Sucrose Injection Research Articles

Post‐Flowering Assimilate Availability Regulates Oil Fatty Acid Composition in Sunflower Grains

ABSTRACTFatty acid composition of Helianthus annuus L. (sunflower) oil depends on intercepted solar radiation per plant (ISR) during grain filling. This effect could be accounted for by the assimilate availability of the grains (the source‐sink ratio). However, the current physiological‐biochemical knowledge does not consider any effect of carbon availability on oil fatty acid composition. The objective of this work was to address the regulation of fatty acid composition by assimilate supply to sunflower grains. A wide range of source‐sink ratios was obtained by manipulating either the source or the sink during grain filling. Assimilate supply was also modified by injecting sucrose into the receptacle of sunflower capitula. Grain weight and oil content depended on both ISR and source‐sink ratio in a curvilinear manner. When sink size was decreased by grain excision, ISR failed to explain oil fatty acid composition, while source‐sink ratio appropriately described it. Sucrose injection significantly increased grain weight, oil content, and oleic acid percentage of shaded plants. It is concluded that effects of ISR on fatty acid composition are a consequence of changes in assimilate availability for grain oil synthesis. To explain these results a conceptual model is proposed: when assimilate supply limits grain growth and oil synthesis, mainly linoleic acid is synthesized. As the assimilate supply increases, oleic acid desaturation process gets saturated and oleic acid accumulates.

Effects of in ovo injection of carbohydrates on somatic characteristics and liver nutrient profiles of broiler embryos and hatchlings ,

Effects of the in ovo injection of commercial diluent supplemented with dextrin or with dextrin in combination with various other carbohydrates on the somatic characteristics and liver nutrient profiles of Ross × Ross 708 broiler embryos and chicks were investigated. Results include information concerning the gluconeogenic energy status of the liver before and after hatch. Eggs containing live embryos were injected in the amnion on d 18 of incubation using an automated multiple-egg injector for the delivery of the following carbohydrates dissolved in 0.4 mL of commercial diluent: 1) 6.25% glucose and 18.75% dextrin; 2) 6.25% sucrose and 18.75% dextrin; 3) 6.25% maltose and 18.75% dextrin; and 4) 25% dextrin. Also, a noninjected control and a 0.4-mL diluent-injected control were included. Body weight relative to set egg weight on d 19 of incubation (E19) was increased by the injection of all carbohydrate solutions, and on the day of hatch was increased by the injection of diluent, sucrose and dextrin, and maltose and dextrin solutions. Hatchability of the fertilized eggs, residual yolk sac weight, and liver weight were not affected by any injection treatment; however, as compared with the 0.4 mL diluent-injected group, all of the supplementary carbohydrates, except for the glucose and dextrin combination group, increased liver glycogen and glucose concentrations on E19. Furthermore, all carbohydrates, except for the 25% dextrin treatment, decreased liver fat concentration on E19. From E19 to the day of hatch, liver glycogen concentrations dropped dramatically from an average of 3.2 to 0.6%. Despite treatment differences observed on E19 for liver glycogen, glucose, and fat concentrations, these differences were lost by the day of hatch. Nevertheless, liver glycogen and glucose concentrations were positively correlated on the day of hatch. In conclusion, the in ovo injection of various supplemental carbohydrates dissolved in 0.4 mL of commercial diluent altered the liver nutrient profile of Ross × Ross 708 broiler embryos before hatch. However, the subsequent pattern of energy utilization during the hatching process modified these effects.

Biosensor-based fragment screening using FastStep injections

We have developed a novel analyte injection method for the SensíQ Pioneer surface plasmon resonance-based biosensor referred to as “FastStep.” By merging buffer and sample streams immediately prior to the reaction flow cells, the instrument is capable of automatically generating a two- or threefold dilution series (of seven or five concentrations, respectively) from a single analyte sample. Using sucrose injections, we demonstrate that the production of each concentration within the step gradient is highly reproducible. For kinetic studies, we developed analysis software that utilizes the sucrose responses to automatically define the concentration of analyte at any point during the association phase. To validate this new approach, we compared the results of standard and FastStep injections for ADP binding to a target kinase and a panel of compounds binding to carbonic anhydrase II. Finally, we illustrate how FastStep can be used in a primary screening mode to obtain a full concentration series of each compound in a fragment library.

