Sudangrass Hybrid Research Articles

Utilization of Annual Warm-Season Grasses as a Biofuel Source and Feedstock By-Product

Annual warm-season grasses such as forage sorghum, sorghum × sudangrass hybrid and sundangrass are highly productive and valuable feed crops (rotational crop and silage). In addition, sugar in the stems of these warm-season grasses can be extracted and fermented, while the cellulose in the bagasse (pressed stalk) can be used for feedstock or cellulosic ethanol, making them versatile to both the forage and biofuel industry. Twelve annual warm-season grasses including forage sorghums, sudangrass, sorghum × sudangrass hybrid, and pearl millet were planted in 1.82 m × 3.35 m plots, harvested and treated as silage and hay before and after sap removal. Dry matter (DM) yield from a single harvest in 2011 and 2012 were collected and analyzed. Further analysis from the varieties includes evaluation for sap production, OBrix, crude protein (CP), Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF). Forage quality in silage was negatively affected by removing the sap before ensiling, producing quality similar to that of the hay samples. Sugar yields (SY) were not comparable to sweet sorghum yields reported in the literature, but when considering SY along with bagasse yield a few varieties may offer the potential as a dual purpose crop.

Effect of two additives on the fermentation, in vitro digestibility and aerobic security of Sorghum–sudangrass hybrid silages

AbstractTwo additives (Silo Guard (SG) and propionic acid (PA)) were tested for their effects on the quality and aerobic security of sorghum–sudangrass hybrid silages (JC‐1 and WC‐2). Two sorghum–sudangrass hybrid varieties were harvested for ensiling without additives (CK) or after the following treatments: SG at 0·5% of fresh forage or PA at 0·5% of fresh forage, with three replicates per treatment. The addition of SG and PA both affected the fermentation quality and chemical composition of the silages by lowering pH and NH3‐N/TN and increasing lactic acid, the LA/TA ratio, WSC and CP concentrations compared with the untreated silages. In vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD), in vitro NDF digestibility (IVNDFD) and in vitro CP digestibility (IVCPD) were increased by SG in the JC‐1 silages and WC‐2 silages. Both additives improved the aerobic stability of sorghum–sudangrass hybrid silages. Furthermore, the additives reduced the mould counts and the aflatoxin and zearalenone levels compared with the untreated silages following aerobic exposure. Therefore, ensiling two sorghum–sudangrass hybrid varieties resulted in high‐quality silages. The addition of SG and PA improved silage quality, in vitro digestibility and aerobic security.

Effect of the growing season duration of sorghum and Sudan grass hybrids on the chemical composition and digestibility of organic matter

In our experimental study we used the four most commonly grown (in the Czech Republic) sorghum and Sudan grass hybrids from USA (Nutri Honey, Latte, Honey Graze, Big Kahuna) and one hybrid from Germany (Bovital). The aim of the study was to compare these hybrids and to find out the influence of the growing season length on their nutrient composition and digestibility of organic matter. Samples were taken in the first cut, always in 14-day intervals. The crop was sown in early June, sampling started on July 19, 2010 and finished 8 weeks later on September 13, 2010.When assessing the influence of the growing season’s length the following values and development trends were discovered. Constant decreases over the testing period were recorded in nitrogen compounds – by 62 % (133.13 g), easily soluble sugars – 55. 5 % (40.06 g), organic matter digestibility 25.7 % (182.93 g) and NDF (neutro – detergent fibre) digestibility 31.5 % (73.2 g). Increasing trend, on the other hand, was recorded in fibre – by 30.4 % (99.2 g) and its individual components: lignin, NDF and ADF (acido – detergent fibre).In the second part of the experiment we were studying the differences in nutrient composition and organic matter digestibility between the individual hybrids. Honey Graze was recorded as having the highest average content of easily soluble sugars 57.53 ± 0.43 g, with lowest fibre content (272.13 ± 2.49 g), lowest ADF content (331.4 ± 2.88 g) and NDF content (440.4 ± 4.20 g) and lignin (77.47 ± 0.71 g). This hybrid also showed the best organic matter of (657.07 ± 5.28 g); however, no statistically conclusive differences (P < 0.05) in terms of organic matter digestibility were recorded between this hybrid and the other ones. The Bovital hybrid had the highest content of nitrogen compounds over the entire growing season (138.73 ± 0.94 g). Statistically highly conclusive difference (P < 0.01) in nitrogen compounds was found between this hybrid and all the other ones (except Big Kahuna). Upon all the indicators, the best rated sorghum and Sudan grass hybrid in terms of nutrient composition and organic matter digestibility was Honey Graze.

Effect of Dispersed and Proximate Inoculation Methods of Glomus etunicatum on Root Colonization of Sorghum-Sudangrass Hybrid

Information on the effective application method of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculum is still inadequate. This work was performed to assess two AMF inoculation methods (dispersed and proximate) on root colonization of sorghum- sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor L.). In dispersed inoculation method, spores were inoculated in 2 kg pots of soil in which 5 day-old seedlings were transplanted and maintained for 50 days. In the proximate inoculation method, spores were first introduced in 500 mL pots where seeds were sown. After 10 days, the seedlings with the 500 mL soil were transferred to 2 kg pots without disturbing the contents. After 50 days of growth, root colonization and arbuscule abundance significantly increased (over 100%) in proximate method of inoculation. Moreover, sorghum-sudangrass hybrid had higher shoot growth (182.5 cm) and Glomalin related soil protein (GRSP) production in proximate method. Nutrient accumulation, particularly total nitrogen (82.61 mg plant-1), was also found to be higher in proximate method of inoculation. Our results demonstrate that the proximate method of inoculation may improve the early stage mycorrhizal symbiosis and inoculum performance in Saemangeum reclaimed soil.

