Successful Management Plan Research Articles

RangeShiftR: an R package for individual‐based simulation of spatial eco‐evolutionary dynamics and species' responses to environmental changes

Reliably modelling the demographic and distributional responses of a species to environmental changes can be crucial for successful conservation and management planning. Process‐based models have the potential to achieve this goal, but so far they remain underused for predictions of species' distributions. Individual‐based models offer the additional capability to model inter‐individual variation and evolutionary dynamics and thus capture adaptive responses to environmental change.We present RangeShiftR, an R implementation of a flexible individual‐based modelling platform which simulates eco‐evolutionary dynamics in a spatially explicit way. The package provides flexible and fast simulations by making the software RangeShifter available for the widely used statistical programming platform R. The package features additional auxiliary functions to support model specification and analysis of results. We provide an outline of the package's functionality, describe the underlying model structure with its main components and present a short example.RangeShiftR offers substantial model complexity, especially for the demographic and dispersal processes. It comes with elaborate tutorials and comprehensive documentation to facilitate learning the software and provide help at all levels. As the core code is implemented in C++, the computations are fast. The complete source code is published under a public licence, making adaptations and contributions feasible.The RangeShiftR package facilitates the application of individual‐based and mechanistic modelling to eco‐evolutionary questions by operating a flexible and powerful simulation model from R. It allows effortless interoperation with existing packages to create streamlined workflows that can include data preparation, integrated model specification and results analysis. Moreover, the implementation in R strengthens the potential for coupling RangeShiftR with other models.

Wildlife Value Orientations and Demographics in Greece

Value orientations can predict attitudes and possibly behaviors. Wildlife value orientations (WVOs) are useful constructs for predicting differences in attitudes among segments of the public towards issues in the wildlife domain. We carried out face-to-face interviews with a representative sample of the Greek population (n = 2392) to investigate two basic WVOs, domination and mutualism and the four WVO types that result from their combination: traditionalist (high domination, low mutualism), mutualist (high mutualism, low domination), distanced (low mutualism, low domination) and pluralist (high mutualism, high domination), and how they relate to sociodemographics. Based on basic WVOs, the Greek population was predominantly mutualism-oriented. The analysis of WVO types also revealed that mutualists were the most abundant (41.0%) followed by the distanced (31.1%). Traditionalists (17.9%) and pluralists (10.0%) occupied smaller proportions of the population. Younger individuals were more mutualist-oriented, while older individuals (>35 years old) were more traditionalist and distanced-oriented. Females were more mutualist than males, the latter being more traditionalist. Those with higher education were more mutualist and less traditionalist and distanced than those with lower education. Pet owners were more mutualist and less distanced than non-pet owners. WVO types did not vary with current residence. The produced knowledge would inform about differences in WVOs among segments of the public and would be therefore useful for implementing successful wildlife conservation and management plans.

Resilient supply chain to a global pandemic

The design and management of a supply chain (SC) in a global pandemic require a different approach than those used for more spatially restricted risks, such as earthquakes. A successful SC design and management plan should consider pandemic spatiotemporal characteristics as well as its effects on production and logistical operations, and on the SC workforce at risk. In this paper, a stochastic mixed integer linear programming model is developed to maximise the conditional value at risk (CVaR) of SC profit given a set of pandemic scenarios. An exemplar SC network from the literature is utilised, along with randomly generated pessimistic and optimistic pandemic scenarios. The proposed model is demonstrated by obtaining SC designs for different cases pertaining to pandemic influence and strategic policies. The resultant SC designs are used to contrast the performance of management plans across different pandemic scenarios and for different levels of workforce at risk. Supply chains for socially critical products, such as ventilators, are studied separately to examine the impact of SC network expansion on maximizing satisfied demand. Finally, we investigate the effects of diversifying network node locations across different administrative regions on SC performance. Several managerial insights are presented for SC planners to aid in creating viable designs and management plans.

How many fish could be vocal? An estimation from a coral reef (Moorea Island)

A recurrent question arising in fish bioacoustics research concerns the number of vocal fish species that may exist. Although it is not possible to provide a precise globally valid number, an estimation based on recordings already collected at coral reefs (Moorea) and on morphological approaches indicates that approximately half of the fish families of this particular environment has at least one known sound-producing species. In light of this, acoustic behaviour should be fully considered in biology, ecology and management plans as it may provide information on a consistent portion of fish biodiversity. Fish bioacoustics has switched from anecdotal reports to long-term, large-scale monitoring studies, capable of providing high resolution information on fish populations’ composition and dynamics. This information is vital for successful management plans in our quickly changing seas.

