Successful Data Transmission Research Articles

Analysis of the Interdelivery Time in IoT Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks

In this article, we investigate an energy harvesting (EH) wireless sensor network for the Internet of Things (IoT) where monitoring applications require a continuous update of sensing information. The considered system consists of independent EH sensor nodes equipped with capacitors and providing, through unreliable channels, status updates to a non EH sink. The distribution of the interdelivery time, i.e., the time elapsed between two successive and successful status update deliveries, is derived in the closed-form expression considering a random EH arrival process. Moreover, the interdelivery violation probability metric, defined as the probability to exceed a predetermined interdelivery threshold, is analyzed. Our analysis reveals that the violation probability is highly dependent on the size of the capacitor. Both analytical and simulation results demonstrate the existence of an optimal capacitor size that achieves the minimum violation probability. Moreover, our findings reveal an interesting tradeoff in the system design. On one hand, a small capacitor charges quickly and thus status updates are sent more frequently but with lower transmit power and thus a high error rate. On the other hand, a large capacitor increases the transmit power and boosts the successful data transmission probability, at the expense of a higher waiting time before filling the capacitor and transmitting sensed data.

WITHDRAWN: Developing a software reliability evaluation model for wireless sensor networks based on analysis of software fault growth

Abstract Due to potential of various application in emergency and security monitoring fields, fault tolerance monitoring in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) software reliability became one of the most fundamental concern in computer field. In WSNs Previous literature had been proposed about how to improve network reliability. However the work done on establishing evaluating models of reliability for WSNs are insufficient yet. In this article, a model for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is developed for the reliability evaluation. This network state based model can effectively do the evaluation of the probability of successful transmission of data in WSNs with the consideration of the work states of both the sensor node’s different modules. For WSNs we did the evacuation for reliability of in both tasks i.e., single, multi-task modes. At the same time, how different network topologies, affect the reliability of WSNs is also discussed respectively. To evaluate the reliability of WSNs the simulation attempts are shown in results that impacts network state on reliability and the effectiveness in different reliable mechanisms.

DronAway: A Proposal on the Use of Remote Sensing Drones as Mobile Gateway for WSN in Precision Agriculture

The increase in the world population has led to new needs for food. Precision Agriculture (PA) is one of the focuses of these policies to optimize the crops and facilitate crop management using technology. Drones have been gaining popularity in PA to perform remote sensing activities such as photo and video capture as well as other activities such as fertilization or scaring animals. These drones could be used as a mobile gateway as well, benefiting from its already designed flight plan. In this paper, we evaluate the adequacy of remote sensing drones to perform gateway functionalities, providing a guide for choosing the best drone parameters for successful WiFi data transmission between sensor nodes and the gateway in PA systems for crop monitoring and management. The novelty of this paper compared with existing mobile gateway proposals is that we are going to test the performance of the drone that is acting as a remote sensing tool to carry a low-cost gateway node to gather the data from the nodes deployed on the field. Taking this in mind, simulations of different scenarios were performed to determine if the data can be transmitted correctly or not considering different flying parameters such as speed (from 1 to 20 m/s) and flying height (from 4 to 104 m) and wireless sensor network parameters such as node density (1 node each 60 m2 to 1 node each 5000 m2) and antenna coverage (25 to 200 m). We have calculated the time that each node remains with connectivity and the time required to send the data to estimate if the connection will be bad, good, or optimal. Results point out that for the maximum node density, there is only one combination that offers good connectivity (lowest velocity, the flying height of 24 m, and antenna with 25 m of coverage). For the other node densities, several combinations of flying height and antenna coverage allows good and optimal connectivity.

Ultrasonic data transmission across metal structures affected by environmental conditions

Variable environmental conditions present a major hurdle for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems which involve the signal processing of Ultrasonic Guided Waves (UGW). Two important cases of variable conditions are investigated in this article: (i) The effect of changing temperature and (ii) the impact of water surrounding a technical structure. In two complementary case studies, an aluminum plate and a steel pipe with flange are examined. The article concentrates on the emerging task of UGW-based data transmission across these solid waveguides. In particular, permanently attached piezoelectric transceivers are deployed for digital communication using amplitude modulation, namely on-off keying (OOK). The laboratory experiments are accompanied by a mathematical treatment as well as numerical simulations. Successful data transmission is established and analyzed. Based on the provided analysis, distinct strategies are identified for reliable communication in the presence of changing environmental conditions. The results are of eminent importance in the framework of SHM where, apart from monitoring, the supplementary capability of the transceivers to exchange health-related information across the waveguide itself, represents an innovative feature for the design of future intelligent SHM systems.