P0101 RLS symptoms in blood donors are improved by iron sucrose injections

P0101 RLS symptoms in blood donors are improved by iron sucrose injections

P18.02: Case report: abnormal uterine bleeding, uterine arteriovenous malformation and uterine angioma—diagnosis and management

Abnormal uterine bleeding secondary to uterine arteriovenous malformation. This is a case of a nulliparous young woman (SCS 20 years old) who comes to emergency service because a profuse acute vaginal bleeding. She has no history of previos pregnancy, no use of hormonal contraceptives or uterine devices. No history of previus uterine surgery. Findings: severe anemia (Hb 6.5 g) hemodynamic compromise. Accurate diagnosis of uterine arteriovenous malformation by ultrasound and intravascular treatment (embolisation of bilateral uterine arteries with PVA microparticles of 1000 micras) was the best way to stops vaginal bleeding. Hemodynamic stabilization was easy and no need blood transfusion. Iron sucrose injection was used for the anemia. We have two years of follow up with a normal menstrual periods and healthy asymptomatic life in this case. We show the images by Ultrasound Color Doppler and Tridimensional US. Angyography and embolization in pictures.

Inapparent Von Willebrand Disease as the Underlying Cause of Menorrhagia Attributed to Uterine Fibroids.

Menorrhagia is a public health issue affecting 15% of American women, 300,000 of whom undergo hysterectomy each year. 50% of menorrhagia cases are not explained by gynecological disorders like uterine fibroids but in up to 1/3 of such cases bleeding disorders such as von Willebrand disease (vWd) may be present. No cases have been reported to indicate whether women with fibroids and menorrhagia should be investigated for vWd, particularly when screening tests (aPTT or bleeding time) are normal. We report herein 2 cases which demonstrate that inapparent vWd (normal screening tests) should indeed be sought in certain such cases of menorrhagia. Patient #1 was a 44 y/o African-American woman with severe menorrhagia since menarche, multiple 2 cm fibroids and severe iron deficiency anemia (Hgb 7.9 g/dl; MCV 68.5 FL; ferritin 1 ng/ml). Menstrual periods lasted 7 days. She bled through her clothes the first 1–3 days. Intolerant of oral iron, she required weekly injections of iron sucrose (100 mg) to keep up with menstrual losses. A sister in another state was also known to have menorrhagia. Patient #2 was a 40 year old Caucasian woman with severe menorrhagia since menarche (age 11 years), intramural fibroids and severe iron deficiency anemia (Hb 8.9 g/dl, MCV 64.9 FL, ferritin 4 ng/ml). Menstrual periods lasted 7 days, changing pad every hour for the first 2 days.. She bled through her clothes the first 2–3 days and was unable to keep up with menstrual losses using oral iron. Her younger sister also had menorrhagia.PatientScreening TestsTimingfVIII(%) *vWf Ag (%) *Ristocetin co-factor (%) *vW multimer patternComment#1PTT 31 sec, BT 6 min, Blood Group O+Mid cycle615442UnknownNormal multimer pattern obtained 30 minutes after pre-op injection of DDAVP and also 4 months post hysterectomyMenses374823Type IIpost hysterectomy535250Normal#2PTT 31.5 sec, BT normal, Blood Group O+Mid cycle177117120NormalDDAVP nasal spray shortened menstrual period from 7 days (72 pads) to 5 days(20 pads). Younger sister and nephew subsequently diagnosed with vWd.Menses744652Type I* reference range: 55–200These cases illustrate that the assumption that severe menorrhagia is explained by simple anatomical abnormalities such as uterine fibroids may cause a significant hemostatic defect to be overlooked. Even normal screening tests, or vW tests obtained during follicular phase, do not rule out vWd in women with severe menorrhagia. The vW panel should be repeated at the start of menses. Patient #1 demonstrates a hitherto unknown association between uterine fibroids and acquired vWd which was apparently cured by hysterectomy and may suggest a mechanism by which fibroids cause menorrhagia. DDAVP controlled the menorrhagia of Patient #2 and may have done so in Patient #1 as well. Physicians should be alert to the possibility of inapparent vWd as the underlying cause of menorrhagia in women with uterine fibroids. High index of suspicion and careful diagnostic work up may provide an opportunity to avoid needless hysterectomy in some patients.

SOIL INJECTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES IMPROVE FINE ROOT GROWTH OF ESTABLISHED URBAN TREES

Summary Four established mature tree species (Aesculus hippocastanum L., Betula pendula Roth., Primus avium L. and Quercus rohur L.) commonly planted in UK urban landscapes were subjected to soil injections of the carbohydrate sucrose at 25, 50 and 70g per litre of water. Fine root dry weight was recorded at month 5 following soil injections. Soil injections of sucrose significantly increased fine root dry weight compared to controls, however; growth responses were influenced by species and the con-centration of sucrose applied. Results indicate soil injections of sucrose ≥ 50g litre of water may be able to improve root growth of established mature trees. Such a response is desirable as root damage following con-struction is a frequent problem encountered by established trees growing in UK towns and cities.

