm2. Furthermore, a higher abrupt pressure difference favors porous layers drainage, but the optimal low-pressure duration requires a trade-off between drainage facilitating hydrogen transport and recovery of the membrane water content.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ОСНОВНЫХ ПАРАМЕТРОВ ГИДРОМЕХАНИЧЕСКОГО ДЕМПФЕРА ТРАНСПОРТНЫХ СРЕДСТВ, ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМЫХ В АГРОПРОМЫШЛЕННОМ КОМПЛЕКСЕ

The article presents materials related to the development of a promising design of a hydraulic damper in-stalled in the suspension of vehicles used in the agro-industrial complex. A special feature of the hydraulic damper design is the transition from vertical channels to horizontal channels in the piston and stem of the vi-bration damper. In this case, the vertical sections of the rod channels are mated with the horizontal sections of the piston channels. The presence of such calibrated holes in the piston and rod, as well as due to the ab-sence of bypass valves, can significantly reduce sudden pressure changes in the vibration damper during high-speed movements of both the rod and the piston. This significantly increases the smoothness of the ride, and, consequently, the comfort and safety of the vehicle and, thus, improves the working conditions of the personnel operating it. Analytical studies have been carried out, as well as hydrodynamic and strength calcu-lations of such determining parameters as the pressure of the working fluid and its flow rate. Recommenda-tions are given on the choice of rod and piston material for a promising design of a hydraulic damper for ve-hicles. A method of engineering calculations for determining the parameters of the throttling system is pro-posed, which allows to establish the criteria for the operability of the developed technical solution with a view to its possible application in industrial conditions.

Passive Soil Arching Effect in Aeolian Sand Backfills for Grillage Foundation.

The passive soil arching effect exists in many soil-grille interaction systems. Increasing mental grillage foundations are used for transmission lines in aeolian sand areas; thus, exploring the evolution mechanism of passive soil arching is crucial. This study investigates the evolution and influencing factors of passive soil arching through a series of tests using a trapdoor device and particle image velocimetry (PIV). The test results show that the evolution of the arching structure causes the aeolian sand deformation to gradually extend to the backfill surface and stationary zone, generating two triangular arching surfaces between the movable beams and sliding surface at the junction of the active and stationary zones. Cracks in the arching and sliding surfaces were connected to form a W-shaped shear band. The development of the soil pressure was divided into four arching structure stages. The different stages of the inner and outer arches of the bearing characteristics had strong differences. Taking the appearance of the first arch surface as the time point, the soil pressure changes abruptly and the inner and outer arches alternate to bear the as a major role. The beam spacing significantly affected the arching evolution. A smaller beam spacing formed an initial bending configuration with an inconspicuous arching structure and incomplete shear band. As the beam spacing increased, the arching shape changed from triangular to parabolic, sudden changes in the soil pressure were more pronounced, and the arch height increased. The relative density and water content had little impact on the arch shape and shear zone but significantly affected the arching strength, soil pressure transfer, and arching height. The medium and high relative densities and low water contents resulted in a stronger arching structure and greater arching height, while low relative densities and high water contents weakened the soil pressure transfer. The range values for the optimum beam spacing, relative density, and water contents are given based on the variation characteristics of the evaluated parameters (E, n) under different conditions.

Hearing injuries due to atmospheric pressure changes in air and water survival training instructors

Under normal atmospheric conditions, the individual has an optimal state of health, but these conditions alter their physiology and can cause damage to health. Hence, sudden changes in atmospheric pressure generate hearing manifestations and/or injuries because the pressure inside the ear must be equal to that outside. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of hearing injuries caused by sudden changes in atmospheric pressure in air and water survival training instructors, during the period 2012-2022. Epidemiological, descriptive cross-sectional research. To collect the information, a documentary review of the clinical records and the work plan was carried out. The population and sample were made up of the 20 instructors of the Department of Physiological Training (DAF). Results: the male sex predominated (85 %), the average age and seniority were 36 ± 4,68 and 12 ± 6,59 years respectively, with a work exposure of 6 hours per week. In addition, 15 cases of hearing loss and 01 case of decompression illness with hearing injury were diagnosed, a prevalence of 0,8 cases per year, which indicates that one instructor annually suffers from hearing injury due to Barotrauma. This is why the main prevention measure is in the organization of work, limiting the number and duration of dives. Therefore, it is recommended to implement a hearing conservation program and comply with the morbidity registry of occupational diseases and accidents of the DAF instructor staff related to changes in atmospheric pressure

The effect of the eruption of mount Hunga-Tonga on density altitude, air pressure and flight operations in eastern Indonesian

