Sudden Breaking Research Articles

Conversational Aposiopesis in the MT Samuel – Textual Omission or Conversational Ellipsis?

Abstract Aposiopesis, »the sudden breaking off of what is being said (or written)«, is not simply a rhetorical figure but a linguistic device of the ellipsis of the main clause or the sentence nucleus. The speaker conveys »feelings of haste, urgency, and anxiety«, as in the cases of Hannah (1Sam 1:22) and Tamar (2Sam 13:16). The omitted phrase or clause is usually negative. Further Examples: 1) 2Sam 23:17 Is it [not] the blood of the men who went at the risk of their lives? 2) 2Sam 21:1 due to Saul and the bloody house Textual omission and conversational ellipsis need to be carefully distinguished.

Study on the Mechanism of Weakening Thick and Hard Roof by Deep-Hole Blasting in Deep Coal Mines

In the mining process of deep coal mines with a thick and hard roof, it is easy to form a large overhanging roof and accumulate a lot of strain energy. The sudden breaking of the suspended roof may induce seisms, which seriously threaten the safety of underground miners and equipment. To reveal the mechanism of weakening the thick and hard roof by blasting in deep mining, the four times deep-hole blasting in 63upper06 panel of Dongtan coal mine are considered. First, the temporal and spatial distribution of seismicity events monitored before and after blasting is investigated. Second, the process of deep-hole blasting is simulated using finite element and discrete element methods. After blasting, the small-energy mining-induced seismicities within 20 m of the roof suddenly increase and gradually transfer to the mined-out area and the front of the working face. Meanwhile, the high rock stratum is broken and a large amount of strain energy is released, which causes the range of fall zone enlarge a lot, and the stress in the roof is decreased obviously. With the increase in the number of deep-hole blasting, the pressure relief effect becomes more obvious, and the newly developed fracture is mainly located in the low strata. Microseismic monitoring results agree with the calculated results. Moreover, the rock caving steps are easily formed after deep-hole blasting, and the collapse is more sufficient. Furthermore, blasting cracks are most restrained in the vertical direction of the maximum principal stress. Moreover, the delayed blasting method is more conducive to the expansion and penetration of blasting cracks. Results show that the deep-hole blasting technology has a significant effect on weakening the roof of coal seam and preventing and controlling large-energy mining-induced seismicities.

Visco-Elastic Plate Motion after Its Breaking into Parts

Mathematical modelling of visco-elastic plate breaking and consequent deflection of the plate are studied using the simplified formulation. The plate is modelled as a thin visco-elastic plate of constant thickness. The edges of the plate are clamped. The plate deflection is caused by a uniform aerodynamic pressure, which slowly increases in time. The plate deflection before breaking is approximated as quasi-static. The plate breaks instantly then and there, when and where the modified fracture criterion by Petrov and Morozov is achieved. Both the deflections and velocities of the plate before and after breaking are assumed equal.The motion of the plate parts after breaking are highly unsteady and dependent on the viscous properties of the plate. If the viscosity of the plate material is negligible compared with the elastic characteristics of the plate, then the velocity of the plate deflection is discontinuous at the time instant of the plate breaking. This feature of the plate motion after its breaking should be taken into account in interpretation of the numerical results within the linearised model of plate deflection with sudden breaking. It is shown that the plate can break in a cascade way. Each part after the first breaking breaks again. The configuration studied in this paper is specially tailored to highlight the behaviour of the numerical solutions of the plate breaking problems in applications.