The effects of urbanization on aquatic ecosystems in peri-urban protected areas of Mexico City: The contradictory discourse of conservation amid expansion of informal settlements

Years of population growth and urban expansion have affected ecologically forested areas outlying Mexico City. To control the growth and the negative impact on natural areas, the Conservation Land act of 1987s declared protection of non-populated forest areas. However, this initiative has been overshadowed by the growing demand of affordable housing. The expansion of housing in protected areas has been coupled with unclear guidelines from local authorities in restricting domestic growth. This study focuses on the Magdalena River micro-basin, which is key to freshwater provisioning to Mexico City. The objective of this research is to show the socio-ecological effects of urbanization and the lack/misguidance of local governance on the Magdalena River. Ecological quality was assessed through identifying hydro-morphological quality and bioindicators such as macroinvertebrates and macroalgae. This information was paired with social data collected through an archival study of historical literature, and interviews with residents who are both lawfully and unlawfully living within protected areas. The results show that the ecological quality of the Magdalena River is undergoing significant changes because of an influx of nutrients and external alterations made to the riparian zone. Pollution from housing, restaurants, and trout farms are the factors most directly related to the changes. Additionally, we encountered little to no federal/local policy aimed at controlling inputs and altercations to the river. Our study has shown that urbanization within the micro-basin negatively alters the biological diversity. The growth further facilities the increase of fecal bacteria posing a risk to human health. Social data from interviews and the literature review showed the ecological importance of the area to the local people. In the past there have been two cases of restoration efforts made by the municipal government, but their intentions for restoration ultimately failed. In both efforts were poorly planned and were not communicated with local people nor did they include local participation. As a consequence, the locals have a general distrust of the external stakeholder. Apart from local development misinformation and unwelcome restoration intervention, there is a long history of governmental authorities incurring acts of corruption and bribery. Many unauthorized settlements are unaware or have not been educated about the environmental impact they are having on ecosystems and are often overlooked or excluded when it comes to creating policy. In conclusion, local participation and approval is essential to the creation of a successful management plan, thus it is important governmental officials seek their involvement. Conservation land within the micro-basin is insufficient to protect the ecological integrity of ecosystems as both landowners and local authorities are facilitating unsustainable practices that transit between the vision on paper of a sustainable city and the lack of concrete facts to achieve it.

Antimicrobial activities of a small molecule compound II-6s against oral streptococci

ABSTRACT Background: The side effects of present antimicrobials like chlorhexidine (CHX) and the emergence of drug resistance necessitate the development of alternative agents to control dental caries. Aim: This study developed a novel small molecule, namely II-6s, and investigated its antimicrobial activities against common oral streptococci associated with dental caries. Methods: The susceptibility of streptococci to II-6s was evaluated by the microdilution method, time-kill assay and scanning electron microscopy. The exopolysaccharides, dead/live bacteria and bacterial composition of the II-6s-treated Streptococcus mutans/Streptococcus gordonii/Streptococcus sanguinis 3-species biofilms were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy, fluorescent in situ hybridization and quantitative PCR. The anti-demineralization effect and cytotoxicity of II-6s were evaluated by transverse microradiography and CCK-8 assay, respectively. Repeated exposure of S. mutans to II-6s was performed to assess if II-6s could induce drug resistance. Results: II-6s exhibited antimicrobial activity similar to CHX against S. mutans, S. gordonii and S. sanguinis and significantly inhibited exopolysaccharides production, live bacteria and the demineralizing capability of the 3-species streptococcal biofilms. Besides, II-6s showed reduced cytotoxicity relative to CHX and did not induce drug resistance in S. mutans after 15 passages. Conclusion: - II-6s may serve as a promising part of a successful caries management plan.

