Suckling Sows Research Articles

Morpho-biochemical parameters of blood and antioxidant protection of the body of repair pigs using natural metabolites

The authors conducted experiments to study the effect of natural metabolites fed to repair pigs in the last three months before insemination on their growth, changes in their live weight, the chemical composition of milk and the content of immunoglobulins in it, as well as morphological and biochemical blood compositions, protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in pregnant and suckling sows. Four groups of repair pigs were formed for research white breed (control and three experimental) at the age of 6 months, 20 heads each, which were kept in separate machines. The control group received the basic diet, without additives. The pigs of the experimental groups were fed natural metabolites from the sixth to the ninth month inclusive. The animals of the I experimental group were fed organic selenium (Selenium) as part of the compound feed – 0.3 kg / t of feed, II experimental group – succinic acid at the rate of 20 mg / kg of live weight (frequency of 10 days), III experimental group - Carolin preparation (beta-carotene oil solution) – 15 ml / head per day. At the ages of 6.5 and 9 months, 5 pigs from each group had blood taken from the ear vein in the morning before feeding for research. The object of research was repair pigs of large white breed and Krasnodar meat type. Feeding of animals both in this experiment and subsequent ones was carried out taking into account detailed feeding standards. The composition and nutritional value of the diets were calculated using the «Kormoptimaexpert» program.

The spread of liver diseases in sows according to the results of the study of the biochemical composition of blood

Sows in industrial complexes are affected by etiological factors leading to the development of liver pathologies (hepatopathy). The study of their distribution in sows on the basis of an in vivo study of the biochemical composition of the blood determines the relevance of the work.In order to clearly judge the prevalence of liver diseases in sows, three age groups of animals were defined: sows with one farrowing (pregnant replacement gilts), sows with 2 -3 farrowings and sows with 4 or more farrowings. Each age group included 100 sows and 100 suckling sows (total 600 animals). The selection of animals for blood sampling was carried out randomly.Sows in conditions of industrial complexes are affected by etiological factors that lead to the development of liver pathologies (hepatopathies). The study of their distribution in sows on the basis of intravital study of biochemical composition of blood causes the relevance of the work. In the blood of sows biochemical indices of inflammatorymesenchymal, cytolytic, hepatodepressive and cholestatic syndromes were determined. When interpreting the obtained indices, sows with changes in the biochemical composition of blood characterizing these syndromes were determined.The number of animals with biochemical changes in the blood characteristic of liver pathology increased among gestating and lactating sows with increasing number of farrows. The number of animals with hepatopathies in pregnant sows has increased from 20% in nursing pigs to 81% in animals which farrow 4 and more pigs, and in suckling sows from 34% to 85%. At the same time, with an increase in the number of farrows among sows with biochemical changes in the blood, which characterize the development of hepatopathies, the number of animals with blood parameters indicating the development of hepatosuppression and "oppression" of the synthetic function of the liver increases. Hepatosuppression was detected in 10% of cases in repair pigs, in sows with one farrowing, in 41.2% of cases. In gestating and lactating sows with 4 and more farrows, 92.6 and 92.9%, respectively.