MATLAB ALGORITHM FOR DRIVING PATTERN DETECTION AND ANALYSIS USING SMARTPHONE SENSORS

In countries like India and China where the population density is very high and the number of vehicles on road keep on increasing every year it presents us with a problem that is monitoring this entire situation and preventing rash driving and accidents and even if they take place there should be immediate action taken to prevent it from happening again and making the roads a safer environment for everyone. To solve this problem, utilized sensors present in the Smartphone specifically the accelerometer sensor to detect the changes in parameters, for this an app was created. The app will read the sensor data that are embedded in the Smartphone and stores the sensors data in the database, The main reason of using the Smartphone is that implementation will be very easy and cost effective as the hardware is already available with everyone and the cost of implementation will be lower when compared to producing an exclusive hardware for this purpose only. The theoretical threshold values for accelerometer sensor data to calculate sudden breaking, sudden acceleration, harsh cornering with the respective axis is used to determine the initial situation. Feeding this data in MATLAB was we use an algorithm developed for this very purpose of analyzing this data.

Predictors of accidents in people with mild cognitive impairment, mild dementia due to Alzheimer's disease and healthy controls in simulated driving.

To examine the driving variables that predict accident probability in mild dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and healthy older control drivers in simulated driving. To compare the three groups in mean performance and in frequency of scores exceeding 1.5 SD from the mean. Participants were 37 drivers with MCI, 16 drivers with AD, and 21 control drivers over the age of 52. Driving measures were derived from four rural driving conditions: moderate traffic without and with distraction and high traffic without and with distraction. The measures were z-transformed based on the performance of 90 control drivers of different ages. Two unexpected incidents occurred per condition, requiring the sudden breaking to avoid an accident. Drivers with AD showed significantly lower average speed, speed variability, greater headway distance, headway variability and average reaction time (RT) than control drivers. Drivers with MCI showed significantly lower average speed, greater headway distance and average RT than control drivers in the two conditions of distraction. No differences were found in accident probability. Drivers with AD had more deviant scores than both control drivers and drivers with MCI in most comparisons. Predictors of accident probability were average RT, speed variability and lateral position variability but MCI and AD status were not significant predictors in any of the regression models. Despite significant differences in performance, drivers with MCI and AD did not differ in accident probability from control drivers. An individualized approach of examining individual driving performance is recommended.

Evolution of Critical Correlations at the QCD Phase Transition

We investigate the evolution of the density-density correlations in the isoscalar critical condensate formed at the QCD critical point. The initial equilibrium state of the system is characterized by a fractal measure determining the distribution of isoscalar particles (sigmas) in configuration space. Non-equilibrium dynamics is induced through a sudden symmetry breaking leading gradually to the deformation of the initial fractal geometry. After constructing an ensemble of configurations describing the initial state of the isoscalar field we solve the equations of motion and show that remnants of the critical state and the associated fractal geometry survive for time scales larger than the time needed for the mass of the isoscalar particles to reach the two-pion threshold. This result is more transparent in an event-by-event analysis of the phenomenon. Thus, we conclude that the initial fractal properties can eventually be transferred to the observable pion-sector through the decay of the sigmas even in the case of a quench.

Modeling the mechanical and electrical characteristics of the synchronous motor for different variations of torque in time

The paper presents the mechanical and electrical characteristics of the synchronous motor at different imposed variations of torque over time. Modelling the resistive torque allows the loading with different capacities vibrations. The experimental setup is designed and presented in such a way as to allow a servomotor to stop the synchronous motor in variable torque values. The resulting characteristics highlight the mechanical characteristics of the synchronous motor as well as the resistance to repeated sudden repeated breaking within a shorter or longer period, observing the evolution of the speed up to the point of desynchronisation of the motor. It is presented the mechanical characteristics of the mechanical power, electrical current, rotational speed and mechanical torque in function of time observing the behaviour of the synchronous machine when applying sudden varying resistive torques and its de-synchronization. The determination of these characteristics is made at a constant value of the excitation current.

Study on the mechanism of “separation stratum water-inrush” induced by impact energy of the key stratum sudden breaking

Subsidence deformation of the bottom rock stratum of the bending belt was different due to deflection difference; the separation stratum space was easy to form between the soft and hard rock stratum, and the separation stratum water formed under the water supplies. Based on catastrophe theory and the mechanics theory, the pointed catastrophic model of key stratum (the rock beam structure overlying the separation stratum space) was established. The impact energy released by the key stratum breaking was calculated. The “crushing” modes and “cleavage” modes of separation stratum water-inrush were proposed under the impact energy of key stratum. The periodic step distance of two kinds modes of separation stratum water-inrush was calculated. At last, separation stratum water-inrush of extra-thick coal of Guo Jiahe mine was taken as an example to study, and the aim was to provide technical reference for the prevention and treatment of separation stratum water-inrush.