Acquired Von Willebrand Disease: The Real Explanation for “Explained” Menorrhagia?.

5% of women seek treatment for menorrhagia and 500,000 undergo hystererctomy in the US each year. CDC advocates screening for von Willebrand disease (vWD) in the ~50% of menorrhagia patients whose menorrhagia is unexplained. Inherited vWD is found in 10–37% of such women but vWD has not been investigated in “explained” menorrhagia (e.g. uterine fibroids, etc.). A 44 year old African American woman with severe menorrhagia and multiple 2 cm uterine fibroids was referred to us for iron deficiency anemia (Hb 7.9 g/dl; MCV 68.5 FL; ferritin 1 ng/ml) and intolerance to oral iron. Weekly injections of iron sucrose improved her blood count (Hb 11.2 gm/dl; MCV 83.4 FL; ferritin 13 ng/ml) but with change to a monthly schedule (because of her new job) anemia recurred (Hb 8.6 gm/dl; MCV 75.3 FL). Despite her negative family history and the absence of other bleeding symptoms, the severity of her menstrual bleeding led us to screen her for vWD. She was blood group O Rh+, aPTT 31 sec, PT 12.3 sec, bleeding time 6 minutes, platelets 345x109/liter. Seven days before menses: FVIII activity 61% (55–205), von Willebrand factor (vWf) antigen 54% (55–200), ristocetin co-factor 42% (55–200). During menses: FVIII activity 37%, vWf antigen 48%, ristocetin co-factor 23%. Agarose gel electrophoretic analysis of her plasma vWf multimers revealed absence of normal higher molecular weight multimers, consistent with Type II vWD or acquired vWD. The patient elected to undergo hysterectomy (ovaries left in). DDAVP (0.3 μg/kg) was injected IV 1 hour prior to surgery. A blood specimen obtained 30 minutes after injection revealed a normal multimer pattern. Four months post-op FVIII activity 53%, vWf antigen 52%, ristocetin co-factor 50%. Multimer analysis normal. Immunohistochemical staining of the leiomyomata (fibroids) for vWf revealed strong staining using either polyclonal rabbit anti-human vWf or monoclonal mouse anti-human vWf but no staining for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The normal myometrium stained neither for vWf nor CEA. These findings are consistent with an acquired von Willebrand disease syndrome resulting from binding of our patient's plasma vWf to her fibroids. Although her phenotype was mild (e.g. normal coagulation tests and bleeding time), she was susceptible to the hemostatic challenge of menstruation which coincides with a fall in estradiol and thus a nadir in release of vWf to the circulation. DDAVP injection presumably increased release of vWf sufficiently to saturate the uterine vWf binding sites thus rendering her plasma vWf multimers structurally normal and permitting normal hemostasis at hysterectomy. After removal of the uterus her multimer pattern was normal without injection of DDAVP. Uterine fibroids (leiomyomata) are hitherto unidentified as a cause of acquired vWD and “explained” menorrhagia. The prevalance of the association is unknown, however preliminary retrospective staining of tissue from other hysterectomies performed in our institution because of menorrhagia indicate that it is not unique to the patient described herein. Further studies are needed before treatments such as intranasal DDAVP can be recommended as alternatives to hysterectomy for selected patients with “explained” menorrhagia.

Structure of carbohydrate-bound polynuclear iron oxyhydroxide nanoparticles in parenteral formulations

