Successful Leadership Research Articles

Multidimensional analysis of entrepreneurial leadership and spatial innovation for sustainable startup success in emerging markets

AbstractUnderstanding the key factors that drive entrepreneurial success is vital in our quest to achieve sustainable development goals and cultivate inclusive business models in emerging markets. This study employs a mixed‐methods approach, combining qualitative expert interviews (n = 25) with content analysis of secondary data sources (76 journal articles, 17 reports, 20 newspaper articles, 15 blogs, 24 video clips, and 7 book chapters). Data were investigated utilizing grounded theory techniques, including open, axial, and selective coding. The study focuses on successful startups in Bangladesh, selected based on criteria, such as financial performance, growth potential, and innovation. The findings reveal that 92% of successful startup leaders possess resilience, 88% demonstrate effective communication skills, 84% exhibit a growth mindset, and 80% employ a strategic mindset. Furthermore, 76% of these leaders foster a culture of innovation by embracing failure, 72% adopt a vision‐oriented approach, and 68% decentralize authority. The study highlights that 64% of successful startups leverage market analysis techniques, 60% optimize their supply chains, 56% employ effective risk management strategies, 52% focus on customer segmentation, and 48% utilize crowdsourcing methods to enhance their strategic decision‐making and operational efficiency. Conversely, 40% of unsuccessful startups lack salesmanship skills, 36% lack humility, and 32% have limited coachability. This research contributes to the understanding of entrepreneurial strategies and the private sector's role in achieving sustainable business development in emerging markets, providing valuable insights for entrepreneurs, policymakers, and stakeholders in the entrepreneurial ecosystem.

Theoretical Gap and Delimitation of Engineering Leadership in the Malaysian Construction Industry

In the context of the Malaysian construction industry, effective leadership remains pivotal for navigating the complexities inherent in engineering projects. Past studies have consistently identified leadership as one of the critical factors in ensuring the success of construction projects. Effective leadership has been linked to project performance, timely completion, and team coordination. Despite the recognized importance of leadership in construction project success, there remains a lack of a clear definition of engineering leadership. This ambiguity poses challenges for the development of robust frameworks to guide and cultivate engineering leaders. This article addresses the theoretical gaps and delimitations remarked in current studies on leadership within engineering sector, specifically in construction industry. A comprehensive review of leadership theories reveals a progression from foundational concepts such as Trait Theory to contemporary frameworks including Transformational and Servant Leadership. While these theories have enriched our understanding of leadership dynamics, there exists a discernible stagnation in the development of new theoretical frameworks. Many studies predominantly focus on validating existing models rather than pioneering innovative perspectives tailored to the unique challenges of the Malaysian construction ecosystem. This review highlights the need for future research to explore and articulate imperative insights that can effectively guide leadership practices within Malaysia's construction sector, fostering project outcomes and sustainable industry development.

Building a Leader Framework for Post-Pandemic Response Expertise for Higher Education Future Reality

A successful future for higher education is dependent on the level of preparedness to manage future crises that are no longer linear processes in the best way possible. The severe disruption of academic progress post-COVID-19 across the globe brought a growing sense of chaos in the education system. This forced education institutions to adopt a rapid re-design of institutional strategic systems that called for different kinds of responses in different contexts because previous successful leadership approaches often fail in crisis situations. However, the challenges brought about by the chaos have positively presented humanity with many opportunities to re-think and re-engineer a new way of doing business. Therefore, this paper designs and develops a post-pandemic conceptual model that is an approach to crisis management, quick decision-making, and quick problem-solving to enable general adaptation to future pandemics. Through a developmental research design and a comprehensive literature review, an adaptive emergence response cycle (AERC) was developed and built around the theory of chaos, the reflective practitioner theory, using the adaptive approach. One potential benefit of the post-pandemic response model was the creation of an emergency response equation that was best suited for the post-pandemic crises. This model allows higher education management to be protected by planning generalizable futuristic crisis models.