Hydrocyanic acid content and growth rate of sorghum x sudangrass hybrid during fall

In central Brazil after soybean or other annual agricultural species is harvested, sorghum hybrids are planted in the fall in order to establish pastures for grazing animals. This study conducted for two consecutive years aimed at quantifying the contents of hydrocyanic acid in the leaves and determining plant height, forage dry matter yield and the leaf/stem ratio for sorghum hybrid 1P400 at different ages. Statistical analysis was performed by regression analysis based on plant age. Leaf HCN content decreased with plant growth, ranging from 205.0 and 230.3 mg HCN/100 g leaf DM at two weeks old to 5.9 and 6.1 mg HCN/100 g leaf DM at five weeks old in the first and second year, respectively. The average heights measured varied from 60 and 56 cm, in the 4th week, to 117 and 151 cm, in the 8th week, during the first and second experimental year, respectively. Forage mass increased linearly with age and displayed average of 1.411 and 1.637 kg DM/ha in the first year and, 2.905 and 3.640 kg DM/ha in the second year, during the 7th and 8th week, respectively. Leaf proportion decreased while stem increased linearly with plant age. The leaf/stem ratio decreased with plant growth, elongation and increasing stem weight. The sorghum hybrid should be grazed only after five weeks or when the plant height is above 80 cm, in order to avoid the risk of cyanide poisoning.

EFFECT OF THE SOWING TIME ON SOME BIO–PRODUCTIVE PARAMETERS OF ANNUAL SUMMER FORAGE MIXTURE

During the 2010–2012 periods in the Research Institute of Mountain Stockbreeding and Agriculture (RIMSA) in Troyan the effect of sowing time on some bio–productive parameters of the forage from annual summer mixture was performed. It was established that the most optimal time for sowing of annual summer mixture from sorghum–Sudan grass hybrid and horse bean grown under the foothill conditions of Central Balkan Mountains (Troyan region) is period from 1 to 10 of July. The received forage amounted to 2.20 t. ha green mass and 0.50 t. ha dry matter, which exceeded the later sowing periods from 7.55% (from 11 to 20 July) to 61.93% (from 1 to 10 August) and from 16.28 to 65.98%. There was a least weed infestation of mixture at last sowing period (from 1 to 10 August) and reached 3.03–3.85%.

Soil Characteristics of Newly Reclaimed Tidal Land and Its Changes by Cultivation of Green Manure Crops

green manure crops on soil properties. Summer green manure crops such as sesbania (Sesbania grandiflora), barnyard grass (Echinochloa spp.) and sorghum×sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor L.) were cultivated at Hwaong, Ewon, Saemangeum and Yongsangang area. Soil pH of reclaimed tidal land was relatively high, but organic matter and available phosphorus contents were lower compared to the optimum range for common upland crops. Soil nutrient contents were unbalanced for upland crop growth. Yield of green manure crops had a wide spatial variation. Nitrogen content in green manure crops was the greater in Sesbania and it was estimated that major nutrient (N-P2O5-K2O) supply amount were 150-40-370, 220-50-170 and 140-50-250 kg ha-1 from sorghum×sudangrass hybrid, sesbania and barnyard grass, respectively. Based on these results, desalination is required to grow the upland crops at newly reclaimed tidal lands and management practices are necessary to reduce the salt damage by resalinization during the growing seasons. To improve the productivity and increase the nutrient utilization rate, soil physicochemical properties need to be improved to the level for upland crops by application of organic matter and fertilizer.

셀룰로오스계 원료작물로서 수수-수단그래스 교잡종의 바이오에탄올 생산량 평가

본 연구는 바이오에탄올 생산용 작물 선발을 위해 국내재배 가능한 일년생 작물중에서 바이오매스 생산량이 우수한 수수-수단그래스 교잡종에 대한 바이오에탄올 생산성을 조사하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 총 11 품종의 수수-수단그래스 교잡종 대한 화학적 특성 검증 결과 셀룰로오스 함량은 Green Star 품종이 가장 높았으며 발효율 검정을 위해 Green Star, Revolution, KF429 그리고 SS504 4품종을 선발하였다. 2. 선발된 4품종으로부터 발효 당을 추출하기 위해 시료와 1 M NaOH 용매를 1:14의 비율로 혼합하고 <TEX>$150^{\circ}C$</TEX>에서 30분간 전처리하였을 때 시료내 셀룰로오스 함량은 55%이상 이였으며, 발효 저해 작용을 하는 리그닌 및 회분 함량은 65%이상 제거 되었다. 3. 전처리물의 당화율 검정을 위해 celli CTEC II 효소 30 FPU/g-cellulose를 사용하였으며 4품종의 당화율은 평균 86%이었다. 4. 수수-수단그래스 교잡종의 발효율 검정은 동시당화발효(SSF)방법으로 수행하였으며 발효균주로는 Saccharomysis cerevisiae CHY1011를 사용하였고, 결과적으로 Green Star의 발효율이 92.4%로 가장 높았으며 에탄올 생산량은 6,206 L/ha임을 확인하였다. The world demand of renewable bioenergy as an alternative transportation fuel is greatly increasing. Research for bioethanol production is currently being progressed intensively throughout the world. Therefore it will be necessary to develop bioethanol production with cellulosic materials. In this study, the yield of ethanol production was evaluated by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) using sodium hydroxide pretreated sorghum <TEX>${\times}$</TEX> sudangrass hybrids. Composition analysis of 11 varieties of sorghum <TEX>${\times}$</TEX> sudangrass hybrids was performed for selection of excellent variety to efficiently produce bioethanol. The content of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and ash of these varieties were 32~39%, 19~24%, 17~22% and 6~11%, respectively. Among these varieties, 4 varieties of sorghum <TEX>${\times}$</TEX> sudangrass hybrids were selected for the evaluation of ethanol yield and those were pretreated with 1 M NaOH solution at <TEX>$150^{\circ}C$</TEX> for 30 min using high temperature explosion system. After pretreatment, samples were neutralized with tap water. It contained 52~57% of cellulose. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) was carried out for 48 h at <TEX>$33^{\circ}C$</TEX> by Saccharomyces cerevisiae CHY1011 using Green star variety. The yield of ethanol was 92.4% and the amount of ethanol production was estimated at 6206 L/ha.