Ways of growth stimulation of piglets with the help of biologically active drugs

Providing the population of Ukraine with meat and meat products largely depends on the efficiency of the pig industry, one of the urgent problems of which is the increase in pork production. There are many problematic stages in pig farming, one of which is raising suckling piglets, the complexity of which is determined by a number of physiological features of the development of the body of newborn piglets. During the period of intrauterine development and in the first days of life, piglets receive nutrients exclusively from the sow. Therefore, improving the rations of farrowing and suckling sows in a certain way affects the fertility, growth, and survival of piglets. An important place in this belongs to mineral nutrition. One of the ways to eliminate mineral deficiency in feed is the use of mineral additives. Among the wide arsenal of biologically active substances used to regulate metabolic processes in the body, drugs of complex action are of particular importance. Today, there are relatively inexpensive fertilizers based on natural minerals, which include trace elements and amino acids. The balance of rations in terms of biologically active substances remains an important factor affecting animal productivity. In a number of studies, it has been proven that the use of chelated compounds of microelements as a feed additive ensures better assimilation of metals than when they are introduced into the diet in an inorganic form, which in turn helps to achieve higher productivity in animals, as well as reducing feed costs per unit of production. Therefore, the development of new biotechnological methods of stimulating growth, increasing the percentage of survival of suckling piglets, and improving the reproductive capacity of sows using biologically active substances is relevant. A necessary condition for the normal development of piglets and the recovery of sows in the postpartum period is their full feeding, in particular, balanced feed in terms of macro- and microelements. After all, mineral substances take an active part in metabolic processes, activate the functions of hormones, vitamins, and enzymes, contribute to increased digestibility and utilization of nutrients in diets, better provision of intrauterine development of offspring, the birth of physiologically mature piglets, more intensive growth and development after birth. The significant influence of trace elements on physiological processes is explained by the fact that they are part of the so-called accessory substances: vitamins, hormones, enzymes, and coen-zymes involved in the regulation of vital processes. In addition, they affect the formation of cellular immunity of newborn piglets. In this regard, in recent years much attention has been paid to the study of the influence of various vitamin and mineral supplements of organic origin on the productivity of animals.

Influence of porcine parity on colostrum cytokine levels and their passive transfer to piglets

The limited ability of newborn piglets to produce cytokines may influence lymphocyte development and response to antigen exposure. As a result, colostrum intake is crucial because it contains nutrients that contribute to immune system development in piglets. Our goal was to investigate the effect of sow parity on the transfer of maternal cytokines to nursing piglets. Sixty piglets from nine sows were divided into six groups: piglets from gilts or sows kept with their dams and allowed to suckle normally; piglets from gilts or sows having their dams exchanged and then allowed to suckle normally; piglets from gilts or sows isolated from their dams and bottle-fed a commercial milk replacer formula for pigs. All piglets remained in the diet groups for 24 hours after birth. Concentrations of cytokines in colostrum and serum of gilt/ sows and serum of piglets were then evaluated. The 13 evaluated cytokines had higher concentrations in colostrum and serum of sows than in gilts. Concentrations of GM-CSF, IFNγ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, and TNFα were higher in piglets suckling sows. Piglets that received commercial formula showed higher concentrations of the cytokines IL1-RA and IL-8 than piglets fed colostrum. This outcome can influence piglets’ development into adulthood. In short, our findings demonstrated that maternal parity influenced colostrum cytokine composition and its maternal transfer patterns.

Immunotropic preparations of the PigStim series in ensuring the reproductive and productive qualities of pigs

Relevance. One of the unsolved problems of modern industrial pig breeding remains the problem of preserving the health and realizing the reproductive potential of the breeding stock. In the light of the above, it seems promising to develop, test and introduce into practical veterinary medicine new therapeutic and preventive means that ensure the preservation of health, the actualization of productive and reproductive qualities of animals, the use of which would be economically feasible.Methods. To set up the experiment, 30 heads of suckling sows were selected on the 15th day after the first farrowing. The selected sows were divided into 3 groups based on the breed, reproductive qualities and reproductive health according to the principle of pairs-analogues.Results. It was found that intramuscular injection at a dose of 5 ml per head on the 15th, 20th and 25th days after farrowing of the immunotropic drug PigStim-C to animals of the 1st experimental group, and PigStim-M — to animals of the 2nd experimental group contributes to: reducing the period from weaning to the manifestation of phenomenon of heat and the onset of the optimal period for insemination by 4.5–9.1%; an increase in the fertility of insemination from 90% in the control group to 100%; an improvement in the multiplicity of sows by 8.1–8.6% and a decrease in the number of stillborn piglets by 16.7–33.3%; reducing the number of sows with prolonged farrowing by 2–3 times and, as a result, reducing the occurrence of postpartum pathologies of the reproductive organs, such as metritis-mastitis-agalactia syndrome, as well as to increase the effectiveness of therapeutic measures if pathologies occur; reducing the incidence of young pigs received from these sows during the next farrowing by 36.8–41.5%, an increase in their livability by 1.45–2.97% and an increase in live weight at the end of the growing period by 0.16–0.18 kg, at the end of rearing — by 1.1–1.22 kg, and when removed from fattening — by 3.6–4.0 kg.