The Role of Leadership in Transforming Retail Technology Infrastructure with DevOps

In the fast changing retail technology market, DevOps principles are transforming how firms manage and improve their technological infrastructure. This study examines how leadership may use DevOps to improve retail technology and operations. As retail embraces digital transformation, technological strategies must fit with business goals. This change requires leaders to guide their firms through complicated infrastructure upgrade and operational efficiency. DevOps, which emphasizes communication between development and operations teams, continuous integration and delivery, and automation, has become essential for technological infrastructure agility and efficiency. DevOps benefits retail companies in a competitive world with quick customer behavior and market fluctuations. These include increased deployment frequency, time-to-market, dependability, and scalability. DevOps demands a fundamental change in corporate culture and leadership, not simply new technologies and procedures. This article discusses how successful leadership can promote collaboration, transformation, and DevOps alignment with strategic corporate objectives to achieve this cultural transition. Leadership helps overcome change resistance, foster cross-functional cooperation, and incorporate DevOps into the organization's technology and business operations. Leaders must also address talent shortages, resource limits, and outdated systems that might hinder DevOps rollout.

Integrating Entrepreneurship into Education: Cultivating Skills for Innovation, Leadership, and Future Workforce Success

Background and Aims: Integrating entrepreneurship into education is critical for equipping students with essential skills like innovation and adaptability, which are required for success in a competitive job market. This approach not only enhances individual career opportunities but also promotes a more dynamic and resilient society capable of meeting today's challenges. This paper will investigate the integration of entrepreneurship into education. Methodology: This paper investigates existing literature and case studies to assess the effectiveness of various educational approaches in developing entrepreneurial skills. It summarizes findings and makes evidence-based recommendations to improve entrepreneurship education. Results: The finding found that Integrating entrepreneurship into education provides students with critical skills for navigating today's dynamic job market while also encouraging a mindset of resilience and continuous learning. As educational institutions evolve to include entrepreneurship in their curricula, students will be better prepared for both entrepreneurial and traditional careers. This integration not only improves individual prospects but also helps to create a more innovative and adaptable society, which drives economic growth and addresses global challenges. Conclusion: Integrating entrepreneurship into education gives students valuable skills for a rapidly changing job market while also encouraging resilience and lifelong learning. This approach not only improves career readiness but also contributes to the development of a more innovative and adaptable society capable of driving economic growth and addressing global challenges.

Leadership Traits Behaviour and Skills in Industrial Set Up an Critical Analysis

Effective leadership in industrial environments is crucial for achieving operational excellence and driving organizational success. This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the essential qualities, actions, and abilities of a leader that support successful leadership in industrial environments. First, there is an exploration of essential leadership traits including emotional intelligence, resilience, and ethical integrity, analyzing their roles in enhancing leaders' abilities to motivate and support their teams.

Successful School Principalship: A Meta-Synthesis of 20 Years of International Case Studies

This meta-synthesis crosses international borders by analyzing successful principalship across nine countries. With careful, detailed, systematic, and analytic synthesis, it critically explores research-informed understandings of successful principal leadership over the last 20 years. The paper is an interim report of reviews of the 85 articles and 23 chapters produced by the International Successful School Principal Project (ISSPP), the largest, longest-running international research project in this field. In that project, success is defined as the principal’s ability to grow and sustain students’ academic, personal, and social developments and achievements over time. The results add to existing knowledge of how successful school principals achieve success by examining high-quality, published case study evidence from Australia, Cyprus, Israel, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Spain, the UK, and the US. Results suggest common sets of core values, qualities, and practices among school principals, regardless of national contexts, conditions, or cultures. Because the research design is multi-perspective and multi-layered, the case studies also show significant, context-informed differences in timing, pace, and extent of application of improvement strategies. Thus, the findings of this synthesis paint a thorough and cohesive picture of who successful principals are and what they do over time at the global level to achieve success, as they navigate values-led school success in different contexts and improvement phases within complex internal and external ecological chrono-, macro-, exo-, meso-, and microsystems.

Strategies for the Success of Leaders in Managing Non-Formal Schools in Remote Areas in Indonesia

Strategies for the Success of Leaders in Managing Non-Formal Schools in Remote Areas in Indonesia

Putting Traits Associated with Effective Medical Leadership into Action: Support for a Faculty Development Strategy.