Intravenous iron therapy is used to treat anemia associated with chronic kidney disease. The chemical structures of parenteral iron agents have not been characterized in detail, and correlations between structure, efficiency of iron delivery, and toxicity via catalysis of oxygen-derived free radical creation remain to be established. In this study, two formulations of parenteral iron have been characterized by absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and elemental analysis. The samples studied were Venofer ® (Iron Sucrose Injection, USP) and Ferrlecit ® (Sodium Ferric Gluconate in Sucrose Injection). The 250–800-nm absorption spectra and the XRD patterns showed that both formulations contain a mineral core composed of iron oxyhydroxide in the β-FeOOH mineral polymorph known as akaganeite. This was further confirmed for each formulation by imaging using TEM and AFM. The average core size for the nanoparticles, after dialysis to remove unbound or loosely bound carbohydrate, was approximately 3 ± 2 nm for the iron–sucrose, and approximately 2 ± 1 nm for the iron–gluconate. Each of the nanoparticles consists of a mineral core, surrounded by a layer of bound carbohydrate. The overall diameter of the average bead in the dialyzed preparations was approximately 7 ± 4 nm for the iron–sucrose, and 3 ± 1 nm for the iron–gluconate. Undialyzed preparations have particles with larger average sizes, depending on the extent of dilution of unbound and loosely bound carbohydrate. At a dilution corresponding to a final Fe concentration of 5 mg/mL, the average particle diameter in the iron–sucrose formulation was approximately 22 ± 9 nm, whereas that of the iron–gluconate formulation was approximately 12 ± 5 nm.

Decoupling of light intensity effects on the growth and development of C3 and C4 weed species through sucrose supplementation.

Light availability has a profound effect on plant growth and development. One of the ways to study the effects of light intensity on plant growth and development without the confounding problem of photosynthate availability is sucrose injection/supplementation. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of light levels (0% and 75% shade) and sucrose injection (distilled water or 150 g sucrose l(-1)) on three weed species: redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L., C4), lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L., C3) and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic., C3). The average total sucrose uptake was 7.6 and 5.9 g per plant for 0% and 75% shading, respectively, representing 47% of the average total weed dry weight. Plants injected with sucrose had greater dry weights and shoot-to-root ratios under both light levels. In spite of sucrose supplementation the reduction in dry matter due to shading was greater for roots and reproductive structures than vegetative shoot tissues, indicating light level regulation of morphological changes resulting in changed C allocation that are independent of photosynthate availability. Dry weights of plants injected with sucrose under 75% shading were not different from distilled water-injected unshaded plants. However, both sucrose-injected and control plants, regardless of their photosynthetic pathways, underwent similar changes in allocation of dry matter and morphology due to shading, suggesting that these effects are strictly due to light intensity and not related to photosynthate availability.

Effects of exogenous sucrose on carbohydrate levels, flower respiration and longevity of potted miniature rose (Rosa hybrida) flowers during postproduction

Abstract The effect of continuous injection of exogenous sucrose on single flower postproduction longevity of attached flowers of potted ‘Meijikatar’ miniature roses was studied. At bud showing color, with sepals starting to unfold, plants were moved to interior conditions and started being continuously injected with a solution of 3% sucrose or distilled water. Carbohydrate levels, flower respiration and single flower longevity were assessed. There was some variability in the amounts of solution supplied to the plants. Infusion of exogenous sucrose increased attached miniature rose flower longevity by 1.5 days and also increased flower respiration rates. The higher the uptake rate of sucrose solution the longer the flowers lasted. Exogenously supplied sucrose was consumed by increased respiration and consequently, at day 6 after anthesis, no differences were found in nonstructural carbohydrate levels between water and sucrose treatments. However, percent of soluble sugars in the stem was higher in the sucrose-infused plants, suggesting that exogenous sucrose supply not only served as an extra source of respirable carbohydrates but also released stored carbohydrates to flower respiration. At flower death, leaf soluble sugars and total non-structural carbohydrates were higher in the sucrose infusion treatment and, independently of infusion treatment, flower soluble sugars and total non-structural carbohydrates positively correlated with flower longevity.

Sucrose-stimulated release of FITC-dextran into the bile in the dynamics of its storage and elimination from the liver.

Stimulation of release of FITC-dextran endocytosed in the liver by an injection of hypertonic sucrose led to the appearance of a less pronounced and prolonged peak (with the maximum at min 15-25) at later terms after injection of the marker (30 days). Biliary release of FITC-dextran was 4-9-fold accelerated on days 1-14 in comparison with the constitutive release, and after 30 days it was accelerated 19-fold, which reflects high capacity of the long storage compartment to stimulated release of FITC-dextran into the bile.

Suppression of reflex saliva from rat parotid gland following intracerebroventricular injection of hypertonic NaCl and sucrose

These effects were studied in conscious rats. Salivary volume and flow rate induced by eating solid diet were decreased by both the hypertonic solutions, compared with the effects of normal saline. This finding suggests that central osmotic perception affects parotid salivary secretion in rats.

