Sucrose Water Solutions Research Articles

Assimilation and Toxicity of Boron in the Argentine Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Assimilation of boron by Argentine ants, Linepithema humile (Mayr), fed boric acid—sucrose water solutions was affected by the addition of sorbitol. Concentrations of 10 and 20% sorbitol reduced boron assimilation by 38 and 67%, respectively, thereby significantly reducing the toxicity of the solutions. The effect of solution pH on mortality indicated that the ionized borate molecule was less toxic than the neutral boric acid species. Electron microscopy revealed that ants fed low concentrations of boric acid (0.5%) show gross abnormalities in the microvilli and cells lining the midgut.

Effect of Osmotic Solution Concentration, Temperature and Vacuum Impregnation Pretreatment on Osmotic Dehydration Kinetics of Apple Slices

Apple slices of 10mm thickness were osmotically dehydrated with sucrose–water solutions of 0.25, 0.35, 0.45, 0.55 and 0.65 (w/w) at 30, 40 and 50 C. Experimental conditions were atmospheric osmotic dehydration and pulsed vacuum osmotic dehydration, where 180 mbar were applied for the first five minutes. Experimental data were fitted to a mathematical model to obtain the kinetic parameters (De, K, k1, and k2). The influence of operation variables on water, solute concentration and weight net gain is discussed. No significant effect of osmotic solution concentration on effective diffusivity was observed, except with 0.25 w/w concentration osmotic solutions at 30 and 40 C. Under these conditions, the diffusion mechanism seemed to be hindered by some active cell transport due to the mild experimental conditions (low temperature and/or concentration). Vacuum impregnation has a strong influence on weight and solute concentration changes throughout the treatment. The effect of temperature on mass transfer kinetics was well predicted by Arrhenius equation.

Development of adult ethanol preference and anxiety as a consequence of neonatal maternal separation in Long Evans rats and reversal with antidepressant treatment.

This study was based on the findings of a high comorbidity among anxiety and depression as well as with alcohol abuse. To evaluate first exposure alcohol preference in a rodent model of moderate neonatal maternal separation. Rat pups were exposed to either normal animal facility rearing (AFR) or 15 min (HMS15) or 180 min (HMS180) of maternal separation from postnatal days 2-14. The adult (>60 days) male Long Evans progeny was tested for pituitary-adrenal axis responsiveness to airpuff startle, anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze, and alcohol preference using a two-bottle, free-choice test. In response to home cage airpuff startle, HMS180 rats displayed an elevation in the integrated adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone responses. In addition, HMS180 rats spent less time in the open arms and more time in the closed arms in the elevated plus maze. HMS180 rats drank significantly less of a water-sucrose solution and significantly more of an ethanol-sucrose solution than AFR or HMS15 rats. No rearing group differences were observed in total fluid intake. The integrated corticosterone response to airpuff startle was highly correlated with ethanol consumption and there was a negative correlation between percentage of time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze and ethanol consumption. Treatment with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine for 21 days eliminated differences in the elevated plus maze and HPA axis responsiveness, and significantly reduced the amount of ethanol consumed by the HMS180 rats, without affecting these parameters in the HMS15 rats. These observations suggest that this maternal separation paradigm is a good model to study the effects of early adverse experience on the development of alcohol preference and anxiety.

Characterization of Osmotic Dehydrated Apple by NMR and DSC

Osmotic dehydration of apple in concentrated sucrose solutions was followed by low-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance. Spin-spin and spin-lattice relaxation times were measured as a function of degree Brix index of the fruits during the process. A rapid decrease of both relaxation times was found between 0 and 3 h of soaking. After 3 h of osmotic dehydration, the decay of relaxation times tended to be less dramatic. Water mobility changes were analyzed inside the fruits by population of distributed exponentials. The spin-lattice relaxation time distribution showed a reduction of mobility of the water molecules in the cells due to greater sucrose concentration and interaction. The spin-spin relaxation time distribution revealed a shrinkage phenomenon associated with the removal of water in the cytoplasm. Differential scanning calorimetry data showed changes of the freezing point of the dehydrated fruits and the associated enthalpy of crystallization as a function of the amount of sugar present in the fruit. Measurements of the temperature of the maximally freeze-concentrated matrix were in accordance with literature data on similar model sucrose–water solutions. Unfrozen water fractions were also estimated by differential scanning calorimetry from the melting endotherms.

