Sucrose Rinse Research Articles

Plaque sampling and telemetry for monitoring acid production on human buccal tooth surfaces

The plaque sampling method and wire telemetry using miniature, glass pH electrodes on the buccal surface of mandibular first permanent molars, compared human dental plaque pH responses to a 10 per cent solution of sucrose. Nine subjects abstained from oral hygiene and were tested in morning sessions on 5 consecutive days. The mean resting plaque pH value for all sessions by plaque sampling was 6.60 ± 0.18 (mean ± SD) and by telemetry was 6.56 ± 0.19. After a 1 min sucrose rinse, 1-day-old plaque showed a decrease in pH to approx. 5.5 by both methods. The 2-, 3-, 4- and 5-day-old plaque showed a consistent and more marked response to the carbohydrate. With 5-day-old plaque, the mean minimum pH achieved was 4.69 ± 0.28 as measured by sampling and 3.94 ± 0.49 as determined by telemetry. The times taken to reach minimum pH as determined by the two methods were almost identical. The electrode calibration data showed that all the telemetry electrodes responded consistently for all 5 days of study. Scanning electron microscopy and microbiological analysis of electrode tips and enamel replicas revealed that plaque accumulated on glass at the same rate and with a similar bacterial composition to plaque formed on clean enamel. It is proposed that glass microelectrodes and wire telemetry are a reasonable means for continuously monitoring plaque pH in situ. Comparison with plaque sampling suggested that telemetric responses reflect the type of plaque which accumulates at particular sites on the dentition.

Dental Caries Potential of Liquid Medications

Cariogenicity of seven commonly prescribed liquid medications was studied. Sucrose content of the medications ranged from 0 to 70 gm/100 ml. Initial pH and buffering capacity were measured and found to vary widely among the medications. Intraoral microbial plaque pH changes were determined at intervals for 30 minutes following an oral rinse with each medication. These data were compared with plaque pH changes caused by rinsing with an established cariogenic challenge, 10% sucrose solution. Decreased plaque pH was caused by each medication tested. The extent and duration of the pH drop varied among the medications. Patterns of the pH curves are discussed in relation to sucrose content, endogenous pH, and buffering capacity of the medications. Intraoral pH response to several medications equaled or exceeded that seen when sucrose rinses alone were given. The findings are discussed in relation to dental caries-producing potential of long-term therapy with liquid medications, and two cases are presented that implicate liquid medications as a major etiologic factor leading to rampant dental decay. It is concluded that health practitioners should be aware of the sucrose content of pediatric medications. Patient education to ensure adequate oral clearance following each dose of medication is an essential first step in minimizing the risk of dental decay posed by long-term therapy with liquid medications.

Ultrastructural estimation of the effect of sucrose and glucose rises on early dental plaque formed on plastic films.

The influence of water, glucose and sucrose rises on early plaque formation has been studied. The amount and structure of dental deposits formed on plastic films were determined on four occasions: no rinsing, water, glucose or sucrose rinses. Five subjects with healthy gingiva developed plaque in 4 h on plastic films applied to the buccal surfaces of premolars and canines, after which period the plastic films with adhering deposits were processed for electron microscopy. Sections were prepared for examination in the light and electron microscope. Some were stained for the demonstration of carbohydrates according to the periodic acid thiocarbohydrazide osmium tetroxide technique. Furthermore, the number of cellular elements collected on the films during the four experiments was calculated and statistically compared. The results in the four groups were identical. The plastic films were covered by a surface coating of acellular material in or on which bacteria, epithelial cells and leukocytes were observed. The microorganisms were almost exclusively Gram-positive cocci. Many bacteria exhibited intracellular polysaccharides. The results indicate that the rinsing procedure does not influence early plaque formation, and that frequent mouthrinses with glucose or sucrose have no detectable effect on plaque growth at this initial stage of bacterial adherence.