Leadership development is essential to the well-being of medical organizations, but leadership concepts do not easily translate into skills or actions. The Mayo Leadership Behavior Index© (Leader Index), a validated instrument describing eight leadership traits associated with constituent well-being, can serve as a guide. The authors analyzed narratives from a qualitative study of senior medical leaders describing successful leadership behaviors to see how the tenets of the Leader Index can be applied. Current/emeritus chairs of major academic departments/divisions from a single institution were asked to describe anecdotes of actions used by leaders in actual settings. Narratives from interviews were analyzed for behaviors that map to the eight traits in the Leader Index. Eleven senior leaders volunteered multiple scenarios of effective and ineffective leadership with illustrative examples. The behaviors they identified mapped to all eight traits of the Leader Index, specifically career conversations, empowerment to do the job, encouragement of ideas, treatment with respect and dignity, provision of job performance feedback and coaching, recognition of well-done work, information about organizational changes, and development of talents and skills. These findings provide faculty development experts and psychologists tangible behaviors and actions they can teach to enhance leadership skills.

СТУДЕНТТЕР ҮЧҮН САБАКТАН ТЫШКАРКЫ ИШ-ЧАРАЛАРДЫ УЮШТУРУУ АРКЫЛУУ СОЦИАЛДЫК КОМПЕТЕНЦИЯЛАРЫН КАЛЫПТАНДЫРУУ

Currently, the importance of extracurricular activities in the educational process of students is considered great. Various types of activities create conditions for the comprehensive development of students and active participation in public life. This article discusses the benefits of their extracurricular activities and describes in detail the formation of students’ social competencies using examples. Activities that require leadership develop students’ organizational and leadership skills. In the future, they can become successful leaders in their social and professional lives. Overcoming challenges in activities and learning from failures increases students’ resilience and psychological stability. This prepares them for various life challenges. And sports activities improve students’ physical fitness and strengthen their health. This improves their overall quality of life and develops healthy habits.

Why Women Exit Politics: The Case of Two Grassroots Activists in a Slum in New Delhi

This article investigates why it is so difficult for women to succeed in politics in India, and it analyses this from a grassroots perspective in a slum in New Delhi. Based on longitudinal ethnographic research, I explore and compare in-depth the political trajectories of two women activists and examine why, despite being successful leaders of women and allied with male political ‘godfathers’, they have ended up leaving grassroots activism altogether. I show that both women were first pulled into political activism by NGOs working on women’s empowerment, that both later allied with male politicians to help draw ‘the women’s vote’ and that both women’s respective success largely rested on their concern with so-called women’s causes. However, neither of them was able to build up their own patronage networks, which is necessary to gain an independent political standing in politics. They remained dependent on their male political mentors and on family support; losing one or both of these instigated their respective exits from activism and politics.

Federal and State Funding Initiatives in School Improvement: A Texas Focus

This article explores the impact of federal and state funding initiatives on school improvement, focusing on the Texas Education Agency (TEA). It examines the evolution of the Texas Tech University principal preparation residency program, emphasizing the importance of partnerships, research, and continuous improvement in principal preparation. Key TEA initiatives include the Texas Incentive Allotment, Grow-Your-Own Grant, and Principal Residency Grant. These initiatives support teacher retention, recruitment, and leadership development, contributing to the success of instructional leaders across Texas. The program's design integrates practical experience with theoretical knowledge, preparing residents for effective school leadership.

Introducing Entrepreneurship Knowledge for Generation Alpha as the Key to Shaping Independent Generations in the Digital Era

ABSTRACT Technological disruption is the greatest challenge that must be faced. Therefore, mental maturity is needed to understand and take advantage of its benefits while controlling oneself against its drawbacks. One way to achieve this is by fostering an entrepreneurial spirit from an early age. This effort aims to provide entrepreneurial knowledge to parents to create a generation that is independent, creative, and competitive in the future. By introducing the concept of entrepreneurship early on, it is hoped that Generation Alpha can develop the potential to become successful leaders and entrepreneurs in an increasingly complex era. This program uses counseling methods in the form of seminars and Q&A sessions. Community Service (PKM) was conducted at SB Kp. Pandan, Malaysia, with 36 participants. This PKM program successfully increased the participants' understanding of entrepreneurship by 64.38%, with 23 participants showing improved knowledge based on the questionnaires distributed before and after the counseling session. Overall, this program successfully enhanced the participants' entrepreneurial knowledge. Keywords: Knowledge, Entrepreneurship, Independence, Generation Alpha