There was an eruption of the Hunga Tonga volcano in the Pacific Ocean on January 15, 2022 and produced the phenomenon of Shock Waves in the atmosphere, in addition to sonic booms, and tsunami waves that spread to various parts of the world. Data from the automated weather observing system (AWOS) in several Airports in Indonesia were analyzed to assess the impact of the eruption of Mount Tonga on the Indonesian atmosphere. There are sudden changes in air pressure (QNH) at locations (Airports) including Sorong, Wamena, Ternate, Sumbawa, Biak, Geser, Lombok, Sabu, and Kupang, with a range between 0.6 to 1.9 Mb. These atmospheric waves propagate at a speed of about 1248 km/hour. This drastic change in air pressure is not followed by a significant change in density altitude which affects the effectiveness of the aircraft’s lift, but a sudden change will cause a change in air pressure (QNH) in the altimeter which can cause a change in aircraft altitude. This sudden change has high probability to result in a plane crash due to a stall or undershoot or collision with aircraft.

Hydrocarbon residue in a Danish chalk reservoir and its effects on CO2 injectivity

Depleted oil and gas chalk reservoirs in the Danish North Sea are considered for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) as part of Denmark's strategy to reduce CO2 emissions. While these reservoirs are well understood after decades of hydrocarbon production, the interaction between CO2 and hydrocarbon residues (HCRs) is less understood and pose a major challenge. This study investigates the effects of supercritical CO2 (sc-CO2) injection on HCRs in a core plug from the Upper Cretaceous chalk reservoir of the Halfdan Field, Danish North Sea, after sc-CO2 flooding for nine days in near reservoir conditions (85 °C and 27.6 MPa). The HCRs from before and after the sc-CO2 flooding were analyzed using Extended Slow Heating (ESH®) pyrolysis, Thermal Desorption Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (TD-Py-GC/MS), and organic petrography methods. Results indicate that sc-CO2 can effectively mobilize and put into solution all lighter hydrocarbon fractions, leaving behind heavy immiscible asphaltene-rich hydrocarbons and solid bitumen. In the post-CO2 flooding sample, the asphaltene-rich, immobile oil and solid bitumen aggregates were physically trapped at various points, though primarily at the outlet section due to a sudden change in pressure. The results indicate pressure differences cause up to 10.5% of total rock volume precipitation of pure solid bitumen, which can significantly alter the ongoing flow of sc-CO2 in the reservoir. The HCRs also show an increasing proportion the heaviest, solid bitumen fraction from the inlet of sc-CO2 injection to the outlet of the plug. The increase in solid bitumen content away from the sc-CO2 inlet point is suggested to be caused by selective solubility together with imbibition of hydrocarbons within the flowing sc-CO2 phase, thereby changing the bulk polarity and hence the solubility - here referred to as the Avalanche Effect.

A suction method to mitigate pressure waves induced by high-speed maglev trains passing through tunnels

When a high-speed maglev train travels through a tunnel, sudden pressure changes are generated in the tunnel, which have a negative impact on the comfort of passengers and the service life of equipment. Moreover, a strong micro-pressure wave is radiated, causing environmental noise at the tunnel exit. Using the unsteady compressible Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations based on the shear stress transport k-ω turbulence model, this study investigates the effectiveness of suction (deployed on the tunnel wall) to mitigate the pressure waves and compares the results obtained under different suction velocities. The results show that when the suction is actuated, a low-pressure region is generated near the suction slots, which can trim down the initial compression wave and the high-pressure region in front of the train. Moreover, the instantaneous train surface pressure, tunnel surface pressure and micro-pressure wave have a significant relationship with the suction velocity. For instance, compared to the no suction case, the suction-actuated case with the suction velocity of 50 m/s contributes to an amplitude reduction of 10.44% and 30.61% for the first and second sudden pressure changes, respectively, at train surface measuring point H1 (at the nose of the train); an amplitude reduction of more than 14% for the sudden pressure change at tunnel surface measuring point T17 (at the middle of the tunnel); and an amplitude reduction of 12.44% for the micro-pressure wave at measuring point M2 (outside the tunnel and 20 m from the tunnel exit). These indicate that the suction technique can be employed to alleviate the tunnel aerodynamic effect. Also, the results obtained under different suction velocities can serve as a guide for the design of suction actuators.