REPRODUCTIVE FEATURES AND ELEMENTS OF THE BEHAVIOUR OF SOWS DURING OF DIFFERENT HOUSING AND SEASONS OF THE YEAR

In pig farming, farrowing structures are used to reduce crushing ofpiglets. The movement of the sow in such structures is usually limited, which reduces the probability and frequency of dangerous changes in posture that lead to the death of piglets. Such structural elements of the farrowing limit the movement of the sow while standing, sitting, lying down and turning on its side. Limited mobility and behavioral manifestations of sows cause a decrease in the level of well-being. Machine-based farrowing systems are designed to address these welfare issues by providing more space, allowing sows to turn around and interact more with their piglets. In this regard, the aim of the conducted experiment was to study the influence of housing conditions and seasons of the year in the farrowing shop of sows on their reproductive parameters and elements of behavioural in the conditions of a commercial pig farm. Materials and methods. For the scientific and economic experiment, two groups of sows of the Large White breed were formed in the amount of 10 heads each. The sows of the first control group were housed in a room with a partially regulated microclimate in machines on a solid concrete floor, with the division of the machine into: a compartment for the sow and feeding and resting piglets with the use of variable straw bedding for the non-fixed maintenance of the sow, the size is 2.0Ч2.3 m. The sows of the second experimental group were housed in a room with a regulated microclimate in machines on a partially slotted floor above concrete baths without the use of litter, with a fixed retention of the sow in the machine during the entire suckling period, the size of the machine is 1.8Ч2.4 m. Results. As a result of the experiment, it was determined that that the introduction into production of a new type of farrowing machine made it possible to improve the survival of piglets by 21.9 %, to increase their average daily gain during the suckling period by 11.1 % and the weight of the litter of piglets before weaning by 17.9 %. Elements of the behavioural of suckling sows and suckling piglets depend on the season and structural features of the premises and machines for farrowing. In modern machines, sows rest more (by 6.8-19.0 %) and move less (by 27.5-32.4 %). While piglets show by 6.3 % more mobile activity in machines of the new design in winter and by 5.5 % less in summer. Conclusion. On the basis of the conducted experiment, it was established that the design of the farrowing system of sows significantly affects their behavioral elements and reproductive parameters, ensuring social interaction between sows and piglets, which is confirmed by the reliability of the obtained research results. Key words: machines, period of the year, productive traits, suckling piglets, suckling sows, farrowing system, welfare.

Pregnant sows immunized with Cryptosporidium parvum significantly reduced infection in newborn piglets challenged with C. parvum but not with C. hominis.

BackgroundThe piglet is the only model to investigate the immunogenic relationship between Cryptosporidium hominis and C. parvum, the species responsible for diarrhea in humans. Despite being indistinguishable antigenically, and high genetic homology between them, they are only moderately cross protective after an active infection.Methodology/Principal findingsHere we examined the degree of passive protection conferred to piglets suckling sows immunized during pregnancy with C. parvum. After birth suckling piglets were challenged orally with either C. parvum or C. hominis at age 5 days. Animals challenged with C. parvum had significant reduction of infection rate, while piglets challenged with C. hominis showed no reduction despite high C. parvum serum and colostrum IgG and IgA antibody.Conclusions/SignificanceWe add these data to earlier studies where we described that infection derived immunity provides partial cross-protection. Together, it appears that for full protection, vaccines against human cryptosporidiosis must contain antigenic elements derived from both species.

Determining the Characteristics of Farms That Raise Pigs without Antibiotics.