Confronting A Crisis: How Leadership Reacted During COVID-19 Pandemic -A Case Study of Two Private Schools of Karachi, Pakistan, Dealing with The Challenges of Online Teaching and Learning

The purpose of this study was to discover how school heads of two low budget schools reacted during the COVID-19 crisis and how their thinking, practices, and approaches helped them in dealing with the challenges of sudden digital transition in teaching and learning. For this case study, two principals were purposefully chosen representing two private schools, having a low fee structure, and catering to similar kind of clientele. Moreover, the data was collected through interviews, observations, and documents’ review. The findings showed that the preparedness of the schools and leadership is very crucial in dealing with a crisis. During the COVID -19 crisis, technological preparedness and competence were essential. Additionally, leaders’ ability to respond and communicate well on time, intuition and foresightedness, experience and training, good governance, and above all, resilience and trust were some of the major qualities highlighted in the research findings for them to emerge as successful leaders during a crisis. The COVID-19 crisis urged the principals to prioritize their safety and well-being along with taking care of the well-being of other stakeholders of the school community. Also, the need for equity in teaching and assessment was also echoed by the two principals

Evaluation of Healthcare Operations Management using TOPSIS Method

The daily activities of the facility that have an effect on consumer satisfaction and organizational goals are referred to as healthcare operations management. The goal of healthcare program management is to raise money to keep service levels and standards at a reasonable level. Planning, coordinating, and controlling a healthcare system's activities are all parts of operations management in hospitals. It comprises both clinical and quasi-function management. Follow the operating budget, financial goals, and performance standards with economy and efficiency. Develop policies and processes that support high-quality healthcare by working together with hospital management, clinical teams, and the neighborhood. directing a group of medical specialists. financial responsibilities such as managing the revenue cycle, procuring medical supplies, and tracking patient billing, claims, and reimbursements. administer the policies and procedures of the medical facility, make sure that best practices are implemented, and deal with instances of facility non-compliance. Understanding and observing current healthcare rules and regulations requires analytical skills. Encourages employees to give their best effort to patient care. Employing, training, and delegating work to the proper employees while coming up with innovative solutions to staff members and patient issues are all examples of managerial skills. More and more complicated operations were carried out by licensed surgeons. The average functional workload rises sharply with age, peaks between the ages of 40 and 44, and then drops linearly after that. Following medical school graduation, it takes a surgeon 18 years to work as much as they can. a facility created, staffed, and outfitted for the diagnostic of illness, the medical and surgical care of the ill and injured, and their housing while undergoing these procedures. A contemporary hospital frequently doubles as a training and research facility. Outlining the steps necessary to accomplish specified objectives is the process of strategic planning in healthcare systems. All strategies have the same objective, which is to bring an organization's activities into line with its declared goal or values, despite the fact that there are several strategy kinds and degrees. Hospitals, medical equipment, diagnostic testing, telemedicine, medical tourism, outsourcing, and health insurance are all part of the healthcare industry. Due to its development, rising spending on services, and governmental and private organizations, the Indian healthcare industry is expanding quickly. assisting many departments in cooperating to accomplish the hospital's objectives. Control hiring, training, and quality control procedures for patient care. involvement in setting the budget and calculating the price of healthcare services. The first group consists of regular patients who see their doctor each month. People must continue using the healthcare system since they have a chronic sickness of some kind. "Healthy" patients fall into the second category. Providing products and services that are used to practice medicine through prophylactic, prophylaxis, rehabilitative, and palliative care is the function of the healthcare industry, commonly referred to as the healthcare industry or the health economy. The Indian government is very important in the health industry. India happens to be among the world's most populated nations, and its people need access to high-quality healthcare. The Indian government contributes significantly to funding healthcare projects and enhancing the availability and standard of services. Health care may operate in a systematic manner thanks to hospital administration, which makes it easier to supply diverse services quickly and easily. It enables better financial control for major hospitals that provide a wide variety of services by managing cash flow, making smarter investments, and regulating costs. Successful health service leaders never stop stressing how important it is to provide safe, excellent treatment that is compassionate. They make sure that customers' voices are regularly heard at all levels, and they continuously monitor patient experiences, worries, wants, and comments (both positive and negative). TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) analysis using Knowledge areas, Procedures, Medical conditions, Patient groups, Planning horizons, Levels of difficulty Alternative value, and New Karolinska, Sabbatsberg, Dander yd hospital Evaluation Parameters in value. Knowledge areas, Procedures, Medical conditions, Patient groups, Planning horizons, and Levels of difficulty. New Karolinska, Sabbatsberg, Dander yd hospital. Patient groups got the first rank whereas Medical conditions had the lowest rank.