A new active asymmetry monitoring and control technique applied to critical aircraft flap control system failures

Asymmetry limitation requirements between left and right wing flap surfaces play an important role in the design of the implementation of the secondary flight control system of modern airplanes. In fact, especially in the case of sudden breaking of one of the torsion bars of the flap transmission line, the huge asymmetries that can rapidly develop could compromise the lateral-directional controllability of the whole aircraft (up to cause catastrophic occurrences). Therefore, in order to guarantee the aircraft safety (especially during take-off and landing flight phase in which the effects of asymmetries could generate uncontrollable aircraft attitudes), it is mandatory to timely detect and neutralize these asymmetries. The current monitoring techniques generally evaluate the differential angular position between left and right surfaces and, in most the events, limit the Flaps Control System (FCS) asymmetries, but in severe fault conditions (e.g. under very high aerodynamic loads), unacceptable asymmetries could be generated, compromising the controllability of the aircraft. To this purpose, in this paper the authors propose a new active monitoring and control technique capable of detecting the increasing angular error between the different flap surfaces and that, after stopping the whole actuation system, acts on the portion of the actuation line still connected to the PDU to minimize the FCS asymmetries.

Protests as critical junctures: some reflections towards a momentous approach to social movements

ABSTRACT Recent times have been defined as momentous: great transformation, great recession as well as great regression have been frequently used short-cut terms to characterize the period following the financial breakdown of 2008. As for contentious politics in these times, we frequently hear references to crisis as well as eventful protests, as calls for what was expected to be routine protest triggered portentous waves of contentious politics. Reference to moments of change can be found in different approaches addressing social movements from the macro, meso, and micro levels. While neoinstitutional approaches have looked at extraordinary times from a macro perspective, the Chicago School adopted a micro perspective, looking at the sudden breaking of established paths, the reproduction of ruptures, and their stabilization. An emerging concern in social movement studies with ‘great transformations’ that triggered big mobilizations can also be seen at the meso level Drawing on these perspectives, I argue that some eventful protests trigger critical junctures, producing abrupt changes which develop contingently and become path dependent. While routinized protests proliferate in normal times, under some political opportunities, some protests – or moments of protest – act as exogenous shocks, catalyzing intense and massive waves of contention. Referring to the debate on critical junctures, and bridging it with social movement studies, I thematize a sequence of processes of cracking, as the production of sudden ruptures; vibrating, as contingently reproducing those ruptures; and sedimenting, as the stabilization of the legacy of the rupture. With the aim of mapping some relevant questions, rather than providing answers, I refer for illustration to research I carried out on movements in democratic transitions during economic, political, and social crises, as well as their legacy and memory.

Disaster-causing mechanism of extremely thick igneous rock induced by mining and prevention method by backfill mining

To mine coal resources under extremely thick igneous rock safely, this paper analysed the disaster-causing mechanism of extremely thick igneous rock by the methods of theoretical analysis, physical simulation, and numerical simulation, which was based on the engineering condition of Panel No.104 in Yangliu Coal Mine. The movement laws of overlying strata were obtained through analysing fracture development and rock breaking under extremely thick igneous rock after mining. The breaking interval of extremely thick igneous rock overlying working face that has one side adjacent to goaf area was derived by establishing and calculating a thin elastic plate mechanical model with three fixed sides and one simply supported side. The research shows that the trigger for dynamic disasters under extremely thick igneous rock is the coupling process of stress field and fracture field. After breaking of igneous rock, the fracture field, flow field and gas concentration field coupled, resulting in dynamical gas disaster; energy field, impact field and stress field coupled, resulting in rock burst. From the perspective of controlling the stress field and fracture field development, backfill mining method is proposed to prevent extremely thick igneous rock from sudden breaking.