Egg production in response to combined alternative foods by the predator Coccinella transversalis

AbstractInsect predators may commit to reproduction to varying degrees depending on the nature of the prey they consume. I compared egg production by females of the aphidophagous ladybird beetle Coccinella transversalis (F.) (Coccinellidae) maintained on differing diets. As expected, females laid most eggs on a diet of aphids (pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum[Harris]). Upon being switched from a diet of aphids, females laid no eggs after the first 3 days when maintained on a water solution of sucrose, and laid almost no eggs when maintained on a diet of second‐instar larvae of the moth Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). However, females laid eggs in small numbers (on average, 2.7 eggs per day) when provided both sucrose and Helicoverpa larvae. Females laid similar numbers of eggs when aphid honeydew was substituted for sucrose in combination with Helicoverpa larvae; in both cases, egg production was only 10–15% of that on a diet of aphids. The production of small numbers of eggs from consumption of non‐aphid foods may enhance the ability of aphidophagous ladybirds to optimize their timing of reproduction at short‐lived colonies of their preferred aphid prey.

Pavlovian Heart Rate and Jaw Movement Conditioning in the Rabbit: Effects of Medial Prefrontal Lesions

An experiment was conducted in which jaw movements (JM) and heart rate (HR) were concomitantly assessed in rabbits during simple Pavlovian conditioning. A 2-s 1200-Hz tone was the conditioned stimulus (CS) and an intraoral 1-cc pulse of 0.5 M sucrose–water solution was the unconditioned stimulus (US). Sham and medial prefrontal (mPFC)-lesioned animals received paired CS/US training with a 70- to 75-dB CS and were compared with sham- and mPFC-lesioned animals that received explicitly unpaired CS/US presentations. The percentages of JM CRs were significantly greater in the paired than the unpaired groups, but mPFC lesions had no effect on this measure. Conditioned HR decelerations occurred only in the paired groups and then only during the first session of training. Moreover, these CS-evoked cardiac decelerations were somewhat attenuated by the mPFC lesion. CS-evoked HR accelerations, which were significantly greater in unpaired than in paired animals, occurred during the four subsequent sessions. These results suggest that a CS-evoked cardioinhibitory process, mediated by the mPFC, is engendered by Pavlovian appetitive conditioning, as has been previously demonstrated for aversive conditioning. However, during JM conditioning these inhibitory changes are quickly replaced by tachycardia, possibly related to increased nonspecific somatomotor activity, since the tachycardia was somewhat greater in the unpaired animals.

Flotation method for extracting insects from poultry manure samples.

We examined the efficacy of a sucrose-based flotation method for extracting 3 prevalent insect species from poultry house manure: 3rd-instar Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), Carcinops pumilio (Erichson) (Coleoptera: Histeridae) adults, and Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) adults. A 0.6 M sucrose solution in distilled water altered the specific gravity to 1.2 and caused the 3 species to float to the water surface for easy separation. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant effects of the solution volume to sample mass ratio on recovery rates (F = 35.96, P < 0.0001), but no differences in species-specific recovery rates (F = 0.97, P = 0.3824). Among samples agitated in a ratio of at least 3.2 ml solution per gram of sample mass, we observed neither significant ratio effects (F = 1.37, P = 0.2442) nor significant differences in species-specific recovery rates (F = 2.05, P = 0.1353); overall, we recovered 97.49 +/- 0.20% of all individuals of the 3 species. Our analyses demonstrated that sucrose-based flotation was a statistically valid method of collecting these species from poultry manure samples.