수수×수단그라스 재배시 녹비작물 혼입에 따른 새만금간척지 토양환경 개선 효과

본 연구는 새만금간척지에서 동계 녹비작물 헤어리베치를 재배하여 토양에 환원 후 관행시비 (NPK), 녹비혼입구는 질소 추비기준량 (<TEX>$100kg\;ha^{-1}$</TEX>) 대비 30 50 70 100% 감비, 질소무시비로 처리하여 사료용 수수<TEX>$\times$</TEX>수단그라스 (G7) 재배시 토양이화학성, 토양염농도, 생육 및 수량성을 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 공시토양은 유기물, 유효인산 함량이 매우 적고 치환성마그네슘 나트륨 함량이 많은 강알칼리성 염류토양 이었다. 헤어리베치 혼입시 생체중 <TEX>$18,345kg\;ha^{-1}$</TEX>, T-N 3.09% 및 탄질률 12.8를 나타냈다. 동계 하계작물 재배기간 동안 토양염농도는 0.1%이하로 염피해는 없었다. 수수<TEX>${\times}$</TEX>수단그라스 생초수량 및 건물수량은 N30%감비 > 관행시비 > N50%감비 > N70%감비 > N100%감비 > N무시비 순으로 높았다. 생초 및 건물수량성은 관행시비 (<TEX>$55,050kg\;ha^{-1}$</TEX>, <TEX>$16,250kg\;ha^{-1}$</TEX>) 대비 N30% 감비에서 7%, 9% 증수되었다. 시험 후 용적밀도가 낮아지고 공극률이 증대되었다. 또한 pH가 낮아졌고, 유기물, 유효인산 및 치환성칼슘 함량은 증가하였으며 치환성칼륨 나트륨 함량은 감소하였다. 따라서 새만금 간척지에서 수수<TEX>${\times}$</TEX>수단그라스 재배시 녹비직물헤어리베치 토양환원으로 질소비료 질감 및 토양환경 개선효과를 기대할 수 있었다. This study was carried out to investigate the incorporation effect of green manure crops (GMC) such as the hairy vetch on improvement of soil environment in reclaimed land during sorghum<TEX>${\times}$</TEX>sudangrass hybrid (SSH) cultivation over the past three years from 2009 to 2011. Plots consisted of conventional fertilization (CF) and incorporation of GMC were divided by rates of additional nitrogen fertilizer (<TEX>$100kg\;ha^{-1}$</TEX>) and decreased percentage of 30 50 70 100 fertilization in addition to non nitrogen fertilization (NNF). Soil physico-chemical properties, growth and yield potential were examined. The results were as follows. The testing soil was showed strong alkaline saline soil with low organic matter contents and less available phosphate while exchangeable sodium and magnesium were higher. Soil salinity was increased during cultivation of summer crop. However, SSH was not affected by salt content. The fresh weight of GMC at incorporation time was <TEX>$18,345kg\;ha^{-1}$</TEX>. Content of total nitrogen at incorporation time was 3.09% and the C/N ratio was 12.8. Fresh and dry matter yield of SSH were higher in the order of 30%, CF, N50%, N70%d, N100%, and NNF. Fresh and dry matter yield of SSH increased in the order of CF (<TEX>$55,050kg\;ha^{-1}$</TEX>, <TEX>$16,250kg\;ha^{-1}$</TEX>), N contents from 30% to 9%. Soil physical properties, such as bulk density were decrease with incoporation of GMC, while porosity was increased. Soil chemical properties, such as pH was decreased while content of exchangeable calcium, available phosphate, and organic matter were increased. Also contents of exchangeable sodium and potassium were decreased with incorporation of GMC than those before experiment. Thus, we assumed that incorporation of hairy vetch was more effective that can lead to reduce chemical nitrogen fertilizer and to improve soil environment in cultivating SSH on Saemangeum reclaimed land.

Growth and Cu and Zn uptake of two forage grasses affected by application of vermicompost spiked with different metal contents

To identify environmental risks of vermicompost-borne pollutants after consecutive application for different times, pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of application of polluted vermicompost produced by Eisenia fetida on growth and Cu and Zn uptake of Mexico corn (Euchlaena mexicana) and Sudan grass (Sorghum hybrid Sudangrass) as well as soil characteristics. The results showed that application of vermicompost significantly increased shoot biomass of the two forage grasses, but decreased Mexico corn root biomass. Tissue Cu and Zn contents and soil bio-available fractions of Cu and Zn were significantly increased as the increase of application times, while soil pH and water soluble organic carbon (DOC) decreased. A significantly positive correlation was obtained between soil exchangeable and reducible fractions of Cu and Zn and forage grass tissue metal contents, whereas DOC performed a significantly negative correlation. So, application of polluted vermicompost could contribute to accumulate of soil Cu and Zn exchangeable and reducible fractions, and pose a potential threat to increase tissue Cu and Zn contents of the cultured plants. Key words: Vermicompost, Cu and Zn, tissue uptake, biomass, fractionations.