Evaluation of Healthcare Operations Management using TOPSIS Method

The daily activities of the facility that have an effect on consumer satisfaction and organizational goals are referred to as healthcare operations management. The goal of healthcare program management is to raise money to keep service levels and standards at a reasonable level. Planning, coordinating, and controlling a healthcare system's activities are all parts of operations management in hospitals. It comprises both clinical and quasi-function management. Follow the operating budget, financial goals, and performance standards with economy and efficiency. Develop policies and processes that support high-quality healthcare by working together with hospital management, clinical teams, and the neighborhood. directing a group of medical specialists. financial responsibilities such as managing the revenue cycle, procuring medical supplies, and tracking patient billing, claims, and reimbursements. administer the policies and procedures of the medical facility, make sure that best practices are implemented, and deal with instances of facility non-compliance. Understanding and observing current healthcare rules and regulations requires analytical skills. Encourages employees to give their best effort to patient care. Employing, training, and delegating work to the proper employees while coming up with innovative solutions to staff members and patient issues are all examples of managerial skills. More and more complicated operations were carried out by licensed surgeons. The average functional workload rises sharply with age, peaks between the ages of 40 and 44, and then drops linearly after that. Following medical school graduation, it takes a surgeon 18 years to work as much as they can. a facility created, staffed, and outfitted for the diagnostic of illness, the medical and surgical care of the ill and injured, and their housing while undergoing these procedures. A contemporary hospital frequently doubles as a training and research facility. Outlining the steps necessary to accomplish specified objectives is the process of strategic planning in healthcare systems. All strategies have the same objective, which is to bring an organization's activities into line with its declared goal or values, despite the fact that there are several strategy kinds and degrees. Hospitals, medical equipment, diagnostic testing, telemedicine, medical tourism, outsourcing, and health insurance are all part of the healthcare industry. Due to its development, rising spending on services, and governmental and private organizations, the Indian healthcare industry is expanding quickly. assisting many departments in cooperating to accomplish the hospital's objectives. Control hiring, training, and quality control procedures for patient care. involvement in setting the budget and calculating the price of healthcare services. The first group consists of regular patients who see their doctor each month. People must continue using the healthcare system since they have a chronic sickness of some kind. "Healthy" patients fall into the second category. Providing products and services that are used to practice medicine through prophylactic, prophylaxis, rehabilitative, and palliative care is the function of the healthcare industry, commonly referred to as the healthcare industry or the health economy. The Indian government is very important in the health industry. India happens to be among the world's most populated nations, and its people need access to high-quality healthcare. The Indian government contributes significantly to funding healthcare projects and enhancing the availability and standard of services. Health care may operate in a systematic manner thanks to hospital administration, which makes it easier to supply diverse services quickly and easily. It enables better financial control for major hospitals that provide a wide variety of services by managing cash flow, making smarter investments, and regulating costs. Successful health service leaders never stop stressing how important it is to provide safe, excellent treatment that is compassionate. They make sure that customers' voices are regularly heard at all levels, and they continuously monitor patient experiences, worries, wants, and comments (both positive and negative). TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) analysis using Knowledge areas, Procedures, Medical conditions, Patient groups, Planning horizons, Levels of difficulty Alternative value, and New Karolinska, Sabbatsberg, Dander yd hospital Evaluation Parameters in value. Knowledge areas, Procedures, Medical conditions, Patient groups, Planning horizons, and Levels of difficulty. New Karolinska, Sabbatsberg, Dander yd hospital. Patient groups got the first rank whereas Medical conditions had the lowest rank.