Simple SummaryReduced and responsible antimicrobial use leads to a lower risk of developing antimicrobial resistance. One way to achieve this is to raise animals without antibiotics (RWA). This study described the criteria for a Belgian RWA program for pigs and evaluated whether farms could achieve and maintain this status. The study also identified possible differences between RWA and non-RWA farms. For this purpose, 28 farms were visited three times for the following reasons: (1) data collection, (2) farm-specific coaching, and (3) evaluation. Antimicrobial use, biosecurity, and farm characteristics were determined. The status of the farms, i.e., (non-)RWA, varied over time, and the distribution of RWA vs. non-RWA farms, was 10–18, 13–15, and 12–16 before the intervention, after coaching, and after one year, respectively. There were no significant differences in biosecurity status between RWA and non-RWA farms, but biosecurity improved in all farms throughout the study. RWA farms were smaller (median 200 sows) compared to non-RWA farms (median 350 sows). This study showed that farmers could achieve and maintain the RWA status through farm-specific coaching related to prudent AMU and improved biosecurity.Reduced and responsible antimicrobial use leads to a lower risk of developing antimicrobial resistance. Raised Without Antibiotics (RWA) is a certification label that is recognized in only a few countries, and it is often unclear what the specific criteria and characteristics of RWA farms are. The objectives of this study were to describe the criteria for a Belgian RWA program; to coach farms towards reduced antimicrobial usage (AMU); to assess if it was possible to obtain and maintain the RWA status; and to determine differences between RWA and conventional pig farms. Pig farms (n = 28) were visited three times for the following reasons: (1) data collection, (2) farm-specific coaching (2 months later), and (3) evaluation (7 months later). AMU was followed from before the start of the study up to one year after the last visit. AMU, biosecurity (Biocheck.UGentTM), and farm characteristics of (non-)RWA farms were compared. RWA was defined as no antibiotics from birth until slaughter. Pigs requiring individual treatment received a special ear tag and were excluded from the program. The status of the farms varied over time, and the distribution of RWA vs. non-RWA was 10–18, 13–15, and 12–16, before intervention, after coaching, and after one year, respectively. For the non-RWA farms, there was a reduction in AMU of 61%, 38%, and 23%, for the suckling piglets, fattening pigs, and sows, respectively, indicating that they were moving toward the RWA status. There were no significant differences in biosecurity status between RWA and non-RWA farms, but biosecurity improved in all farms throughout the study. RWA farms were smaller (median 200 sows) compared to non-RWA farms (median 350 sows). The 4-week system was used more in non-RWA farms, while the 3- and 5-week systems were used most often in RWA farms. This study showed that farmers could achieve and maintain the RWA status through farm-specific coaching related to prudent AMU and improved biosecurity.

Ways to improve the quality of livestock products by feeding natural BUMVD

Relevance. More protein is required for the formation of meat than for obtaining high weight gain of pigs, many scientific papers and experimental studies have been devoted to optimizing metabolism and increasing animal productivity through the use of nontraditional sources of protein, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals, but there are poorly studied feed products. Soy okara is of scientific interest as a multicomponent proteincarbohydrate-mineral-vitamin supplement (BUMVD). It is of natural origin, non-toxic, urease is not active in it, that is, it does not require special treatment for feeding pigs. In comparison with soy, which contains anti-nutritional substances — toxic substances, trypsin inhibitor and urease, which reduce the use of protein by all kinds of animals, and in monogastric animals can even cause poisoning.Methods. Production tests were carried out for 180 days in the pig farm of the Ulyanovsk region on 1560 pigs. The object of the study was pigs of a large white breed, of different ages and physiological conditions. For physiological experiments, 5 animals per group were selected according to the method of analogues. Single sows were inseminated and the supplement was fed 30 days before the piglets were born. Piglets and suckling sows were kept in individual cages. Weaning was carried out in 45 days. Piglets on cultivation and fattening were kept in a group way. Two groups of animals were formed: the 1st (control) received the main ration (OR), the 2nd (experience) — with BUMVD. The conditions of keeping pigs in the control and experimental groups were the same, the difference between the groups was in feeding, the additive was fed at a dose of 100 to 500 g/head/day according to the scheme.Results. The introduction of natural BUMVD (soy okara) into the diet of pigs contributes to an increase in the level of their productivity: suckling of sows; large-fruited piglets; the intensity of growth of young pigs; improving the meat-sucking qualities of carcasses; reducing feed costs, improving the quality of pork, its energy value.