Fuel Consumption and Delay Aware Traffic Scheduling in Vanet Environment

Increased vehicle traffic rate leads to higher waiting time, which would cause increased fuel consumption. Existing work 3-phase fuzzy-decision tree model attempts to make decision regarding traffic management quickly. Delay in data communication would increase the decision-making time, which is not concentrated in the existing work. In this work, Fuel Consumption and Delay aware Traffic Scheduling Method is introduced. Here when the vehicle is encountered with another vehicle, then it will communicate with the road side units and gain information such as vehicles count and coverage region. In this work coverage aware clustering protocol is introduced which would ensure the successful data transmission. Based on nodes count present within the cluster message replication quota is decided which reduce the network load. In MATLAB environment, evaluation of this research work is done and better results are exhibited by proposed work when compared with existing work as shown by results of experimentation.

Joint Data Collection and Fusion Using Mobile Sink in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks

Using a mobile sink for data collection from the sensors has been considered as a good way to prolong the network lifetime of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). To avoid the problems of long delay and data non-fresh, some previous studies selected a set of data collection points (CPs) and all the other sensors transmit their data to the closest CP in a multi-hop manner. Then the mobile sink only needs to visit and collect data from the selected CPs, reducing the path length of the mobile sink and the time required for collecting data from all sensors. This paper proposes a data collection mechanism, called DDCF, which uses a mobile sink to collect data in a heterogeneous WSN(HWSN), aiming to prolong the network lifetime while improving the surveillance coverage. The proposed DDCF mainly consists of CP selection and tree topology construction phases in each round. The CP selection phase takes into consideration multiple parameters including remaining energy, coverage contribution as well as data fusion degree and then dynamically selects CPs in each round for balancing the lifetime of CPs and improving the surveillance quality. In the tree topology construction phase, each sensor selects its parent by considering the remaining energy, data fusion degree and transmission success ratio, which aims to dynamically construct a tree topology for further reducing and balancing the energy consumptions of sensor nodes. Performance study shows that the proposed DDCF outperforms existing studies in terms of network lifetime, fairness as well as surveillance quality.

PAINT: Priority aware interference mitigation techniques for improving coexistence in home area networks of smart grid

SummaryAs smart grid (SG) home area networks (HANs) communicate with various smart devices such as meters, sensors, and actuators on a 2.4‐GHz unlicensed band, the coexistence of different wireless technologies in such networks is a common phenomenon due to the overlapping of channels. In this research, homogeneous and heterogeneous interference are considered to address the coexistence problem in smart utility networks (SUNs). The homogeneous interference is mitigated by utilizing the contention free period (CFP) and the contention access period (CAP) of the MAC layer superframe of IEEE 802.15.4g designed for SUNs. This frame is used to get access for the channel. For this, a slotted CSMA/CA algorithm is used for various priority levels of data with adjustable backoff period (BP) and clear channel assessment (CCA) period in order that nodes (devices) with high priority can achieve high probability of channel access. By modeling the proposed scheme using the Markov chain, the exactness of the proposed scheme is assessed based on throughput, channel access delay, energy consumption per bit, and probability of successful data transmission and collision. A performance evaluation of the proposed scheme is further investigated by comparing it with the existing scheme PA‐MAC. In addition, a channel switching mechanism is explored to mitigate the heterogeneous interference with the help of a Naive Bayes classifier prediction. Finally, the prediction indicates that by choosing the non‐coexisting and the non‐overlapping channel, the proposed channel switching mechanism effectively mitigates the heterogeneous interference.

Reliability-Optimal Cooperative Communication and Computing in Connected Vehicle Systems

The emergence of vehicular networking enables distributed cooperative computation among nearby vehicles and infrastructures to achieve various applications that may need to handle mass data by a short deadline. In this paper, we investigate the fundamental problems of a cooperative vehicle-infrastructure system (CVIS): how does vehicular communication and networking affect the benefit gained from cooperative computation in the CVIS and what should a reliability-optimal cooperation be? We develop an analytical framework of reliability-oriented cooperative computation optimization, considering the dynamics of vehicular communication and computation. To be specific, we propose stochastic modeling of V2V and V2I communications, incorporating effects of the vehicle mobility, channel contentions, and fading, and theoretically derive the probability of successful data transmission. We also formulate and solve an execution time minimization model to obtain the success probability of application completion with the constrained computation capacity and application requirements. By combining these models, we develop constrained optimizations to maximize the coupled reliability of communication and computation by optimizing the data partitions among different cooperators. Numerical results confirm that vehicular applications with a short deadline and large processing data size can better benefit from the cooperative computation rather than non-cooperative solutions.