Immunoglobulins in human dental plaque

Objectives. The purpose of this study was therefore to study the influence of different chewing times on the salivary F concentration and on the recovery of plaque pH directly after a sucrose rinse on both the chewing and the non-chewing side.Methods. For this purpose, one piece of sugar free chewing gum was chewed to 10 healthy subjects (aged 8–10 years, 5 male and 5 female children). Subjects refrained from toothbrushing for 3 days. On the fourth day, they rinsed for 1 min with 10 μl of a 10% sucrose solutions. After 8 min, chewing gum was given and started to chew for either 5, 10, 20, 30, 45 min or control (sucrose rinse). Thus, altogether six test sessions were repeated at one week intervals. Measurements of F concentration in saliva and pH of approximal plaque were carried out at two contralateral sites for up to 60 min.Results. Higher salivary F concentrations were found on the chewing side than on the non-chewing side (expressed as) (p<0.05). But, the difference between the chewing and the non-chewing side was not obvious for the plaque pH (expressed as AUC) (p>0.05).Therefore, this study showed that: (1) the F concentrations in saliva after chewing a F containing chewing gum had only small numerical differences among the various chewing times, with the exception for 5 min. All chewing time periods showed statistically significant differences between chewing and non-chewing side. (2) The prolonged chewing time increased the plaque pH recovery after a sucrose rinse (p<0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference on both of the chewing and non-chewing side (p>0.05).Conclusion. The results of this study indicated that a prolonged chewing time was favorable to the plaque pH recovery after a sucrose rinse and, to a certain extent, to the salivary fluoride concentration. Also it was shown that the F concentration in saliva was strongly dependent on which side the subject chewed on.

Effect of some polyvalent cations on plaque formation in vivo

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of polyvalent cations on plaque formation in a test panel of students. Heavy plaque formers were selected and plaque formation was enhanced by frequent sucrose rinses. Mouthrinses were performed twice daily with 20 mmol/l SnF2, SnCl2, AlCl3, ZnCl2 and MgCl2, and 40 mmol/l NaF and NaCl. It was found that SnF2 AND SnCl2 exhibited a marked plaque-inhibiting capacity compared with NaF or NaCl. The aluminum, zinc and magnesium salts also reduced plaque formation, although not to the same degree. Polyvalent cations may prevent plque formattion by interaction with negatively charged plaque components essential in the adsorption mechanism, or by inhibiting some enzyme activity essential in plaque formation.

A comparison between chlorhexidine and some quaternary ammonium compounds with regard to retention, salivary concentration and plaque-inhibiting effect in the human mouth after mouth rinses

The oral retention of chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (a component of cetrimide) was measured by means of 14C-labelled compounds in 7 subjects after 10-ml 2.2 mM mouth rinses for 1 min. The oral retention of chlorhexidine was 32 ± 6 per cent, of cetylpyridinium chloride 65 ± 5 per cent and of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide 70 ± 7 per cent of the administered dose. The salivary concentration was measured after similar mouth rinses in 3 subjects and calculated according to the 14C-activity of saliva samples from 0.5 to 24 h after the rinsing. Although the concentrations of the quaternary ammonium compounds were usually higher than those of chlorhexidine shortly after rinsing, their concentrations were significantly lower ( p < 0.001) than those of chlorhexidine from 4 h and onwards. The plaque-inhibiting effect was assessed in subjects who rinsed with 2.2 mM test solutions twice daily for 3 days, using sucrose rinses to provoke plaque formation. The plaque-inhibiting effect of the quaternary ammonium compounds was also tested when used in a mouth rinse four times daily. A moderate degree of plaque inhibition was obtained when the quaternary ammonium compounds were used twice daily. When the frequency was increased to four times daily, the plaque-inhibiting effect of the quaternary ammonium compounds seemed to approach that of chlorhexidine.

Initiation and aggravation of denture stomatitis by sucrose rinses.

The purpose of this study was to assess whether frequent exposure to sucrose would aggravate or initiate a palatal candidosis in denture wearers. Eight subjects with generalized simple or granular inflammation in the palate (inflammation group) and six with clinically healthy palatal mucosa (control group) carried out 1-min mouthrinses with 10 ml of a 25% sucrose solution four times daily for 15 d. In the inflammation group an aggravated palatal erythema was seen in two subjects after 7 d, and in another subject after 15 d. Among the controls a generalized simple inflammation had developed in the palate of one subject after 7 d, and in another one after 15 d. An increased number of yeast colonies on palatal and denture agar models and/or hyphae on palatal and denture smears was found in all subjects with clinical signs of aggravated or initiated denture stomatitis.