Influence of feed additives on the reproductive traits of sows

Currently, the main condition for the intensification of animal husbandry in Russia is the application of the concept of rational animal feeding. In accordance with this concept, animals should be provided with complete feed, and the organization of feeding should provide conditions for the effective use of feed and the regulation of microbiological digestive processes. The purpose of the work was to study the effectiveness of the effect of the phytobiotic “Intebio” and the probiotic “Profort” on the reproductive traits of sows. The scientific and economic experiment was conducted in 2020 on pregnant and suckling sows under the conditions of OOO “Agrofi rma Ariant” (Krasnogorsky settlement in the Emanzhelinsky area in the Chelyabinsk region). The results of research of the effect of phytobiotic “Intebio” and probiotic “Profort” on the reproductive traits of sows have been presented in the article. It has been found according to the results of the conducted research that feeding sows phytobiotic “Intebio” and probiotic “Profort” in addition to the main diet for 30 days before farrowing and for 30 days after the survey allows to increase the prolificacy of sows by 2,9 and 1,9 %, respectively, the weight of piglets at birth by 12,3 and 10,4 %, the weight at weaning by 11,9 and 11,2 %, the livability of piglets by 6,1 and 4,0 %. This made it possible to reduce expenditures feed per 1 kg of piglets’ live weight gain by 18,4 and 15,6 %. It has been found on the base of conducted research that the use of phytobiotic “Intebio” and probiotic “Profort” in the feeding of pregnant and suckling sows is economically justified.

ЗЕРНО СОРГО В РАЦИОНАХ ДЛЯ СВИНЕЙ СНИЖАЕТ ИХ СЕБЕСТОИМОСТЬ ДО 40%

The aim of the research was to study the possibility of replacing corn grain with sorghum grain in the diets of pigs. The following tasks were solved: to study the actual nutritional value of corn grain and sorghum grain; make recipes for compound feed with the inclusion of corn and sorghum grains; to determine the effect of compound feed from grain sorghum on suckling sows and offspring; to evaluate the effect of compound feed from grain sorghum on the growth and development of fattening young animals. Scientific and economic experiments were carried out on the basis of the KLH them. Frunze of the Belgorod region on groups of suckling sows and fattening young pigs. Grain sorghum variety Slavyanskoe Pole 210 bred by the All-Russian Research Institute of Sorghum and Soybean Slavyanskoe Pole was tested. Our scientific studies have shown that most of the biological characteristics of sorghum grain are neutral for pigs and do not have a significant negative impact on their digestion and viability. If we take into account that the diet with the inclusion of sorghum is cheaper than the corn-containing diet by 3 rubles per 1 kg, the high economic efficiency of the production of fodder based on sorghum grain in the amount of 5 rubles per 1 grown head is obvious.

БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИ АКТИВНЫЕ ДОБАВКИ В КОРМЛЕНИИ ПОДСОСНЫХ СВИНОМАТОК И ПОРОСЯТ

The effect of feed additives Abiopeptide and Bio Iron on the productive qualities of suckling sows and piglets was studied. It has been established that their use leads to an increase in the milk production of sows, the average daily growth and safety of piglets.

Immune status of piglets after administration of Iron(IV) clatrochelate to pregnant sows

The degree of the physiological development of the body of piglets in the first months after birth is important because, during this period, there is an active formation of many organism systems, including those that provide homeostasis. The resistance of piglets to diseases of various etiologies during life depends on the formation of the immune system. Our study aimed to assess the immune status of piglets born to sows that received injections of solutions of Iron(IV) clatrochelate and cyanocobalamin during pregnancy. To achieve this goal, two groups of newborn piglets-analogs were formed during their retention with suckling sows – control and experimental, 15 animals each. Piglets from 5 sows (3 from each) were injected into the experimental group, which were injected 10 ml of 10 % solution of Iron(IV) clatrochelate and cyanocobalamin solution twice during pregnancy (14 and 7 days before the expected farrowing) intramuscularly. Piglets of the control group, according to the traditional scheme of prevention of iron deficiency anemia on the second day of life, were administered irondextran drug uniferon (200 mg of iron (III) per injection). Piglets and sows were observed for two months; for studies of the content of immunoglobulins in the piglets' serum, the blood samples were taken at 1, 5, 12, and 30 days of life. During the experiment, the indicators of the content of immunoglobulins of classes G, A, M in the serum of piglets of the experimental group and the dynamics of their changes within 30 days after birth did not differ from the control. Two injections of 10 % solution of Iron(IV) clatrochelate in a dose of 10 ml in combination with cyanocobalamin injections at a dose of 500 mg of active substance to pregnant sows 14 and 7 days before the expected farrowing did not adversely affect the immune status of newborn piglets. Furthermore, this has a high prophylactic effect against iron deficiency anemia.