The end of a military-industrial triangle: arms-industrial co-operation between China, Russia and Ukraine after the Crimea crisis

Abstract:Due to a U.S./EU arms embargo that was imposed on China in 1989, China remains excluded from trading with any of the leading arms producers except for Russia and Ukraine. The previously existing military-industrial symbiosis between Ukraine and Russia, however, came to an abrupt end in 2014 with Russia‘s invasion and resulting occupation of Crimea. The sudden breaking off of defense-industrial ties between these two closely interwoven military-industrial complexes offers analysts the unusual chance to study the nature of transnational arms production arrangements and their strategic implications under crisis conditions. China is poised to benefit from this, while Western sanctions create incentives for China and Russia to enhance their mutual strategic co-operation.

Transient Analysis of Rotary Drilling Rig in Response to Sudden Breaking of Wire Rope for Drilling Pipe Lifting

Rotary drilling rig is a kind of construction machinery which is used for deep pile foundation hole drilling operation. In recent years, a significant amount of catastrophic plastic-hinge type bending failures have occurred in the masks of the drilling machines. The major cause leading to this disaster is due to the sudden breaking of the drilling pipe lifting wire rope. The drilling rig will experience a severe transient dynamic process immediately after the accidental breaking of the lifting wire rope. The current design routine for drilling rigs is normally based on static analyses only, and the dynamic processes have seldom been considered due to the complexity involved in the analyses. In this paper, parametric finite element model for the entire machine of the rotary drilling rig has been established. Transient dynamic analyses have been carried out in response to the load case that the wire rope for drilling pipe lifting breaks. The history of stress variation over the whole machine during the dynamic response process has been obtained. This could be used to check if the machine designed is safe in case the drilling pipe lifting wire rope breaks.

Investigation of Intrinsic and External Factors Contributing to the Occurrence of Coal Bumps in the Mining Area of Western Beijing, China

An investigation has been made to relate the occurrence of coal bumps to specific geological and mining conditions to the mining area of western Beijing. This investigation demonstrates that the high frequency of coal bumps in this area is due to four localized conditions, namely intrinsic coal properties, the presence of overturned strata and thrust faults, high in situ stress and the extraction of coal from island mining faces. Laboratory tests of coal samples indicated that the coals have a short duration of dynamic fracture, high bursting energy and high elastic strain energy, indicating that the coal is intrinsically prone to the occurrence of coal bumps. This investigation has also revealed that there are overturned strata and well-developed large- and medium-scale thrust faults in this area, and the presence of these structures results in plastic flow, severe discontinuities, rapid changes in overburden thickness and dipping of the coal seams. Well-developed secondary fold structures are also present in the axes and limbs of the primary folds. The instability of thrust faults, in combination with large-scale intrusion of igneous rocks, is closely associated with sudden roof breaking and induces sharp variations in electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and micro-seismic signals, which could be used to help predict coal bumps. In situ stress tests in the mining area demonstrate that the maximum and minimum principal stresses are nearly horizontal and that the intermediate principal stress is approximately vertical. The in situ stress level in the area is higher than the average in the Beijing area, North China and mainland China. In addition to the presence of overturned strata and thrust faults and high in situ stress levels, another external factor contributing to the frequency of coal bumps is coal extraction from island mining faces in this area. Island mining faces experience intermittent mining-induced abutment stress when a fault exists at one side of the island mining face due to reactivation of the fault, and this stress redistribution increases the likelihood of coal bumps during coal extraction from island mining faces.