출수형태와 BMR이 수수×수단그라스 교잡종의 생육특성, 생산성 및 품질에 미치는 영향

본 시험은 수수<TEX>${\times}$</TEX>수단그라스 교잡종 품종의 생육특성, 사초수량 및 품질을 비교하기 위하여 2009년 경북 성주와 충남 천안에서 수행하였다. 시험구 배치는 8처리 3반복의 난괴법 배치로 하였다. 시험구의 처리는 품종으로 하였으며, 공시한 품종은 'Sordan79', 'SX17', 'Honey chew', 'Honey grazer', 'G7', 'Jumbo', 'Green star' 및 'GT56'를 공시하였다. 2지역 모두에서 출수형 4품종은 출수를 하였다. 그 외 생육특성에서는 품종 간에 차이가 없었으나 출수형과 BMR 품종이 다른 품종보다 당도가 높았다. 건물률 및 초장은 출수형이 비출수형 보다 높았다. 생초수량, 건물수량 및 TDN 수량도 출수형이 비출수형 보다 높았고 BMR 품종은 다른 품종보다 적었다. 조단백질과 조회분 함량은 출수형 품종이 비출수형 품종보다 많았으나 비섬유성탄수화물(NFC)은 상반된 결과를 보였다. BMR 품종의 ADF 및 NFC 함량은 다른 폼종 보다 작았다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 출수형이 비출수형에 비하여 사초 생산성이 우수하고, 품질은 비출수형과 BMR 품종이 우수한 경향을 보였다. 그리고 BMR 품종은 당도가 높고 ADF 함량이 낮아 사초 품질 이 우수한 것으로 판단되었다. This experiment was carried out to compare the agronomic characteristics, forage yield and quality of sorghum <TEX>${\times}$</TEX> sudangrass hybrid at two locations (Sungju and Cheonan) in 2009. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with three replications. The eight recommended hybrids used in this experiment were 'Sordan 79', 'SX17', 'Honey chew', 'Honey grazer', 'G7', 'Jumbo', 'Green star' and 'GT56' hybrids. The heading of four hybrids were headed at both region, Sungju and Cheonan. There are no big differences in general agronomic characteristics among hybrids, but brix scale of heading and BMR (brown mid rib) types were higher than those of other hybrids. Dry matter (DM) and plant height of heading type hybrids were higher than those of headless types. The fresh, DM and TDN (total digestible nutrients) yields of heading type hybrids were also higher than those of headless types, and BMR types were lower than others. The crude protein and crude ash contents of headless hybrids were higher than those of heading hybrids, while its non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) content showed the opposite results. The acid detergent fiber (ADF) and NFC contents of BMR types were lower than others. The results of this experiment indicates that heading hybrids were more higher than headless hybrids in the agronomics and forage yield of sorghum <TEX>${\times}$</TEX> sudangrass. However heading types were lower headless types in quality of sorghum <TEX>${\times}$</TEX> sudangrass. And BMR hybrids were also high quality of sorghum <TEX>${\times}$</TEX> sudangrass hybrid because of higher brix content and lower ADF content among tested hybrids.