Chronic Pain after hospitalization in intensive care unit

Patients admitted to Intensive Care Units (ICU) suffer from critical illness and have the highest mortality rates among hospitalized patients. For those who survive, recovery is often a prolonged rehabilitation period with physical, cognitive and psychological dysfunction. Pre-existing chronic pain, previous impairment in quality of life due to health problems, but also the critical illness itself and organ support with multiple interventions, predispose to the development of chronic pain in the post-critical period, making it difficult to return to the pre-disease functional status. Opioid administration during mechanical ventilation is a common practice, frequently without reliable or systematic assessment of pain and individualized titration of dosage. Multimodal analgesia, including dexmedetomidine, ketamine, adjuvant medication and regional analgesia techniques can prevent chronic pain and treat withdrawal symptoms during opioid weaning. Early mobilization and physiotherapy as soon as the patient’s condition becomes stable, continuous assessment of pain and its corresponding treatment during hospitalization and the following period, individualized titration of opioids and follow-up by a team of specialists during rehabilitation, comprise a successful management plan for early recognition of complications and effective aftercare treatment of these patients.

Visitor Flows at a Large-Scale Cultural Event: GPS Tracking at Dutch Design Week

Large-scale cultural events bring many economic, social, and cultural benefits to the hosting cities. Although event producers aim to satisfy the visitors’ needs, they do not usually receive feedback on visitors’ experiences. Moreover, lack of spatial dispersal of visitors might result in less visibility for some activities and locations. An understanding of visitors’ spatial and temporal behavior and the factors influencing visitors’ intra-event destination choices is key to efficient and successful event management and future planning. In this article, we examine the relationship between visitors’ spatial and temporal behavior, the spatial structure of the host city, and visitor characteristics. In order to do this, data are collected from 281 event visitors by means of GPS tracking and paper surveys at the Dutch Design Week (DDW) 2017 event in Eindhoven, the Netherlands. Data are used to understand the area of interest locations, visitor flows, visitor clusters and area of interest choices by applying data processing, network analysis, cluster analysis and bivariate analysis. The results show that one of the three dedicated event areas was considerably less popular by the DDW visitors. Moreover, the choice of intra-event destination locations and areas depended mainly on temporal constraints of the visitors. The findings of this study can inform future event planning and management policies in hosting cities.

A review of an electric weir and fishway in a Great Lakes tributary from conception to termination

A successful management plan requires clear goals and a process for evaluation. Without them, managers risk operational shifts in which continuous changes disguised as improvements may have little beneficial effect. The conception, design, and operation of an electric barrier and fishway on the Pere Marquette River of Lake Michigan serve as an illustration. The Great Lakes Fishery Commission operated an electric weir to stop migration of adult sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) and a fishway to provide upstream passage of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during 2000–2009. The weir and fishway were successful in blocking some of the annual spawning run of sea lampreys (trapped an annual average of 439 sea lampreys) and it allowed passage of rainbow trout (an annual average of 6,091). Even with success that yielded an estimated density of 0.03 adult female sea lampreys per 100 m2 of larval habitat upstream of the weir, lampricide treatments continued because the weir still allowed establishment of substantial densities of larval sea lampreys. Our evaluation suggests that an in-stream barrier must approach 100% blockage of sea lampreys to eliminate large recruitment events. The failure of the weir to reduce lampricide treatments was due to an informally defined purpose and measures for success at the onset, the complexity of electric weir systems (and the operational problems created by such intricacy), and lack of recognition of the reduction in larval sea lamprey recruitment needed to succeed. Control of sea lampreys in the Pere Marquette River could have benefited from an adaptive management approach.

Forecasting Seasonal Habitat Connectivity in a Developing Landscape

Connectivity and wildlife corridors are often key components to successful conservation and management plans. Connectivity for wildlife is typically modeled in a static environment that reflects a single snapshot in time. However, it has been shown that, when compared with dynamic connectivity models, static models can underestimate connectivity and mask important population processes. Therefore, including dynamism in connectivity models is important if the goal is to predict functional connectivity. We incorporated four levels of dynamism (individual, daily, seasonal, and interannual) into an individual-based movement model for black bears (Ursus americanus) in Massachusetts, USA. We used future development projections to model movement into the year 2050. We summarized habitat connectivity over the 32-year simulation period as the number of simulated movement paths crossing each pixel in our study area. Our results predict black bears will further colonize the expanding part of their range in the state and move beyond this range towards the greater Boston metropolitan area. This information is useful to managers for predicting and addressing human–wildlife conflict and in targeting public education campaigns on bear awareness. Including dynamism in connectivity models can produce more realistic models and, when future projections are incorporated, can ensure the identification of areas that offer long-term functional connectivity for wildlife.