Iron Sucrose Injection

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary® Monograph Service receive five to six researched monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late Phase III trials. The monographs are targeted to your Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. Subscribers also receive monthly one-page summary monographs on the agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation (DUE) is also provided each month. The monographs are published in printed form and on diskettes that allow customization. Subscribers to the The Formulary Monograph Service also receive access to a pharmacy bulletin board called The Formulary Information Exchange (The F.I.X). All topics pertinent to clinical pharmacy are discussed on The F.I.X. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. If you would like information about The Formulary Monograph Service or The F.I.X., call The Formulary at 800-322-4349. The April 2001 Formulary monographsare on caspofungin, peginterferon alfa-2b, ziprasidone, 90Y ibritumomab tiuxe-tan, and Abarelix depot. The DUE is on caspofungin.

Budesonide Inhalation Suspension

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary® Monograph Service receive five to six researched monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late Phase III trials. The monographs are targeted to your Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. Subscribers also receive monthly one-page summary monographs on the agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation (DUE) is also provided each month. The monographs are published in printed form and on diskettes that allow customization. Subscribers to the The Formulary Monograph Service also receive access to a pharmacy bulletin board called The Formulary Information Exchange (The F.I.X). All topics pertinent to clinical pharmacy are discussed on The F.I.X.Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. If you would like information about The Formulary Monograph Service or The F.I.X., call The Formulary at 800-322-4349. The February 2001 Formulary monographs are iron sucrose injection, oxybate sodium, diclofenac sodium gel, tacrolimus ointment, and docosanol. The DUE is on iron sucrose injection.

Efficacy and Safety of Iron Sucrose for Iron Deficiency in Patients With Dialysis-Associated Anemia: North American Clinical Trial

Iron sucrose has been used to provide intravenous (IV) iron therapy to patients outside the United States for more than 50 years. In a multicenter North American clinical trial, we determined the efficacy and safety of iron sucrose therapy in patients with dialysis-associated anemia, evidence of iron deficiency, and below-target hemoglobin (Hgb) levels despite epoetin therapy. Evidence of iron deficiency included a transferrin saturation (Tsat) less than 20% and ferritin level less than 300 ng/mL, and below-target Hgb levels included values less than 11.0 g/dL. We administered iron sucrose in 10 doses, each administered undiluted as 100 mg IV push over 5 minutes, without a prior test dose. We assessed efficacy by determining the subsequent change in Hgb, Tsat, and ferritin values. We assessed safety by recording blood pressure and adverse events after iron sucrose injection and comparing results with those for the same patients during an observation control period. Results showed a significant increase in Hgb level that was first evident after three doses of iron sucrose and persisted at least 5 weeks after the 10th dose. Tsat and ferritin levels also increased significantly and remained elevated. In 77 enrolled patients, including those with previous iron dextran sensitivity, other drug allergies, or concurrent angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use, we saw no serious adverse drug reactions and no change in intradialytic blood pressure associated with iron sucrose administration. We conclude that iron sucrose injection administered as 1,000 mg in 10 divided doses by IV push without a prior test dose is safe and effective for the treatment of iron deficiency in patients with dialysis-associated anemia.

Effects of Exogenous Injection of Sucrose Solution to Plant on the Carbon Distribution to Tuberous Root and Tuberous Root Production in Sweet Potato, Ipomoea batatas Lam.

The sink and source balance in a sweet potato plant was artificially changed by exogenously injecting a 6% sucrose solution into the cut end of the stem, and its effect on the photosynthate transport from leaves to roots were studied. The results obtained were as follows : The 13CO2 feeding experiment revealed that the sucrose injection enhanced the distribution ratio of photosynthate in roots. The injection directly before the commencement stage of root tuberization was the most effective in increment of root production, with a significant increase in the activity of adenosine 5'-diphosphate glucose pyrophophorylase (AGPase) . On the other hand, little effect was shown in a plant injected past this stage. It may be considered that the sucrose solution fed at the adequate growth stage quickly moved down to increase the sugar concentration in roots, and this acted as a trigger for increase in the activities of enzymes such as AGPase related to starch synthesis and then enhancement of the sink activity. This may lead to the promotion of photosynthate transport to roots and increase of root yield. Our experimental results suggest that the timely enhancement of source activity is important to activate the sink function of sweet potato roots.

Acute and subacute physiological and histological studies of the central nervous system after intrathecal gadolinium injection in the anesthetized rat.