간척지 토양특성에 알맞은 사료작물 작부체계 연구

본 연구는 새만금간척지 광활 및 계화지구 신간척지에서 조사료의 안정생산을 위한 적정 작부체계를 설정코자 2009년 10월부터 2011년 10월까지 수행하였다. 동계 사료작물로 청보리 (영양), 호밀 (곡우), 이탈리안 라이그라스 (passerel plus)와 하계 사료작물로 옥수수 (광평옥), 수수<TEX>${\times}$</TEX>수단그라스 (G7)를 재배하여 토양화학성, 양분흡수량, 사료가치, 생육 및 수량성을 검토하였다. 시험전 토양은 유기물, 유효인산 및 치환성칼슘 함량이 매우 적었고 치환성마그네슘 나트륨 함량이 많은 알칼리성 염류토양 이었다. 재배기간 동안 토양염농도 변화는 0.2%이하를 나타냈고 염피해는 없었다. 동계 사료작물 입모율은 호밀 > 청보리 > 이탈리안 라이그라스 순으로 양호하였고 생초 및 건물수량은 이탈리안 라이그라스 > 호밀 > 청보리 순으로 높았다. 조단백 함량은 이탈리안 라이그라스 > 청보리 > 호밀 순으로 총가소화영양 함량은 청보리 > 이탈리안 라이그라스 > 호 밀 순으로 많은 경향을 나타냈다. 하계 사료작물 조단백질 및 중성용매불용성섬유, 산성용매불용성섬유 함량은 수수<TEX>${\times}$</TEX>수단그라스에서 총가소화영양 함량은 옥수수에서 높았다. 동 하계 사료작물 경엽 및 곡실의 무기양분 함량은 이탈리안 라이 그라스와 옥수수에서 높았다. 시험 후 토양화학성은 pH가 낮아지고 총질소 및 유효인산, 치환성칼륨.칼슘 함량이 증가한 반면에 유기물, 치환성마그네슘 나트륨 함량이 감소되는 경향을 나타냈다. 동작물과 하작물을 연계한 수량성 ('10~'11)에서 생초수량은 청보리 - 옥수수 (74,740 kg <TEX>$ha^{-1}$</TEX>) 대비 IRG - 수수<TEX>${\times}$</TEX>수단그라스 10%, IRG - 옥수수 7%, 호밀 - 수수<TEX>${\times}$</TEX>수단그라스 6%, 호밀 - 옥수수 및 청보리 - 수수<TEX>${\times}$</TEX>수단그라스 3% 증수되었고 건물수량은 청보리 - 옥수수 (20,280 kg <TEX>$ha^{-1}$</TEX>) 대비 IRG - 수수<TEX>${\times}$</TEX>수단그라스 7%, 호밀 - 수수<TEX>${\times}$</TEX>수단그라스 6%, IRG - 옥수수 3%, 청보리 - 수수<TEX>${\times}$</TEX>수단그라스 3%, 호밀 - 옥수수 3% 증수되었으며 TDN수량은 청보리 - 옥수수 (13,830 kg <TEX>$ha^{-1}$</TEX>) 대비 IRG - 수수<TEX>${\times}$</TEX>수단그라스 2%, 청보리 - 수수<TEX>${\times}$</TEX>수단그라스 및 IRG - 옥수수 1% 증수되었다. 따라서 생초, 건물수량 및 TDN수량이 높은 "IRG - 수수<TEX>${\times}$</TEX>수단그라스" 및 "청보리 - 수수<TEX>${\times}$</TEX>수단그라스" 조합을 신간척지 토양특성 (사양토, 배수약간불량, 토양염농도 0.2% 이하)에 알맞은 사료작물 작부조합으로 판단되었다. This study was conducted to find out the optimum cropping system for the stable production of forage crops in the newly reclaimed land located at Gwanghwal and Gyehwa region of Saemangum reclaimed tide land from October, 2009 to October, 2011. Whole crop barley (WCB), Rye, Italyan-ryegrass (IRG) as winter crops and Corn, Sorghum<TEX>${\times}$</TEX>sudangrass hybrid (SSH) as summer crops were cultivated. Soil chemical properties, nutrient uptake, feed value, growth and yield were examinated. The testing soil was showed saline alkali soil where the contents of organic matter, available phosphate and exchangeable calcium were very low, while exchangeable sodium and magnesium were higher. Changes of soil salinity during the growing season of forage crops were less than 0.2%, and the growth of forage crops was not affected by salt injury. Standing rates of winter crops were higher in the order of Rye, WCB, and IRG, while the dry matter yield of winter crops was higher in the order of IRG, Rye and WCB. The highest crude protein (CP) content was recorded in IRG, and total digestive nutrients (TDN) contents were increased in the order of WCB, IRG, and Rye. The TDN content was higher in corn, whereas other feed value was higher in SSH. The content of mineral nutrients on stem, leaf and grain in IRG, Corn were high. After experiment pH was lowed, contents of exchangeable magnesium, sodium and organic matter were decreased while contents of total nitrogen, available phosphate and exchangeable potassium, calcium were increased. Winer crops and summer crops after continually cultivating in cropping system, fresh matter yield increased, compared to WCB-Corn (74,740 kg <TEX>$ha^{-1}$</TEX>), IRG-SSH 10%, IRG-Corn 7%, Rye-SSH 6%, Rye-Corn and WCB-SSH 3%. Dry matter yield increased, compared to WCB-Corn (20,280 kg <TEX>$ha^{-1}$</TEX>), IRG-SSH 7%, Rye-SSH 6%, IRG-Corn/Rye-Corn/WCB-SSH 3%. The TDN yield increased, compared to WCB-Corn (13,830 kg <TEX>$ha^{-1}$</TEX>), IRG-SSH 2%, WCB-SSH and IRG-Corn 1%. Therefore, we suggest that the crop combination of IRG-SSH and WCB-SSH would be preferred for silage stable production.

수수×수단그라스 교잡종 논토양 재배시 품종별 생육특성 및 사료가치 비교 연구

본 시험은 수수<TEX>${\times}$</TEX>수단그라스 교잡종 논토양 재배 시 품종별 생육특성 및 사료적 가치를 규명하기 위하여 실시하였으며, 공시재료는 추천 품종 9품종을 공시하였다. 초장, 엽수, 경의 굵기 및 경경도에 있어서는 Jumbo가 다른 품종에 비하여 유의적으로 높은 수치를 나타냈다(P<0.01). 당도는 P877F > Sweet home > Maxi graze > Green star > Cow pow > G7 순으로 높게 나타났으며, 생초수량과 건물수량에 있어서는 생육특성이 좋았던 Jumbo 품종이 각각 86,199 kg/ha 및 16,206 kg/ha으로 다른 품종에 비하여 가장 높은 수량성을 보였다(P<0.01). 조단백질 함량은 Maxi graze가 6.5%로 가장 높게, 조지방 함량은 Honey chew BMR이 2.1%로 가장 높게 나타났다(P<0.01). 그리고 Jumbo와 G7 품종은 NDF 및 ADF 함량이 높은 품종으로 나타났다(P<0.01). TDN 함량은 품종 간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 무기물 함량은 Cow pow > Turbo gold > Jumbo > Honey chew BMR > G7 순으로 높게 나타났으며, 총구성 아미노산 함량은 Maxi graze > Sweet home > Turbo gold > Honey chew BMR > Jumbo 순으로 높게 나타났다. 단백질 생산량 및 지방 생산량은 각각 Turbo gold (814.6 kg/ha) 및 Honey chew BMR (309.8 kg/ha)이 가장 높게 나타났으며(P<0.01), 광물질 생산량은 Cow pow 품종이 207.6 kg/ha로서 높게 나타났다(P<0.01). 구성 아미노산 생산량과 TDN 생산량은 Sweet home 품종이 각각 592.2 kg/ha 및 10,194 kg/ha로 가장 높게 나타났다(P<0.01). 이상 결과를 종합해 보면 수수<TEX>${\times}$</TEX> 수단그라스 교잡종을 논토양에서 재배 시 생육특성 및 각종 영양수량이 다양하게 나타남으로서 품종 선택은 이용 목적에 따라 선택 재배하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 생각된다. This study was carried out to compare the agronomic characteristics, forage yield, and feed value of nine sorghum <TEX>${\times}$</TEX> sudangrass hybrids at paddy field cultivation. The nine recommended sorghum <TEX>${\times}$</TEX> sudangrass hybrids used in this study were P877F, Cow pow, Turbo gold, Maxi graze, Jumbo, G7, Sweet home, Honey chew BMR and Green star. Plant height, leaf number, stem diameter, and stem hardness were higher in Jumbo than other varieties (P<0.01). Sugar content (brix) was higher in order of P877F > Sweet home > maxi graze > Green star > Cow pow > G7 (P<0.01). Fresh (86,199kg/ha) and dry matter yield (16,206 kg/ha) of Jumbo were higher than other varieties (P<0.01). Crude protein was the highest in Maxi graze (6.5%), but crude fat was the highest in Honey chew BMR as 2.1% (P<0.01). NDF and ADF of Jumbo and G7 were higher than other varieties (P<0.01). TDN was higher in order of Maxi graze > Sweet home > P877F > Honey chew BMR > Green star, but no significant differences were found among the varieties. Minerals were the highest in Cow pow (15,020.5 mg/kg), and Sweet home (6,222.6 mg/kg) was the lowest as compared to other varieties (P<0.01). Total amino acids were higher in order of Maxi graze > Sweet home > Turbo gold > Honey chew BMR > Jumbo (P<0.01). Crude protein yield and crude fat yield were the highest in Turbo gold (814.6 kg/ha) and Honey chew BMR (309.8kg/ha), respectively (P<0.01). Mineral yield was the highest in Cow pow as 207.6 kg/ha (P<0.01). Amino acid yield (592.2 kg/ha) and TDN yield (10,194 kg/ha) were the highest in Sweet home. Based on the above results, sorghum <TEX>${\times}$</TEX> sudangrass hybrid varieties should be selected on the basis of the purpose of use. Because, each varieties showed various growth characteristics and nutrition yield (protein, fat, mineral, amino acid, TDN).