Modeling of the water-sucrose state diagram below 0 °C

The state diagram of sucrose-water solutions was constructed by the use of model calculations; the activity coefficient from the UNIQUAC model allowed determination of the solution-ice equilibrium curve and the glass transition temperature as a function of the composition was evaluated from the Gordon-Taylor equation. The accuracy of the glass transition temperature ( T′ g) of the maximally freeze-concentrated fraction, determined from the intersection of both curves, was analyzed and discussed. While the UNIQUAC model predicted reliable ice melting temperatures in the high sucrose concentration range, a significant variation of the fitted glass transition curve was obtained due to the selected temperature values for the glass transition temperature. The calculated glass temperatures ( T′ g) were compared with direct DSC experiments. While the UNIQUAC model predicted reliable ice melting temperatures in the high sucrose concentration range, a significant variation of the fitted glass transition curve was obtained due to the selected temperature values as the glass transition temperature. The calculated glass temperatures ( T g ′ were compared with direct DSC experiments.

Polarigraphic measurement of liquid-phase species distributions

In this study, the optical rotatory power of sucrose-water solutions is exploited and digital, spectral image analysis is used to nonintrusively measure one-dimensional species distributions within a liquid. The measurement scheme is described and is used in experiments ranging from one-dimensional isothermal diffusion to layered double-diffusive convection.

Elevated sweet taste pleasantness ratings in bulimia nervosa

Recent studies suggest that some patients with bulimia nervosa may experience elevated pleasantness responses to sweet taste. This study explored possible associations between symptom patterns and pleasantness ratings for sucrose solutions in bulimic patients. Subjects included 15 women meeting DSM III-R criteria for narrowly defined bulimia nervosa (no history of other eating disorder); five patients with current bulimia nervosa and a past history of anorexia nervosa; and 20 healthy age-matched female controls. Subjects ate a standardized breakfast prior to the morning study visit. Sucrose-water solutions (0% to 40% sucrose) were rated for sweetness intensity and pleasantness. Patients with narrowly defined bulimia nervosa showed significantly higher pleasantness ratings for 40% sucrose solutions than controls and patients with a history of anorexia nervosa. Pleasantness ratings were not significantly correlated with frequency of binge eating or purging behaviors. These results extend previous evidence for altered sweet taste pleasantness responses in bulimia nervosa, and for differences in eating-related behaviors between patients with narrowly defined bulimia nervosa vs. those with past anorexia nervosa.

Effect of milk on cariogenesis.

Sprague-Dawley rats fed diet 2000, infected by Streptococcus sobrinus, and offered milk or lactose-reduced milk as drinking fluids developed essentially similar caries scores as controls given distilled water. In contrast, animals given fructose or sucrose solutions developed enhanced levels of caries. Significant differences were not detected in the S. sobrinus populations among the groups. In further experiments, the addition of sucrose to milk enhanced the severity of caries scores. However, sucrose-milk solutions were significantly less cariogenic than sucrose-water solutions. Animals fed sucrose (2-5%) milk solutions harbored enhanced populations of S. sobrinus. The results, overall, suggest that milk may have modest cariostatic properties when ingested at the same time as a cariogenic challenge.

Differential laser microrefractometer

A simple method for comparing simultaneously the refractive indices of more than two liquids is described. The results from the measurement of the water solution of sucrose confirm the linear dependence of the refractive index on concentration. Accuracy of 0.001% is obtained experimentally.

Temperature dependence of the dynamics of ultrafine particles in a polymeric network

Simple model systems with pronounced dynamical features will help to get a deeper insight into the complicated dynamics of large molecular networks. We investigated the bounded diffusion of ultrafine Fe(OH)3 particles (∼30 A in diameter) in the three-dimensional network of the cation exchanger Dowex 50 W which was solvated with a water solution of sucrose (60 wt%). Mossbauer spectra were recorded in the temperature range from 80 K to 305 K. At temperatures above 250 K broad diffusional lines of different widths appear in the spectrum proving the bounded nature of the diffusion. The line widths strongly increase with temperature to values of several hundred mm/s. Around 300 K a large portion of the area escapes even from the largest window of observation used in our experiments (±550 mm/s).