A Statistical Analysis of Strategic Leadership Qualities in the Pharmaceutical Sector of India's National Capital Region

In recent years, leadership quality has played a vital role for professional success of corporate leaders and their organization. However, it is affected by various dominant variables. This information paves the way for the present study. This research paper presents a comprehensive analysis of demographic characteristics, perceptions of leadership styles, innovative leadership practices and employee engagement within pharmaceutical industries located in India's National Capital Region (NCR). Considering their professional tenure and strategic decision-making ability, 383 participants were examined for this work. This research paper analyses different types of innovative leadership styles and highlights their shortcomings and strengths. In addition, the study also assesses the effects of innovative leadership practices. The study finds that while moderate positivity is appropriate, it also has many inconsistencies, especially in relation to the Indian pharmaceutical sector. The work shows moderate positivity in perceptions related to roles, recognition, and decision-making, with average ratings around 3.20. Significant variations in how valued and involved different groups feel indicate discrepancies across departments, emphasizing the need for initiatives that enhance inclusivity and uniform recognition to boost engagement and satisfaction.

The Great Breach: Populism and the Undermining of the Public Sphere with the Logic of the Private One

Abstract What can explain the remarkable electoral successes of populist leaders across the world in the last two decades? This article contributes to the growing research on possible answers by proposing a new perspective. Modern societies have long featured, and largely benefited from, a split between the private and public spheres. Each sphere has functioned according to its own logic. Populist leaders have attacked and delegitimized the public sphere by destabilizing it with the logic of the private one. Since large numbers of citizens have increasingly felt left behind by the public sphere and unable to make their voices heard, they have seen in populist leaders daring representatives of the thoughts and emotions that they have for too long been unable to express openly. This explains their visceral and emotional attachment to those leaders, and their votes at the polls. Evidence comes from some of the most important cases of populist leaders across the world. The paper concludes with reflections on who in society can actually assume the roles of populist leaders, and on the consequences of such a breach of the public sphere for the functioning of the political system.

Women at the top: a qualitative study of women in leadership positions in emergency medicine in Canada.

For the last two decades, more than half of Canadian medical students have been women, with an increasing number of medical trainees choosing emergency medicine as their careers. Despite a proportional increase of women in full-time faculty positions in emergency medicine, women are still underrepresented in leadership. The purpose of this study is to explore the experiences of women leaders in emergency medicine to identify common themes that may have contributed to their acquisition of leadership roles. Participants included women emergency medicine physicians in Canada who currently or previously held a leadership position. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Inductive thematic analysis was performed on the interview transcripts. Transcribed data were coded and categorized into recurrent themes. A narrative summary of the most impactful themes was presented. Twenty participants were interviewed. Most participants perceived career opportunities were due to chance, related to personal skill set, or required additional training. Participants highlighted the importance of mentorship and sponsorship. Gender expectations and traditional gender roles were perceived as having a negative impact on career leadership success. Participants acknowledged the need for women in leadership to empower younger generations of women to become leaders. For future emergency medicine leaders, participants suggested applying for leadership positions early, networking, and seeking mentorship. Potential supportive changes to leadership structures included explicit parental leave policies, flexible scheduling, and job sharing to encourage women leaders. To date, there has been no Canadian specific study exploring the factors contributing to the success of women leaders in emergency medicine. This study examines career advancement of women leaders in emergency medicine and provides useful insight to those aspiring to grow their careers, as well as to mentors and sponsors of women in emergency medicine.

Leadership and the high reliability transformation: A qualitative study at Truman VA medical center.

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) has committed to becoming a High Reliability Organization (HRO). The Truman VA Medical Center (VAMC) successfully implemented and sustained foundational HRO elements over a period with several changes in facility executive leadership. We interviewed current and past leaders at Truman to understand how they retained fidelity to the HRO transformation. We conducted 16 interviews with 14 leaders involved in the HRO transformation and identified three themes related to the Truman HRO transformation: (1) Leadership visibly drove culture change through intentional communication and modeling HRO principles; (2) Leadership deferred to frontline expertise and empowered staff to make changes and to fail; (3) Hiring the right team members for the organizational culture and investing in training can support HRO principles and values. Our findings highlight key actions for leaders in the context of HROs: regularly communicate the significance of HRO, demonstrate behavior consistent with what they hope to see from staff, celebrate failure, allocate time and resources to the creation of hiring frameworks that identify employee skillsets conducive to HRO principles, and substantial and recurring investments in employee development. Importantly, successive executive leaders at Truman VAMC modeled these skills to promote and sustain the HRO transformation.