2010 해남, 평창, 원주지역 갈대 등 야초 류의 이용실태와 사료가치 평가

본 연구는 부존 조사료자원 이용으로 수입사료를 줄이고 사료비를 절감하고자 2010년도에 전남 해남(간척지), 강원 평창(강변), 원주(섬강변), 전남 영광(와탄강변) 등 4개 지역에서 갈대와 억새 등 야초 자생지를 탐색하고, 수확 이용실태 조사와 함께 사료가치를 분석하였다. 전남 해남 해남목장 내 갈대(Phragmites communis) 위주의 야초 자생지는 300 ha로 예년에는 2회 곤포작업하여 연간 사일리지로 2,300~2,500톤(ha당 8톤)을 생산하였으나 2010년도는 1회 곤포조제로 사일리지 2,000톤(ha당 7톤)을 생산하였다. 유통가격은 롤 당 53천원으로 kg당 110원이었다. 곤포는 전량 자가소비하며, 외부 작업단에 롤 당 26천원의 작업비를 지불하였다. 연간 조수입은 2억 2,260만원이며, 소득은 1억원 수준(345천원/ha)이었다. 초장 150 cm의 갈대는 조단백질 8.4%, 상대사료가치 71.9 (건초 5등급), 건물 소화율 60.1%로 사료가치는 볏짚에 비해 약간 나은 것으로 평가되었다. 갈대 사일리지의 사료가치와 유기산 함량은 동일 지역에서 동일한 재료로 사일리지를 조제하더라도 수확시기에 따라 차이가 컸으며 (CP 4.7~6.4%, RFV 62.2~78.9, 건물 소화율 41.9~53.9%), 갈대 사일리지의 품질은 수단그라스에 비해 불량하였다. 강원 평창 강변 자생갈대의 사료가치는 초장이 79, 117, 121, 142 cm로 생육이 진행됨에 따라 낮아져, 조단백질은 각각 13.9%에서 7.6%로, 상대사료가치는 90.7 (건초 3등급)에서 76.1 (건초 4등급)로, 건물 소화율은 72.9%에서 54.7%로 감소하였다. 원주 섬강 주변 야초류는 곤포수확 작업에 어려움이 있었으며, 초장 130 cm의 갈대는 조단백질 8.5%, 상대사료가치 82.3 (건초 4등급), 건물 소화율 70.2%로 사료가치는 높았으며, 220 cm의 성숙한 갈대는 조단백질 10.2%, 상대사료 가치 65.1 (건초 5등급), 건물 소화율 48.9%로 볏짚 대비 조금 나은 것으로 평가되었다. 전남 영광지역에서는 와탄천 주변에 자생하는 갈대를 수거 이용하고자 시도하였으나 경제성이 없어 중단하였다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여볼 때, 갈대, 억새 등 야초류는 현 상태에서 최대한 수거 이용하되, 사료가치를 유지하고 가축 기호성이 양호한 시기에 수확하는 것이 중요하며, 최소한 볏짚과 비슷하거나 그 이상의 사료가치를 기대하기 위해서는 7월 중순 이전(늦어도 7월까지)에 수확 이용하는 것이 권장된다. This study was carried out in 2010 to investigate the utilization and forage quality of native grasses, such as <TEX>$Phragmites$</TEX> <TEX>$communis$</TEX> which might reduce the cost of feeding domestic cattle. The regions surveyed were the Haenam ranch in Haenam, Pyeongchang, Wonju, and Yeonggwang. In Haenam, yearly silage production harvested from 300 ha was 2,000 MT (7 MT/ha). All of those round bale silages were self-consumed in that region, and marketing price was 50,000~55,000 won per roll (110 won/kg). <TEX>$Phragmites$</TEX> <TEX>$communis$</TEX> of 150 cm in length contained 8.4% crude protein (CP) with relative feed value (RFV) 71.9 and 60.1% in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), which was somewhat more favorable than forage quality of rice straw. The silage quality of <TEX>$Phragmites$</TEX> <TEX>$communis$</TEX> varied greatly by the time of harvest (CP 4.7~6.4%, RFV 62.2~78.9, and IVDMD 41.9~53.9%), even with the same district and of the same original forage materials. Generally, the quality of <TEX>$Phragmites$</TEX> <TEX>$communis$</TEX> silage of was poorer than that of sorghum <TEX>${\times}$</TEX> sudangrass hybrid. In Pyeongchang, forage quality of <TEX>$Phragmites$</TEX> <TEX>$communis$</TEX> was decreased from 13.9% to 7.6% in CP, 90.7 to 76.1 in RFV, and 72.9% to 54.7% in IVDMD, as plant was getting mature, from 79 cm to 117 cm, 121 cm or to 142 cm in length. In Wonju, the quality values of <TEX>$Phragmites$</TEX> <TEX>$communis$</TEX> of 130 cm in length were 8.5% CP, 82.3 RFV and 70.2% IVDMD, while those of matured grasses of 220 cm in length were lower (10.2% CP, 65.1 RFV and 48.9% IVDMD), but this was a little more favorable than quality of rice straw. In Yeonggwang, feeding <TEX>$Phragmites$</TEX> <TEX>$communis$</TEX> was tried in a Hanwoo feed, but stopped due to low profitability. In conclusion, the overall quality of most native grasses including <TEX>$Phragmites$</TEX> <TEX>$communis$</TEX> in this survey was poor. Therefore, we recommend that <TEX>$Phragmites$</TEX> <TEX>$communis$</TEX> and native grasses should be harvested on June or July to obtain richer forage quality in forage values than rice straw.