Development and Evaluation of a Nurse Leadership Succession Planning Strategy in an Academic Medical Center.

Absence of nurse manager succession planning in an academic medical center necessitated a quality improvement project to identify, select, and enroll emerging leaders into a development program. The authors used organizational competencies and an evidence-based approach to effectively identify barriers, select future nurse leaders, and discover opportunities for process improvement.

Clearing up the Crystal Ball: Understanding Uncertainty in Future Climate Suitability Projections for Amphibians

Amphibian populations are threatened globally, and one of the hypotheses for these declines is climate change. Species distribution models are frequently used to predict changes in suitable habitat as a result of changing climates; however, these projections can be heavily influenced by choice of modeling approach. To evaluate global predictions for amphibians, we conducted a literature review of studies that utilize correlative species distribution models to project changes in climate suitability under various climate change scenarios. We paid particular attention to the use of model selection in choosing among candidate species distribution models (SDMs) so as to control for overparameterization of SDMs. In addition, we conducted a case study with three species of Slender Salamanders (Batrachoseps) to further investigate the impact of differences in modeling decisions on projected amphibian climate suitability. We found 83 studies (including the present case study) in which projections of future climate suitability were made for amphibian species. Of those studies, 36 included estimates of percent change in climate suitability and thus were included in our meta-analysis. These studies included projections for over 1000 species or species complexes, with the majority being Anurans (86%), and encompassed five continents with the most representation in South America, Europe, and North America. Across these studies, average projected change in climate suitability ranged from －70% to 167%, and these projected changes varied with dispersal assumptions representative concentration pathway (RCP) used, the projection year, and taxonomic order. Only three of the 36 studies reported the use of Akaike information criterion (AIC)-based model selection to choose a best-fit SDM. However, our case study demonstrated that predicted change in climate suitability varied whether the best-fit or default SDM was used for projections. Further, this result varied among species (ΔAIC = 0), suggesting that the impact of overparameterization differs across species. Our results illustrate that there is a pressing need to project climate suitability across more species and more geographic regions. In addition, we may need to revisit projections for previously investigated species to evaluate additional climate scenarios and whether overparameterization may have influenced projections. Our ability to accurately model future changes in climate suitability will be essential for successful conservation and management plans for amphibians.

Differences in encounters, likeability and desirability of wildlife species among residents of a Greek city

Urbanization is ever-increasing worldwide and urban green spaces and their associated wildlife are becoming critically important for human well-being. Understanding public preferences for urban wildlife would allow urban planners and managers for designing successful management plans. 600 Greek urban residents were asked to rate their frequency of encounters, likeability and desirability to encounter more often 30 urban wildlife taxa. Factor analysis identified three groups varying in degree of encounters, likeability and desirability. The most likeable species were also the most desirable (butterfly, songbird, duck, tortoise, squirrel, feral pigeon, hedgehog, heron, little owl). Structural models revealed that likeability was the most significant and positive predictor of desirability, in all identified species desirability groups: desirable, undesirable and indifferent. Participation in environmental lifestyle and conservation actions and support of animal welfare were generally positive predictors of encounters, likeability and desirability in all identified groups. Age was a significant negative predictor of encounters in the desirable and undesirable groups, of likeability in the desirable group and of desirability in the indifferent group. Females liked more than males the desirable species, and less than males the undesirable and indifferent species, encountered more often than males the undesirable and indifferent species, and wished to encounter less often the undesirable species. More educated participants liked the indifferent species more than those less educated, while the former also wished to encounter the undesirable species more often than the latter. Pet owners encountered all species more often than non-pet owners, liked more the indifferent species and wished to encounter more often the desirable species than non-pet owners. Our findings revealed public preferences for wildlife species in urban green spaces. This information would be valuable for managing urban wildlife for the benefit of both people and wildlife, in the study area and elsewhere, especially in areas where similar species occur.