Prevalence and Subtype Distribution of Blastocystis sp. in Diarrheic Pigs in Southern China.

Blastocystis sp. is a common pathogen that infects the intestines of humans and animals, causing a threat to public health. However, little information on the prevalence and subtypes of Blastocystis sp. in diarrheic pigs in China is available. Herein, 1254 fecal samples were collected from diarrheic pigs in 37 intensive pig farms in Hunan, Jiangxi, and Fujian provinces in southern China, and the prevalence and subtypes of Blastocystis sp. were investigated. Blastocystis sp. was detected by PCR assay, which amplified the small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) gene. Overall prevalence of Blastocystis sp. was 31.4% (394/1254), including 21.5% (66/307), 33.1% (99/299), 58.9% (56/95), and 31.3% (173/553) in suckling piglets, weaned piglets, fattening pigs, and sows, respectively. Moreover, age and region factors were significantly related to prevalence of Blastocystis sp. (p < 0.05). Four Blastocystis sp. subtypes were identified, including ST1, ST3, ST5, and ST14. The preponderant subtype was ST5 (76.9%, 303/394). To our knowledge, ST14 was firstly found in pigs in China. The human-pathogenic subtypes (ST1, ST3, ST5, and ST14) that were observed in this study indicate a potential threat to public health. These findings provided a new sight for studying the genetic structure of Blastocystis sp.

Identification and genetic diversity of hepatitis E virus in domestic swine from Slovakia

BackgroundHepatitis E virus (HEV) is agent causing hepatitis worldwide. Originally considered to be limited to developing countries, this virus was also detected in developed countries. In recent years an increasing number of reports indicate that farmed domestic pigs are widely infected with HEV in several European countries. The HEV status in Slovakia is still missing.ResultsIn this study, the circulation of HEV among domestic swine in Slovakia and genetic diversity of the virus was studied. Overall HEV RNA was detected in 53/388 (13.7, 95% CI: 10.40–17.48%) pig rectal swabs in five production stages (age categories) with statistically significant differences among all the stages. The highest HEV prevalence was observed in weaners 24/81 (29.6, 95% CI: 19.99–40.81%) and then significantly declined in growers and fatteners. No HEV was detected in suckling piglets and sows. Twenty-eight partial sequences of ORF1 (242 bp) and seventeen of ORF2 (304 bp) were analysed. Phylogenetic analysis and p-distance comparisons confirmed in both ORFs that all Slovak HEV sequences belong to the genotype HEV-3, major clade 3abchij with higher identity to 3a and 3i subtypes. Three sequences were outside of all lastly updated HEV-3 subtypes.ConclusionThis is the first report to fill the information gap about HEV infection in pigs in Slovakia. The results suggested a lower prevalence of HEV in Slovak pig farms than observed in other European countries. While most HEV isolates were typed as HEV-3 clade 3abchij, three sequences were unclassified.

Comparative effectiveness of iron-containing drugs for the prevention of iron deficiency anemia in piglets

Prevention of iron deficiency anemia in piglets is an important preventive measure to ensure the health of pigs, as mortality from this pathology is quite high, and animals that recover from treatment do not realize their own potential productivity. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of iron (IV) clatrochelate in combination with cyanocobalamin for the prevention of iron deficiency anemia in piglets compared to the traditional scheme of prevention of this disease. To achieve this goal, 2 groups of newborn piglets-analogues were formed during their retention with suckling sows – control and experimental, 15 animals in each. The experiment lasted 30 days. Piglets in the experimental group were selected from sows given 10 ml of 10 % iron (IV) clatrochelate solution and cyanocobalamin solution twice intramuscularly during pregnancy. Piglets of the control group according to the traditional scheme of prevention of iron deficiency anemia on the second day of life were administered iron dextran drug (at the rate of 200 mg of iron (III) per injection). The results of the study show that the body weight of piglets from 1 to 9 days of their life who are born from sows which used iron (IV) clatrochelate and cyanocobalamin during pregnancy was less (P &lt; 0.001) than the body weight of piglets which used iron dextran on the 2nd day after birth; did not differ on the 12 day of life, but on the 30 day was higher than the body weight of piglets in the control group 1.15 times (P &lt; 0.001). The level of protein in the serum of piglets of the experimental group from birth to 30 day of life was probably higher compared to the control, which indicates that iron (IV) clatrochelate stimulates protein synthesis in the body. Therefore, double injection of 10 % solution of iron (IV) clatrochelate in a dose of 10 ml in combination with injections of cyanocobalamin at a dose of 500 mcg of active substance to pregnant sows pregnant sows 14 and 7 days before the expected farrowing provides a preventive effect of iron deficiency anemia in piglets born to them.