Effects of cadmium on the growth and physiological characteristics of sorghum plants

The effects of cadmium (Cd) stress on the growth and physiological characteristics were studied in 3 sorghum species viz., sweet sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. cv. Hunnigreen], sorghum hybrid sudangrass ( Sorghum bicolor × Sorghum sudanense , cv. Everlush) and sudangrass [ Sorghum sudanense ( Piper ) Stapf cv. Xinjiang]. The results show that low concentration of Cd 2+ improved the growth of sorghum plants, but high concentrations of Cd 2+ (50 mg kg −1 and 100 mg kg −1 ) significantly depressed the growth of sorghum plants; Cd stress on chlorophyll synthesis positively correlated with the Cd 2+ concentration; root activities negatively correlated with the concentration of Cd 2+ at each growth stage; the malondialdehyde (MDA) contents increased under low concentration of Cd 2+ (≤ 25 mg kg −1 ) treatment, but significantly decreased when the concentration of Cd 2+ was more than 50 mg kg −1 . Key words : Cadmium, sorghum plants, physiological characteristics.

Effects of cadmium on the growth and physiological characteristics of sorghum plants

The effects of cadmium (Cd) stress on the growth and physiological characteristics were studied in 3 sorghum species viz., sweet sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. cv. Hunnigreen], sorghum hybrid sudangrass ( Sorghum bicolor × Sorghum sudanense , cv. Everlush) and sudangrass [ Sorghum sudanense ( Piper ) Stapf cv. Xinjiang]. The results show that low concentration of Cd 2+ improved the growth of sorghum plants, but high concentrations of Cd 2+ (50 mg kg −1 and 100 mg kg −1 ) significantly depressed the growth of sorghum plants; Cd stress on chlorophyll synthesis positively correlated with the Cd 2+ concentration; root activities negatively correlated with the concentration of Cd 2+ at each growth stage; the malondialdehyde (MDA) contents increased under low concentration of Cd 2+ (≤ 25 mg kg −1 ) treatment, but significantly decreased when the concentration of Cd 2+ was more than 50 mg kg −1 . Key words : Cadmium, sorghum plants, physiological characteristics.

Yield and Fodder Quality of some Annual Plants Cultivated for Fresh Matter

SUMMARY In the selection of fodder plants (annual and peren nial) which compose a structure of fodder crops, besides their biological and technolo gical characteristics and the yield potential, farmer should also know the quality of the fodder t hat they can provide. The quality of fodder depends on the ratio of some constituents (hemi cel lulose, cellulose and lignin) in the cell walls, the ratio in the cell content of fodder and its chemical composition (Moore et al ., 2007). High cell content and a low lignin content of fodde r provide it a high digestibility. A valuable chemical composition of fodder provided by as high as possible content in crude protein associated with a high digestibility determines a p roper nutritive value of fodder. In order to response to such kind of problems, in the frame of Didactic Station Cojocna, an experiment with annual crops for fresh matter (oat and pea as control; triticale and pea; rape; millet; sorghum x Sudan grass hybrid) was organized. Mixed crops of oat and pea and of triticale and pea yielded the best harvests both from the quantit ative (15.65 t·ha -1 and 17.35 t·ha -1 dry matter‐DM) and from the qualitative (18.58% and 16.32% crude protein, respectively 55.07% and 51.79% cell content) point of view. An importan t role in the obtaining of these yields had some technological particularities such as the rati o of species in the seed mixtures at sowing (31% in oat and 69% in pea, respectively 33% in tri ticale and 67% in pea) and the quantity of seeds per hectare. At harvesting in the mixture wit h oat the ratio of the two species was 5% in oat and 95% in pea and in the mixture with tritical e the ratio was 72% in pea and 28% in triticale. The differences in yield of the other sp ecies in comparison with control were not significantly and as quality the fodder had a lower content in crude protein (11.27% in millet and 12.89% in rape) and a lower content in lignin ( 3.49% in millet and 3.90% in rape). A particular interest presents sorghum x Sudan grass hybrid. This hybrid can provide a second cycle of harvest and therefore a better distributio n of fresh matter yield (I st cycle‐9.71 t·ha -1 DM and II nd cycle‐4.58 t·ha -1 DM).