Genetic diversity, population structure, and immigration, in a partially hunted puma population of south-central Argentina

AbstractCarnivores are decreasing globally due in part to anthropogenic ecological disturbances. In Argentina, human activities have fragmented wildlife habitat, thereby intensifying puma–livestock conflict and leading to population control of the predator species by hunting. We investigated genetic variability and population structure of pumas (Puma concolor) from three south-central Argentine provinces with two different management policies for the species: full protection versus legal hunting. All genetic estimates were based on 83 individuals genotyped at 25 species-specific microsatellite loci. The overall genetic diversity was high (observed heterozygosity = 0.63), but lower than in other South American populations. Spatial analyses revealed the presence of two bottlenecked genetic clusters with very similar diversity and low gene flow (3% per generation) between them. However, analyses based on a priori separated groups showed that gene flow follows increasing values of hunting pressure, converging to the area with the greatest number of individuals harvested. Our results suggest that hunting pressure likely is contributing to the gene flow pattern, limiting pumas’ movements and creating a metapopulation dynamic among geographic subpopulations. Integrated demographic and genetic approaches are needed to better understand pumas’ movements across the landscape and adopt successful management plans to achieve long-term population viability.

Compliance with marine mammal protection: Focus groups reveal factors in commercial fishermen's decisions

In researching non-compliance with use of an acoustical device (a pinger), required under the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) to protect harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in the Northeast U.S., focus group research provided insight on facets of non-compliance not previously considered. This method of group interview can reveal individuals' knowledge and perceptions of the legitimacy of a problem, process and solution along with social (including legitimacy) and economic factors, and cultural norms that can influence compliance or other decisions. In addition, each participant filled out a short survey on topics we already expected to be of interest. We investigate how these factors from the focus group discussion and the survey influence a fisherman's decision to comply with marine mammal regulations. Prior to the focus groups we expected participants to either fully comply or not comply at all with pinger requirements. By using multi-method research, we found that there was a third group that included fishermen that mostly complied but eliminated one mandatory pinger for safety reasons. Using harbor porpoise as a case study, we provide insight on approaches to improve compliance, a key component of a successful management plan designed to reduce marine mammal bycatch in commercial fisheries.

Cultural Heritage Management as a Generator of Socio-Economic Development (The Case Study of Syria)

The purpose of the study was to determine the methods of successful management plan in cultural heritage sites. In addition to that, the research task was to clarification the nexus between cultural heritage and sustainable economic development in an operational and empirical manner. In the empirical part of the study, the main concern was finding out how to merge the cultural heritage sites in economic development projects for the local economy development. The methodology adopted for this study involved an innovative combination of economic and social assessment techniques. Economic assessment techniques applied included value analysis of cultural heritage sites. The study showed the culture heritage plays a significant role in the regeneration and development of local and regional areas. Contrary to expectations, the results indicated the great relationship between cultural heritage and socio-economic development to develop regional and local economy. Consistent to earlier research the study supported the hypothesis that using cultural heritage in local economic development projects. The results can be applied to cultural heritage sites and tourist destinations. Further study is required to investment of cultural heritage sites to achieve socioeconomic development.

On the relationships between plant species richness and the environment: a case study in Eastern Ghats, India.

Many places of the earth support high plant species richness, but emphasis is given to biodiversity hotspots with rich endemic species under threats of destruction by anthropogenic interventions. This definitely underplays species conservation at several places significant for optimisation of preserving natural ecosystems. Here we explore influences of climate, physiography and disturbance on plant species richness of the Eastern Ghats. We focus on the implications of water-energy dynamics and climatic heterogeneity on community distribution. Initially, 26-environmental variables were considered for the study, but eight least correlated variables viz., aspect, human appropriation of net primary productivity, global human footprint, mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, precipitation of driest quarter, terrain ruggedness index and temperature seasonality were utilised for further analysis. A total of 1670 species from 2274 sampling locations of 22564 records were examined using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and decision trees. Water-energy dynamics broadly regulates plant richness, with significant influence of mean annual precipitation and temperature. Precipitation of the driest quarter is the most significant factor in describing plant richness, indicating the availability of water during the dry period is crucial. The rise in temperature is likely to deteriorate further, where temperature seasonality is significant. Temperature seasonality determines thermal variability and assesses the intensity of climate change impacts on plant richness. The study offers ecological insights for successful conservation and management planning for the sustenance of the Eastern Ghats' rich biodiversity.

Allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in sickle cell disease.