Performance Modeling and Analysis of WDM Optical Networks under Wavelength Continuity Constraint using MILP

Objective: Optical networks exploit the Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) to meet the ever-growing bandwidth demands of upcoming communication applications. This is achieved by dividing the enormous transmission bandwidth of fiber into smaller communication channels. The major problem with WDM network design is to find an optimal path between two end users and allocate an available wavelength to the chosen path for the successful data transmission. Methods: This communication over a WDM network is carried out through lightpaths. The merging of all these lightpaths in an optical network generates a virtual topology which is suitable for the optimal network design to meet the increasing traffic demands. But, this virtual topology design is an NP-hard problem. This paper aims to explore Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) framework to solve this design issue. Results: The comparative results of the proposed and existing mathematical models show that the proposed algorithm outperforms with the various performance parameters. Conclusion: Finally, it is concluded that network congestion is reduced marginally in the overall performance of the network.

Improving the Timeliness of Bluetooth Low Energy in Dynamic RF Environments

The ability to communicate within given delay bounds in noisy RF environments is crucial for Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) applications used in safety-critical application domains, such as health care and smart cities. In this work, we experimentally study the latency of BLE communications in the presence of radio interference and show that applications may incur long and unpredictable transmission delays. To mitigate this problem, we devise a model capturing the timeliness of connection-based BLE communications in noisy RF channels by expressing the impact of radio interference in terms of the number of connection events necessary to complete a successful data transmission ( n CE ). We show that this quantity can be estimated using the timing information of commands sent over the host controller interface of common BLE devices, hence without additional communication overhead or energy expenditure. We further show that a BLE device can make use of our BLE timeliness model and recent n CE measurements to adapt its BLE communication parameters at runtime, thereby improving its performance in the presence of dynamic radio interference. We implement such an adaptive scheme on the popular nRF52840 platform and perform an extensive experimental study in multiple indoor environments using three different BLE platforms. Our results show that a BLE application can, indeed, make use of the proposed model and recent n CE measurements to adapt its connection interval at runtime to increase the timeliness of its communications, reducing the number of delayed packets in noisy RF environments by up to a factor of 40.

An Adaptive Channel Hopping and Dynamic Superframe Selection Scheme With QoS Considerations for Emergency Traffic Transmission in IEEE 802.15.6-Based Wireless Body Area Networks

In modern days, as medical technology advances and the world’s population grows, healthcare has been undergoing crucial changes. The common practice of clinical treatment is gradually being overhauled by ubiquitous healthcare systems. The wireless body area networks (WBANs) are becoming increasingly important for future healthcare applications. According to the human physiological information, WBAN not only sends the real-time notification to the user but also decreases the transmission delay of patient information to the physician for the medical decision. As medical emergency information must be transmitted after a disaster occurrence, the number of WBANs and emergency traffic increase in the particular area. In the situations, a large number of WBANs may be close to each other, thus causing inter-WBAN interference and increasing the transmission delay. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a dynamic channel and superframe selection scheme (DCSSS) in IEEE 802.15.6 WBANs. DCSSS records the channel interference degree which is used to adaptively select different superframe structures and to effectively transmit data. It mitigates the inter-WBAN interference to improve the transmission delay and QoS violation. Additionally, it increases the chance of successful data transmission before the deadline of the data as well as reduces power consumption.

Design of BeiDou-based data acquisition system for oil and gas wells in remote areas

The real-time operation status monitoring of natural gas wells in the wilderness area has problem such as construction suffering, high maintenance cost, and high data transmission cost. In view of the above problems, this paper studies the design of a multi-node data transmission system using Beidou satellite short message as the data transmission means. Firstly, analysed the advantages and disadvantages of several common data transmission methods and introduced the Beidou short message; Secondly, introduced the main working parameters of the oil and gas well; Thirdly, The data acquisition and transmission system was designed in detail and the prototype system was developed. The experimental results show that the data transmission success rate of the system can reach more than 98%. This system solution can provide a useful reference for engineering with similar requirements.