To determine the acute physiological and subacute neurohistological effects of gadopentetate dimeglumine (GdD) administered intrathecally. Twenty-four rats were separated into two study groups. In the first group, the acute effects of intrathecal GdD on cortical electroencephalographic activity, renal sympathetic nerve activity, arterial blood pressure, and heart rate were determined. In the second group, histological evaluation of the neural tissues was performed 10 days after treatment. In both the physiological and histological studies, a single GdD dose of 2.5 micromol/g brain (10 microL) was administered intrathecally. Control animals were injected intrathecally with the same volume of a sucrose solution that had the same osmolality as GdD. In the physiological study, GdD and sucrose injections elicited no significant change in any of the parameters recorded. In the histologic study, examination revealed two cases of pre-existing chronic spinal cord gliosis; one of these rats also exhibited signs of pre-existing chronic choroid plexus inflammation. No acute or subacute alterations observed could be specifically linked to the intrathecal administration of GdD. Intrathecally administered GdD was accompanied by no significant change in any of the physiologic or histologic parameters examined. Based on the relatively short time interval between GdD treatment and histologic examination, the neural tissue abnormalities (gliosis/inflammation) observed in two animals were judged to be incidental and likely due to prior chronic pre-existing processes such as viral infection. Although additional studies are required to verify the safety and effectiveness of intrathecal GdD in humans, data from the present study in animals provide evidence that when intrathecal GdD is used in doses sufficient to improve MRI of the cerebrospinal fluid compartment, it is likely to be accompanied by a low incidence of acute changes in neural function or structure.

Safety and efficacy of iron sucrose in patients sensitive to iron dextran: North American clinical trial

Sensitivity to iron dextran is a potent obstacle to maintaining optimum iron status in patients with dialysis-associated anemia. As part of the North American clinical trials for iron sucrose injection, we examined the effect of intravenous (IV) iron sucrose in 23 hemodialysis patients with documented sensitivity to iron dextran, ongoing epoetin alfa therapy, and below-target-range hemoglobin (Hgb) levels (<11.0 g/dL). We assigned patients to treatment groups according to whether reactions they had experienced to iron dextran were judged to be mild (n = 16; group A) or severe (n = 7; group B). We prospectively examined adverse events and vital signs after administering 100 mg of IV iron sucrose in each of 10 consecutive dialysis treatment sessions and compared results with those recorded in each of three consecutive dialysis sessions without iron treatment. We administered iron sucrose by IV push over 5 minutes to group A patients and by IV push over 5 minutes or IV infusion over 15 to 30 minutes to group B patients. We did not administer a test dose. Results showed no serious adverse drug reactions after a total of 223 doses of iron sucrose (184 doses by IV push, 39 doses by IV infusion). Intradialytic blood pressure changes after IV iron sucrose injection did not differ from those recorded during dialysis sessions without treatment. An increase in values for Hgb, hematocrit, transferrin saturation, and ferritin, coupled with no significant change in epoetin dose and a decrease in total iron-binding capacity, confirmed the efficacy of iron sucrose injection in managing anemia. We conclude that iron sucrose injection is safe and effective in the management of anemia in patients sensitive to iron dextran and can be administered without a test dose by IV push or infusion.

Hypovolemia in rats increases mortality rates following endotoxin administration

The aim of the present study was to examine whether acute or chronic hypovolemia increase the mortality rates of rats following endotoxin injection. Another aim of this study was to examine whether this increase in sensitivity can be explained by increased leakage of endotoxin from the digestive tract to the blood stream. Chronic hypovolemia was caused by water deprivation for 8 days. Acute hypovolemia was caused by injection of sucrose (300mg/100g) or by hemorrhage of a volume of up to 2.1 ml/100g. The hypovolemia was examined by measuring the plasma volume using Evans Blue (EB). Endotoxin at various doses was injected to the hypovolemic rats and the lethality of the various treatments was examined. Acute and chronic hypovolemia caused a significant increase inthe mortality rates of rats injected IP with a dose of 1-1.5 mg/100g endotoxin. Endotoxin administration (6mg/100g) by drinking to hypovolemic rats did not cause death at all. In contradistinction, injection of galactoseamine to rats that underwent similar treatments caused 100% mortality. Endotoxin tolerance reduced the mortality rates following galactoseamine injection to the control level of administration of endotoxin without hypovolemia (p < 0.001). Injection of the antibiotic polymixin B following the galactoseamine injection also decreased mortality rates to 40% (p < 0.05). Examination of plasma endotoxin concentration exhibited a significant increase following administration of endotoxin by drinking to hypovolemic rats (p < 0.001) compared to rats that received the same amount of endotoxin but without hypovolemia. These results indicate that one possible explanation for the increased mortality rate of the hypovolemic rats after endotoxin injection is due to leakage of endotoxin from the digestive tract.