A Gold Plate in the Collection of the Museum of the Historical Treasures of the Ukraine and the Motif of the Recumbent Wild Boar in the Scythian Animal Style

This article is devoted to the publication and analysis of a previously unpublished artefact – a gold plate with a depiction of a recumbent wild boar held in the Museum of the Historical Treasures of the Ukraine. On the basis of a visual examination, the authors have interpreted the article as the facing of a Scythian ritual wooden vessel. On the basis of an iconographic analysis of the depiction of the wild boar, they have dated it to the 5th centurybc, possibly to its second quarter. The depiction is discussed in relation to other depictions of a wild boar in Scythian art and an attempt is made to piece together the process of how the motif of a recumbent boar appeared in the Scythian Animal Style of Eastern Europe. Together with its close parallels, the authors attribute this depiction to the “Aleksandrovka – Arkhangel’skaya Sloboda” stylistic type for the depiction of recumbent boars dated to the period from the late 6th to the early 4th centurybc. The authors also attempt to piece together the process of the appearance of the motif of the recumbent wild boar in the Scythian Animal style of Eastern Europe as the result of the convergence of the Near-Eastern motif of a recumbent wild boar and the Saka-Siberian design of a “sudden breaking” wild boar.

Traffic conflict assessment for non-lane-based movements of motorcycles under congested conditions

Traffic conflict under congested conditions is one of the main safety issues of motorcycle traffic in developing countries. Unlike cars, motorcycles often display non-lane-based movements such as swerving or oblique following of a lead vehicle when traffic becomes congested. Very few studies have quantitatively evaluated the effects of such non-lane-based movements on traffic conflict. Therefore, in this study we aim to develop an integrated model to assess the traffic conflict of motorcycles under congested conditions. The proposed model includes a concept of safety space to describe the non-lane-based movements unique to motorcycles, new features developed for traffic conflict assessment such as parameters of acceleration and deceleration, and the conditions for choosing a lead vehicle. Calibration data were extracted from video clips taken at two road segments in Ho Chi Minh City. A simulation based on the model was developed to verify the dynamic non-lane-based movements of motorcycles. Subsequently, the assessment of traffic conflict was validated by calculating the probability of sudden braking at each time interval according to the change in the density of motorcycle flow. Our findings underscore the fact that higher flow density may lead to conflicts associated with a greater probability of sudden breaking. Three types of motorcycle traffic conflicts were confirmed, and the proportions of each type were calculated and discussed.

Thermo-mechanical response of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) large volumes exposed to time-dependent environmental conditions

Low thermal conductivity and elevated absorbance of large bulky volumes of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) exposed to moderately aggressive environmental conditions may cooperate to determine critical mechanical conditions, kindling unexpected high thermal stresses values which lead the material to failure. From the engineering point of view, this can be explained as the result of two concomitant phenomena which activate a cascade of events: very sharp thermal gradients engendered by transient thermal processes induced by cyclic environmental conditions, combined with significant bulk heat generation due to the high thermal inertia of massive PMMA volumes, in turn aggravating the steepness of the thermal gradients, may in fact ingenerate severe stress regimes, potentially undermining the structural stability of the material. Moving from these considerations, the present study is aimed to investigate possible rupture of PMMA blocks experiencing heating processes as a consequence of their exposure to outdoor cyclic environmental conditions. The problem is approached by means of both rigorous analytical arguments and the Finite Element based numerical methods, finally exploiting the theoretical outcomes to formulate a hypothesis which might explain the still unclear phenomenon of the sudden breaking of the PMMA structure, named Huge Wine Glass and designed by the world famous Japanese architect Toyo Ito, which occurred in Pescara (Italy) in 2009.