Hemoglobin content, hematocrit and morphological parameters of blood of piglets under the influence of iron preparations

Hypoplastic anemia is a disease that is associated with a decrease in the number of red blood cells and / or hemoglobin per unit volume of blood due to hematopoietic disorders and is manifested by changes in metabolism and growth retardation. Particular attention was paid to changes in the body of piglets of the experimental group compared with the control in the probable period of manifestation of iron deficiency anemia. The uniqueness of the chemical structure of iron (IV) clatrochelate allowed us to assume that intramuscular administration of a solution of this substance to sows will provide the necessary need for iron during the first months of life of piglets. The influence of the proposed scheme of prevention of this pathology on the further development of young pigs was analyzed. The results of the study of erythrocyte count, hemoglobin content and hematocrit were scientifically significant, because the gradual decrease in these indicators after the birth of piglets is a physiologically determined phenomenon for animals of this species. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of Iron (IV) clatrochelate in pregnant sows in order to prevent iron deficiency anemia in piglets and to determine its effect on hemoglobin content, hematocrit and morphological parameters of piglets' blood. To achieve this goal, 2 groups of newborn piglets-analogues were formed during their retention with suckling sows – control and experimental, 15 animals in each. The experiment lasted 60 days. Piglets from the experimental group were selected from sows who were injected 10 ml 10 % Iron (IV) clatrochelate solution twice intramuscularly during pregnancy. The results of the studies show that the content of hemoglobin in the blood of piglets of the experimental group was the same as in animals of the control group at 1 and 60 days of life, and 1.1–1.3 times lower in other periods of the study; hematocrit - was the same on the first day of life and 1.3–1.9 times lower in other study periods. Quantitative indicators of blood cells of piglets of the control and experimental groups did not exceed the normative values, but the number of erythrocytes in the blood of piglets of the experimental group was probably lower than the control indicator at 5, 9 and 30 days of life. Therefore, a double injection of 10 % Iron (IV) clatrochelate solution into pregnant sows 14 and 7 days before the expected farrowing provides a preventive effect on iron deficiency anemia in piglets born to them.

Evaluation of a new three-phase technology pig housing on pig farm with capacity of 12000 pigs per year at the designing stage

Currently, in Russia, the North American technology of keeping pigs with a combined rearing and fattening area (CFSWP) is becoming widespread. It is essentially a two-phase technology for keeping pigs. Many years of research conducted by the authors of the article have shown that the most effective technology is a stress-free methods of keeping pigs. However, it usage is limited by the capacity of the pig farm and the size of the pigsties. A new technology with elements of stress-free pig housing has been developed for a pig farm for the reproduction, rearing and fattening of 12000 pigs per year with a combined sow farrowing and weaning piglet rearing area (CFSWP) in order to form piglets nests at the stages of the suckling period and rearing. Thus, the usage of the new technology is appropriate for pork production industrial enterprises. The usage of this solution allows you to limit the impact of stress on piglets at the most vulnerable stages of cultivation – the suckling period and rearing. The new technology is compared with a standard project that is widely used in Russia according to the developed author’s methodology. The evaluation criteria are the following indicators: the usage of the area of the main purpose and the payment of the area by the production of meat. Despite the fact that the marketable weight of pigs on a farm with the new technology is only 3.8% higher, the payment criterion for the main purpose area is 1.39-1.4 times more effective in comparison with the basic technology. The use of the new three-phase technology with CFSWP will reduce the total area of suckling sows, weaned pigs and fattening pigs by 9.5 %, and increase the productivity of weaned pigs and fattening pigs to 10%.