A Review of Barotrauma from Diving: A Narrative Literature Review

Barotrauma is a trauma or wound that occurs in the organs of the body due to sudden changes in air pressure around either change in pressure in the air or underwater. This literature review aimed to describe barotrauma from a traumatology perspective. In the case of barotrauma, the pathophysiology will follow Boyle's law. Namely, there is a relationship between the volume of gas in a closed room and the surrounding environment. Barotrauma that occurs when the pressure drops are called a squeeze. Squeeze events occur when there is a space filled with air and a membrane with a supply of blood flow from arteries and veins and experience a sudden change in pressure. Manifestations of barotrauma can also occur in the teeth, spine, and joints due to sharp and rapid changes in pressure. Damage to the teeth can occur because air is trapped in the teeth or because the teeth are sensitive to pressure. Damage to the spine and joints can occur because the pressure causes the vertebral discs to shift or damage the joint tissue. In conclusion, barotrauma is damage caused by pressure differences in the body, especially in the ears, lungs, and sinuses. Deaths from barotrauma are commonly associated with diving, especially freediving and gear diving.

Temporal relation between human mobility, climate, and COVID-19 disease

Using the example of the city of São Paulo (Brazil), in this paper, we analyze the temporal relation between human mobility and meteorological variables with the number of infected individuals by the COVID-19 disease. For the temporal relation, we use the significant values of distance correlation t0(DC), which is a recently proposed quantity capable of detecting nonlinear correlations between time series. The analyzed period was from February 26, 2020 to June 28, 2020. Fewer movements in recreation and transit stations and the increase in the maximal temperature have strong correlations with the number of newly infected cases occurring 17 days after. Furthermore, more significant changes in grocery and pharmacy, parks, and recreation and sudden changes in the maximal pressure occurring 10 and 11 days before the disease begins are also correlated with it. Scanning the whole period of the data, not only the early stage of the disease, we observe that changes in human mobility also primarily affect the disease for 0-19 days after. In other words, our results demonstrate the crucial role of the municipal decree declaring an emergency in the city to influence the number of infected individuals.

Study on the high-pressure hydrogen gas flow characteristics of the needle valve with different spool shapes

The needle valve is a critical control unit for high-pressure hydrogen systems such as hydrogen refueling stations, which is the infrastructure of hydrogen energy. As an important part of the needle valve, the valve spool affects the flow characteristics of hydrogen in the valve and then affects the working performance and safety of the high-pressure hydrogen valve. In this paper, based on the real hydrogen gas model and the finite volume method, a CFD model of the high-pressure hydrogen needle valve is constructed to find out the influence of the valve spool shape on the performance and flow characteristics of the high-pressure hydrogen needle valve. The results show that high-pressure hydrogen will produce a sudden change in pressure around the valve spool and there will be a local high-speed area, and the turbulent intensity will also increase. The arc cone spool can increase the flow by 2%–8% at different openings of the valve, and reduce the maximum speed at the spool by 15% at small openings. In addition, the sudden change of pressure and the eddy current have also been improved. Flat-bottomed cone spool reduces turbulence intensity and energy consumption. Therefore, it can be concluded that changing the shape of the valve spool to have a larger flow area at a small opening can make the high-pressure hydrogen valve have a better flow field distribution. Flattening the cone angle of the spool can improve the turbulent flow in the valve. The research in this paper can provide research accumulation and theoretical support for the optimization design of the needle valve of the high-pressure hydrogen system.

Influence of Complex Hydraulic Environments on the Mechanical Properties of Pile-Soil Composite Foundation in the Coastal Soft Soil Area of Zhuhai

Based on a plain concrete pile composite foundation project in the coastal area of Zhuhai, considering the complex hydraulic load environment induced by tidal water-level changes, finite element simulations and parameter calibrations were carried out to determine the physical and mechanical properties of plain concrete pile composite foundation. The hardening soil small (HSS) model, which can be used to simulate the complex mechanical behavior of soft soil under small strain, was selected for modeling analysis. Model parameters were calibrated through resonance column tests, triaxial consolidation drainage loading and unloading shear tests. The complex hydraulic loads were analyzed, including the effects of cyclic tidal action and the sudden rise and fall of the water level induced by strong storm surges on the force, deformation of plain concrete piles, and the mechanical seepage properties of soft soil around piles. The results indicate that: (1) Compared with coastal soft soil in Shanghai, Zhoushan, Tianjin, and other areas, the soft soil in the Zhuhai area has a smaller dynamic shear modulus, cohesion and internal friction angle, and worse engineering properties. (2) The sudden rise of water level leads to a sudden change in the pore pressure of the groundwater, which induces a large deformation of the pile-soil composite foundation. If the foundation on the offshore (dike) side exhibits the most prominent deformation and foundation damage, such as uneven settlement is prone to occur. (3) The offshore side pile is most affected by the hydraulic loads. The deformation of the pile body along the pile body is uneven and the deformation of the upper pile body is relatively large, which may cause fracture damage.