Preface: special issue on advanced traffic and transportation systems

Traffic and transportation systems impact our everyday lives significantly. By nature, the transportation system is a complex system. This complexity presents a challenge to engineering scientists and applied mathematicians. This special issue will focus on the engineering science and applied mathematics oriented contributions related to traffic and transportation systems. The topics in this special issue cover a wide range of areas in transportation and traffic modeling. The papers highlight the coming together of technology and human factors and how this impacts the transportation system. A key issue in transportation is safety. There are two papers in this special issue that addresses traffic safety. Darbha and Rajagopal outline the major safety issues associated with sudden breaking operations of automated vehicles. With recent developments in the area of driverless cars and with the imminent possibility of automated vehicles sharing space with human drivers, there is an urgent need to understand fundamental issues with respect to safety of such systems. This paper is a seminal contribution in this regard. The other paper on safety focusses on driver drowsiness detection and remediation. Dasgupta et al. propose a system to monitor the loss of attention of drivers due to drowsiness. The system includes a hardware system coupled with image processing algorithms that is shown to work under demanding conditions often encountered inside a moving vehicle. It is an excellent example of innovative interdisciplinary solutions to transportation problems. The next three papers focus on transportation planning. Sikder et al. provide a comprehensive review of spatial transferability of travel forecasting models. The review is comprehensive and presents both theoretical and practical considerations. Several important open issues are identified and the paper promises to be an important reference to both transportation planning researchers and practitioners. Gopisetty and Srinivasan present a joint model for trip frequency and vehicle ownership based on data from Chennai city, India. The presence of both two wheelers and four wheelers among households in developing countries and their varying impact on trip frequency requires joint models that can capture this endogeneity. The paper highlights the importance of capturing this endogeneity and presents practical implications of the model results for management decisions. The third paper on planning by Aziz and Ukkusuri explores a novel idea of using tradable credit schemes to minimize and manage vehicular emissions. This paper is timely because of the urgent need to address global warming impacts of transportation emissions. The mathematical model presented in the paper also explores a more acceptable trade-off between traditional objectives of minimizing travel time along with reduced emissions. The final two papers in this special issue deal with traffic flow modeling and capacity estimation. Ranju and Ramadurai present a review of state-of-the-art of macroscopic traffic flow models. Unlike earlier reviews that have covered traffic flow models in general, the focus here is on macroscopic models. Since the last review that appeared over a decade ago, the field has seen the emergence of new higher-order macroscopic models as well as different models for capturing flow along links and at nodes. This review is timely and is likely to encourage more research into advanced macroscopic traffic flow models. Puwala et al. estimate the capacity of eight-lane divided urban expressway in the presence of mixed-traffic flow conditions. The paper argues that expressways in India behave and operate differently when compared with countries L. D. Vanajakshi (&) G. Ramadurai K. K. Srinivasan Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai, India e-mail: lelitha@iitm.ac.in

Quantitative monitoring of the stripper foil degradation in the 3-GeV rapid cycling synchrotron of the Japan proton accelerator research complex

A hybrid-type boron doped carbon stripper foil of 200 μg/cm2 is used for the present H− injection beam energy of 181 MeV in the 3-GeV rapid cycling synchrotron (RCS) of the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC). A stripper foil has a certain lifetime and usually lifetime goes shorter for high power operation. Foil degradation such as foil thinning and pinhole formation caused by the radiation might be a signal of the foil breaking. As a result, one can avoid sudden foil breaking by an efficient monitoring of the foil degradation. We have succeeded measuring even a little change of the stripper foil thickness during user operation of the RCS. It is the main motivation of the present study. A single foil was irradiated with a total of 2.7 × 1021 particles (injected H− itself) during 4 months continuous operation of the RCS but we did not observe any indication of the foil degradation.

Deep water gives up another secret

Just as water is essential for life as we know it, so too is it critical to our planet’s inner workings. In PNAS, Pan et al. (1) report results that constrain one of water’s most important properties at deep-earth conditions: its dielectric constant. A host of geologic processes signal water’s important role at depth. The volcanoes of the Pacific Ocean’s “ring of fire” erupt explosively because the magmas carry water from the deep interior. Water influences the still-mysterious, sudden breaking and sliding of rock we sense as earthquakes. Furthermore, many concentrations of valuable metals on which our society depends are created through complex natural reaction processes mediated largely by H2O. Indeed, without deep water, we might not have continents (2), and the plate tectonic engine controlling the outer part of the planet would probably operate quite differently (3).