논에서 배수조건에 따른 수수류 품종의 생육특성, 생산성 및 품질 비교

ABSTRACTThis experiment was carried out to know adaptability and forage production and quality of sorghum,sorghum×sudangrass and sudangrass hybrids depend on drained condition at paddy field from 2007 to2008 at Chungnam province. Growth, forage production and quality of sorghum, sorghum×sudangrass andsudangrass hybrids showed more well drained condition than poorly drained condition at paddy field.Among growth characteristics, ‘SS405’ hybrids were somewhat strong for waterlogging, then and good atstem diameter, disease resistance. The dry yield of ‘SS405’ hybrid at poorly drained paddy field was thehighest as 12,938kg per ha. Fresh yield of poorly drained paddy field was 52.7% compared to that ofwell drained paddy field. The dry matter yield of poorly drained paddy field was the lower as 66.4% thanthat of well drained condition. ADF(acid detergent fiber), NDF(neutral detergent fiber), CP(crude protein)and IVDMD(in vitro dry matter digestibility) in poorly drained paddy field were 90.3%, 100.6%, 85.7%and 89.6% level compared to well drained paddy field.(Keywords: Sorghum, Sorghum×Sudangrass and Sudangrass Hybrids, Yield, Dry matter, TDN, Forage)

First Report of Leaf Blotch on Sorghum Caused by Bipolaris spicifera in Turkey.

In July 2009, a leaf blotch disease was observed on sorghum in Sakarya Province, Turkey. Disease incidence and severity were rated at 45% and 25 to 75%, respectively. Typical symptoms included elliptical, straw-colored, necrotic lesions with darker margins. The lesions eventually coalesced, resulting in drying of leaves. A fungus was isolated from the lesions on potato dextrose agar (PDA) incubated under near ultraviolet light for 12 h daily at 22°C for 2 weeks. Flexuous conidiophores of the fungus were solitary or produced in small groups. They were geniculate with numerous well-defined scars, medium to dark brown, ≥300 μm long, and 4 to 9 μm thick. Five to eight or more conidia were produced on the apices of the conidiophores. The conidia were straight, oblong or cylindrical, rounded at the ends, golden brown at maturity except for a small area just above the dark scar, pseudoseptate, and 20 to 31 × 7.5 to 12.5 μm (1). The causal fungus was identified as Bipolaris spicifera (Bain) Subram. (teleomorph Cochliobolus spicifer Nelson). The identification was confirmed with specific PCR primers (Bipol-1 F: 5'-CAGTTGCAATCAGCGTCAGT-3', R: 5'-AAGACAAAAACGCCCAACAC-3', Bipol-2 F: 5'-GTGTTGGGCGTTTTTGTCTT-3', R: 5'-CCTACCTGATCCGAGGTCAA-3', Bipol-3 F: 5'-GATGAAGAACGCAGCGAAAT-3', R: 5'-AAGACAAAAACGCCCAACAC-3'). These primers were designed by the authors using Primer3 primer design software and sequences of B. spicifera found in GenBank. PCR products were amplified from nuclear DNA of the cultured fungus and were sequenced after cleaning with a Beckman 8000 CEQ DNA sequencer. Sequences amplified using Bipol-1 and Bipol-2 showed 99 to 100% similarity with B. spicifera sequences from GenBank. The DNA sequence amplified using Bipol-2 was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. HQ538774). B. spicifera has been reported previously as pathogenic in Africa, North and South America, Asia, Australia, Oceania, and the West Indies on Agrostis, Avena, Cymbopogon, Cynodon, Dactylis, Desmostachya, Eleusine, Holcus, Hordeum, Oryza, Panicum, Pennisetum, Phleum, Poa, Saccharum, Sorghum, Triticum, and Zea spp. (3). Pathogenicity tests were conducted on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and Sorghum × sudangrass hybrid cultivars. From PDA cultures, conidia were collected in sterile distilled water with a concentration of 3% Tween 20. Twenty-five plants (five per pot) were inoculated by spraying the conidia (105 ml-1) onto 21-day-old plants, which were then maintained at 25 ± 2°C in a greenhouse following 48 h in a humid chamber. The test was repeated once. Control plants were sprayed with sterile distilled water. Typical symptoms (2) were obtained from all inoculated plants 7 days after inoculation. No symptoms developed on the control plants. The pathogen was reisolated from inoculated leaves to fulfill Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. spicifera on sorghum in Turkey.

Water use patterns of forage cultivars in the North China Plain

Water shortage is the primary limiting factor for crop production and long-term agricultural sustainability of the North China Plain. Forage cultivation emerged recently in this region. A fiver- year field experiment studies were conducted at Yucheng Integrated Experiment Station to quantify the water requirement and water use efficiency of seven forage varieties under climate variability, that is five annuals, i.e., ryegrass (Secale cereale L.), triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack), sorghum hybrid sudangrass (Sorghum biolor × Sorghum Sudanense c.v.), ensilage corn (Zea mays L.), princes feather (Amaranthus paniculatus L.) and two perennials alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.). Average ET for five annual varieties ranged from 333 to 371 mm, significantly lower than that of the perennial varieties. ET of alfalfa is 789 mm, which is higher than that of cup plant. Ryegrass and triticale need 1.5 to 2.0 mm water per day, while others 2.9-4.4 mm. Ensilage corn and Sorghum hybrid sudangrass performed better as their irrigation demand is smaller in the dry seasons than others. Ryegrass needs 281 mm irrigation requirement, which is higher than triticale in dry years. Prince's feather is sensitive to climate change and it can be selected when rainfall is greater than 592.9 mm in the growing season. Mean WUE for prince's feather is 20 Kg ha -1 mm -1 , for ensilage corn is 41 Kg ha -1 mm -1 and others is close to 26 Kg ha -1 mm -1 . Our experiments indicate that excessive rain will reduce the production of alfalfae. The results of this experiment have implications for researchers and policy makers with water management strategy of forage cultivars and it also very useful in addressing climate change impact and adaptation issues.