Relative Sweetness of Fructose Compared With Sucrose in Healthy and Diabetic Subjects

Fructose is credited with some advantages over sucrose: it causes less of an increment in plasma glucose and insulin response, and the taste is sweeter. We reevaluated the latter property with a new methodology (the "up and down" method adapted from Dixon) in 33 healthy subjects, 17 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients, and 12 non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients. Sweetening potency was determined over 2-3 test sessions in each subject. Results are expressed in percent as the relative sweetness (R) of fructose (F) over sucrose (S), taken as reference. In the first set of experiments, with a 30-g/L sucrose-water solution at pH 7, we found that R values were similar for healthy subjects (102 +/- 8%) and diabetic subjects (106 +/- 7%) (P less than .05). No significant difference between IDDM and NIDDM patients was observed. In a second set of experiments, performed in healthy subjects only, R was increased in acid water (114%; P less than .01), in lemon juice (136%; P less than .001), in water at 2 degrees C (130%; P less than .001), and in coffee at 2 degrees C (120%; P less than .02); mean values were decreased in grapefruit juice (77%; P less than .001), in water at 43 degrees C (88%; P less than .01), and in coffee at 53 degrees C (87%; P less than .001). We found that the test methodology had a very satisfactory intrasubject reproducibility (coefficient of variation [C.V.] less than 8%) but a very wide intersubject variability (C.V. congruent to 32%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Mesophyll-Feeding by the Potato Leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae): Results from Electronic Monitoring and Thin-Layer Chromatography

The probing behaviors of the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), were studied using an AC electronic monitoring system. Observations on two artificial media (water-sucrose solution and agar-sucrose solution) and two host plants (alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., and broad bean, Vicia faba L.) revealed three waveforms correlated with probing behaviors: Ia, representing multiple-cell laceration feeding, the dominant waveform on both hosts; Ib, representing Single-cell puncture-feeding, ingestion of the contents of individual mesophyll cells; and Ic, ingestion with the insect's stylets held motionless. These results plus those from thin-layer chromatography of the host plants and insects show that the potato leafhopper, like many of its typhlocybine relatives, does not ingest strictly from the phloem but also from the mesophyll. However, the potato leafhopper uses a feeding strategy that does not produce leaf stippling; this strategy differs from that of other leafhoppers that ingest from mesophyll.

The effect of liver denervation on the consumption of various diets by rats

Liver afferents have been proposed to influence food intake control, however, previous studies have shown that chow (pellet) intake is apparently not altered in total liver denervated rats. The present study explored whether total liver denervation could alter the rats' intake of various diets other than chow pellets. Total liver denervations were verified using staining histological and monoamine histofluorescence techniques. The denervated and sham operated rats were given short-term (4–6 days) exposure to four diets: (diet 1, chow plus a 32% w/v sucrose-water solution; diet 2, 1:1 mixture of powdered chow and granular glucose; diet 3, 33% w/w Crisco and powdered chow mixture and diet 4, a 5% w/v glucose-water solution plus chow. Body weight gains were not affected-by either surgery or diet exposure. Daily consumptions of the diets were similar in both groups, nevertheless, there was a trend for the denervated rats to consume slightly more of a high fat diet, which lends support for one hypothesized liver satiety mechanism. Also, the denervated rats consumed less (an average 5 kcal/day) of the 5% glucose solution (one hypothesis tested would predict an increase consumption of glucose by the denervated rats). Thus the liver may play a role, albeit small, through several ill defined mechanism(s) in the regulation of feeding.

Microwave Dielectric Spectrum of Vegetation - Part II: Dual-Dispersion Model

This paper is the second in a series evaluating the microwave dielectric behavior of vegetation material. It draws upon the data presented in Part I to develop a Debye-Cole dual-dispersion dielectric model consisting of a component that accounts for the volume fraction occupied by water in free form and another that accounts for the volume fraction occupied by the mixture comprised of water molecules bound to bulk-vegetation molecules. To determine the dielectric dispersion properties of the latter, measurements were made for sucrosewater solutions of known volume ratios. The proposed dielectric model is found to give excellent agreement with data over a wide range of moisture conditions and over the entire 0.2-20 GHz range examined in this study.