Discussing the currently available HSCT options for Hb SS patients highlighting advantages and disadvantages of each modality in the light of recently published data. When MSD is available, myeloablative regimen is the preferred approach for otherwise healthy children whereas the nonmyeloablative (NMA) regimen is of choice for adults as well as children with SCD-associated morbidities. Mixed chimerism is common especially with NMA conditioning and is usually enough for cure. Alternative donor HSCT outcomes are progressively improving especially with posttransplant cyclophosphamide for GVHD prophylaxis. Recent studies comparing HSCT and chronic transfusion in Hb SS patients increasingly come in favor of HSCT arm. Advances in HSCT field led to donor pool expansion and better tolerated regimens. It is easier now to tailor a personalized transplantation plan for almost every patient. A successful management plan should be sufficiently comprehensive addressing patients' and families' social and psychological concerns to ensure compliance and improve outcome.

Corporate Governance: Role of HR

Corporate governance is one of the most important differentiators of business that is distilled from an organisation’s culture, its policies and ethics, especially of the people running the business, and the way it deals with various stakeholders. It represents the relationship among stakeholders that is used to determine and control the strategic direction and performance of organisations. This article establishes the role of corporate governance as an enabler and explores the scope—by protecting valuations of a company, determining industrial competitiveness or differentiating a good mergers and acquisitions deal from a bad one—rather than the barrier it has become today. The article emphasises the sustainability and effective implementation of governance practices through self-regulation and voluntary adoption of ethical code of business conduct, which will naturally ensure compliance with every statutory law and guideline. Considering that the workforce today is multigenerational in an age of hyper-globalisation, one of the key tasks is to garner respect, acceptability and adherence to code of conduct by each employee. It further elaborates on the relevant regulatory laws and rules framed by the government, which act as a broader framework for calibrating the company-level ethical compass. The role of human resources (HR) is to embed corporate governance in all aspects of the business. This article dwells on the fact that HR is responsible for not just formulating code of conduct and policies, but also getting them embedded in spirit within the DNA of every employee. It encompasses various organisational and strategic interventions such as employee communication, effective control systems structuring, corporate sustainability, senior management selection, development and succession planning, international presence, diversity and inclusion mindset, setting the culture, promoting a safe workplace, etc. With the Companies Act in 2013 paving the way for a shift in mindset from a regime of control to that of liberalisation and self-regulation—something that the corporates needed to compete globally—HR plays a crucial role of being the enablers of change and not just ‘personnel management’.

Effect of investigative laparoscopy on bladder pain syndrome: a prospective cohort trial.

Chronic pelvic pain is a debilitating condition, and establishing both an etiology and a successful management plan is challenging. Bladder pain syndrome (BPS) is one such etiology, with some studies reporting a prevalence of up to 50% in women with chronic pelvic pain (Van De Merwe et al. Eur Urol 53: 60-67, 2008; Cervigni and Natale Int J Urol 21: 85-88, 2014). This study aimed to assess the impact that investigative laparoscopy with treatment of endometriosis has on bladder pain syndrome in women with and without endometriosis. A prospective cohort study was conducted with participants recruited from a tertiary gynecology unit and the private rooms of participating gynecologists. Women included were those scheduled for laparoscopy for investigation of pelvic pain of > 6 months, aged 18-40years. Each patient completed a preoperative questionnaire, and a standardized study operative report was used to collect laparoscopy findings. Any endometriosis found was treated with excisional surgery. Patients were then reviewed with the same questionnaire at 3, 6 and 12 months post-surgery. A total of 150 patients were included in the trial. Seventy-five percent of patients (n = 112/150) were diagnosed with endometriosis. Of them, 43% (n = 48/112) also had BPS. The overall BPS rate was 43% (n = 64/150). At 12months, there was a significant reduction in overall pain and pelvic pain in all groups. Of the women with BPS, there was no difference in symptom score reduction between those with endometriosis treated and those without endometriosis. BPS resolved in 42% of women 12 months post-laparoscopy, regardless of whether endometriosis was diagnosed and treated or not. Of the women without BPS preoperatively, 14% developed de novo BPS at 12 months, regardless of whether endometriosis was diagnosed and treated or not. Our findings show that BPS improves in the 12months after investigative laparoscopy and treatment of endometriosis for chronic pelvic pain, regardless of presence or absence of endometriosis.