Detection of Helicobacter suis bacteria in pigs of different age groups

Currently, the pathogenesis of gastric ulcer in pigs remains largely unexplored. The origin of this pathology is most often associated with the type and the technologies of feeding, stresses and disorders of homeostasis of the animal body. The possible involvement of bacteria of the genus Helicobacter in the development of chronic gastritis and gastric ulcer disease in pigs was suggested by the researchers relatively recently. The article comprises the results of investigations aimed at detection of Helicobacter suis bacteria and the contamination degree of porcine gastric mucosa in pigs of different age groups. The stomachs, obtained from suckling pigs, fattening pigs and sows in the slaughterhouse of the Mari El Republic, were examined. The study determined the dependence of pathomorphological changes in the gastric mucosa of pigs on the detection of H. suis in microscopic and biochemical tests as well as in PCR. Thus, no pathomorphological changes in the gastric mucosa of suckling pigs were detected. Severe hyperkeratosis, erosions, and ulcers were found on the stomach mucosa of fattening pigs and sows that were infected with H. suis bacteria. Sows also had ulcerative lesions in the non-glandular region of esophagus. In the biomaterial of suckling piglets the DNA of H. suis bacteria was found only in the pyloric region of the stomach, while in fattening pigs, the DNA of these bacteria was most often isolated from the fundal region, and in sows – from the fundal and cardial regions. This indicates a shift in colonization by helicobacters of the mucous membrane of the stomach from the pyloric to the cardiac sectionincreased with animal age. The obtained research data provide the additional evidence of the etiological role of H. suis in the pathogenesis of gastric ulcer in pigs.

РОЗРОБКА ВИРОБНИЧОЇ ПРОГРАМИ ТА ОБ’ЄМНО-ПЛАНУВАЛЬНИХ РІШЕНЬ ПРИМІЩЕНЬ ДЛЯ ДВОФАЗНОЇ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ ВИРОЩУВАННЯ МОЛОДНЯКУ СВИНЕЙ

У статті показані основні переваги сучасної промислової двофазної технології та умови для оптимального утримання й годівлі свиноматок і поросят. Для її успішного впровадження розроблена виробнича програма та об’ємно-планувальні рішення приміщень для вирощування молодняку на промисловій свинофермі малого типу потужністю виробництва 4000 голів молодняку в рік. Наведено показники виробничої програми виробництва свинини для ферми малого типу. Розраховані основні технологічні параметри потокового виробництва: кількість технологічних груп, тривалість перебування тварин у групі, число днів санітарного розриву. Показано розрахунок головомісць для холостих, умовно-поросних, явно-поросних, підсисних свиноматок, поросят-сисунів, поросят на дорощуванні в маточних станках, ремонтного молодняку на промисловій фермі, за умов реалізації поросят в 65 днів. Наведено об’ємно-планувальні рішення, приміщення № 1 - для утримання кнурів, холостих, умовно-поросних, поросних свиноматок і приміщення, № 2 - для утримання підсисних свиноматок і поросят-сисунів та їх дорощування до 65-денного віку. Крім того, наведено креслення загального вигляду станків для опоросу і вирощування молодняку свиней за сухого ( СП-4ФС) і комбінованого ( СП-4ФК) типу годівлі. В роботі приводиться коротка характеристика обладнання для утримання, годівлі, вентиляції, гноєвидалення та очищення забрудненого повітря. Наведена порівняльна характеристика ефективності проектно-технологічних рішень приміщення для утримання підсисних свиноматок і молодняку свиней. Зокрема, в ній показано кількість станкомісць, оборот станкомісць, кількість дорощеного молодняку, отриманого з одного станкомісця за рік, валовий вихід продукції на одне станкомісце за рік, вихід продукції на 1 м2 виробничої площі за базового та нового варіантів. Розроблені проектно-технологічні і об’ємно-планувальні рішення приміщення для опоросу свиноматок і утримання відлучених поросят до 65-денного віку з новим станковим обладнанням для промислової свиноферми потужністю 4000 голів дають можливість отримати валовий вихід продукції на одне станкомісце 12,95 ц за рік та вихід продукції на 1 м2 виробничої площі 3,07 ц (проти 10,44 ц за рік і 1,39 ц у базовому варіанті, відповідно).