Kinetics of calcium-induced fusion of cell-size liposomes with monolayers in solutions of different osmolarity.

The effects of osmolarity, calcium concentration and cell-size liposomes in the subphase on the surface tension of phospholipid monolayers were investigated. The monolayers were spread from chloroform solutions of phosphatidic acid at air/water solution interface. The liposomes (of average diameter 3 micron) were formed from phosphatidic acid/egg lecithin (1:2) mixtures in water or 0.1 M water solutions of sucrose. For this system there were critical concentrations of calcium ions to produce a large reduction of the monolayer surface tension. The threshold calcium concentrations depended upon the sucrose concentration in the subphase. Without sucrose the threshold calcium concentration was 8 mM, while for isoosmotic sucrose solutions (0.1/0.1 M in/out of liposome) it was 14 mM. It sharply increased to 28 mM CaCl2 at sucrose concentration difference across the liposome membrane 0.02 M and decreased to 26 mM, 19 mM, and 18 mM with further increase of that difference to 0.04 M, 0.06 M, and 0.08 M, respectively. The rate of monolayer surface tension decrease was measured as a function of time at 30 mM CaCl2 and different sucrose concentrations in the subphase solution. The initial rates at first decreased with increasing the osmotic pressure and after that they increased. The minimum occurred at sucrose concentration gradient across the liposome membrane 0.02 M, i.e., at the point of maximum threshold calcium concentration required for large decrease of the monolayer surface tension. These facts may be explained by recent theories of dynamics of adhesion, instability and fusion of membranes modeled as thin films.

Rotational diffusion of TEMPONE in the cytoplasm of Chinese hamster lung cells

The correlation time for rotational diffusion (tau R) of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone-N-oxide (TEMPONE) in Chinese hamster lung (V79) cells has been measured. For these cells in an isosmotic solution at 20 degrees C, tau R = 4.18 X 10(-11) s, approximately 3.6 times greater than tau R = 1.17 X 10(-11) s in water. The relationship between tau R and viscosity was investigated in a number of glycerol-water (0-50%) and sucrose-water (20-40%) solutions and a constant Stokes-Einstein volume of 44 A3 was found for TEMPONE in solutions of less than 20% glycerol and sucrose. This gives an average shear viscosity (for rotation of a small molecule) of 0.038 poise for the cytoplasm. When nonsecular terms were used in the calculation of tau R, the activation energies for rotation of TEMPONE in the above solutions correlated well with the activation energies for shear viscosity. The viscosity increases as the cell is shrunk in hypertonic solutions. It also increases with decreasing temperature with an activation energy of 3.7 kcal/mol, about the same as the activation energy for the viscosity of pure water. The rotational correlation times were carefully calculated considering inhomogeneous line broadening, non-Lorentzian line shapes, the need for accurate tensor values and nonsecular terms.

EFFECTS OF INGESTED ETHANOL ON ADULTDROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER(DIPTERA: DROSOPHILIDAE)

AbstractAn apparatus consisting of a plastic box and a feeding circuit permits the calculation of μl volumes of ethanol ingested byDrosophila melanogasterMeigen. The net amount of ethanol taken (expressed in 100% ethanol) has been examined in various experimental conditions: sucrose solutions, ethanol–sucrose solutions at various sucrose and alcohol concentrations, ethanol solutions - cube of sucrose and ethanol solutions alone. The data obtained on ingestion byDrosophilashow that the consumption of sucrose solutions was inversely proportional to the concentrations of sucrose. The amount of ethanol ingested during 14 days was directly related to the concentration of ethanol in the diets although in general the total volume of solution consumed did not vary significantly in most cases. The analyses of observations of 14 days showed that decreased mortality was obtained with the rise in the concentration of sucrose in sucrose-water solutions in 0.5–3% range and the mortality increased with the rise in the concentration of ethanol in the diets, yet ethanol-sucrose was better than cube of sugar alone.