Efficient Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Sensor Network in Emergency Applications

Routing or forwarding information, such as the location of incidents and victims in a disaster, is significantly important for quick and accurate incident response. However, forwarding such information in disaster areas has been a challenging task for the Wireless Sensor Network as existing networks are affected (destroyed or overused) the disaster. Opportunistic information forwarding can play a vital role in such circumstances. Existing opportunistic routing protocols require huge message transmissions for cluster restoration, which is not energy efficient and results in packet loss. Hence, this paper introduces an energy efficient and reliable opportunistic density cluster-based routing protocol that opportunistically transmits data using a density-clustering protocol for emergency and disaster situations. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol outperforms some existing and well-known routing protocols in terms of network energy consumption, throughput and successful data transmissions.

An energy efficient IS-MAC based on distributed coordination function (DCF) for wireless passive sensor networks

This work presented the depth analysis on various (MAC) layer protocols and designed algorithm. All these methods have been implemented and modified for the wireless networks. Some existing MAC algorithms are introduced with their problem and evaluation. Lastly, evaluation of various form of WSN behalf of the MAC present algorithms (such as S-MAC, IEEE802.11) to our proposed work. A new MAC algorithm is proposed on the concept of S-MAC issues which have contentions window (CWs) according to carrier - sense his secure in S-MACI & IS-MACI algorithm and capable to modify CW based on the system traffic, energy spent reduced in IS-MAC (Improved Sensor MAC). Same MAC algorithm is modified with DCF-MAC protocol to improve successful data transmission and energy consumption in the network. All the work carried on the NS2 network simulator.

Stochastic Downlink Power Control for Various User Requirements

Power Control (PC) can coordinate mutual interference between cells in heterogeneous cellular networks (HCNs). Most of the existing works focus on real-time PC problems based on instantaneous channel state information (CSI) for all users. However, such scheme may result in low feasible probability and high energy consumption. If the PC problem is frequently infeasible, the users that require low latency communications will fail to get services in time. In this paper, we classify the users into two categories according to their sensitivity to latency: delay-sensitive-users (DSUs) and non-delay-sensitive-users (NDSUs). We use instantaneous signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR) constraints to ensure the success of data transmission per time slot to meet DSUs’ low latency requirements, and the long-term mean data rate constraints to ensure NDSUs’ average data rate requirements. On the one hand, the long-term constraints allow the system to sacrifice NDSUs’ short-term performance to guarantee DSUs’ instantaneous performance when the channel condition is poor. On the other hand, the system will appropriately improve NDSUs’ performance to ensure their target mean data rate when the channel condition is good. Under this scheme, we formulate the PC problems under perfect CSI, bounded CSI error and stochastic CSI error scenarios as a uniform problem, which is a non-convex stochastic constrained problem. The recently proposed constrained stochastic successive convex approximation (CSSCA) technique is utilized to handle this problem. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can significantly improve the feasible probability of DSUs’ instantaneous constraints and reduce the network’s energy consumption.

Data Fast Transmission Method in Wireless Vehicle Ad-hoc Network

In vehicular ad hoc networks, the current method does not consider the delay of data transmission, resulting in slower vehicle data transmission speed. A vehicle data transmission method based on backbone network is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the characteristics of vehicle ad hoc network are analyzed. Based on the statistics of the road, the vehicle cluster is composed of the vehicles parking on the roadside and no roadside according to the different directions of the vehicle driving. The backbone network is constructed on the basis of the cluster of vehicles, and the data transmission between the vehicles is implemented by the data transmission method of overlay network. This method can overcome the disadvantages of traditional data transmission methods, improve the efficiency of on-board data transmission, and complete the research on fast data transmission method in wireless vehicle ad hoc network. The experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve higher data transmission success rate with lower data transmission overhead and smaller transmission delay.

Data erasure analysis of FPLD based on remodulation bidirectional PON system

ABSTRACTThe data-erasing mechanism is a promising cost-efficient option for future broadband access networks. This paper analyzes the data erasure efficiency of the Fabry Perot Laser Diode(FPLD) at a speed of 5 Gb/s based on bidirectional wavelength division multiplexed passive optical networks (WDM PONs) using the carrier remodulation technique. The effects of many parameters such as the biasing current, extinction ratio, confinement factor, and injection power demonstrate the data erasure efficiency of the FPLD in the upstream bidirectional remodulation PON system are discussed. The novelty of this study is the very high front facet reflectance results are demonstrated. A range of injection power from −25 dBm to 0 dBm and an FPLD bias current of 20-100 mA were applied to the system. The injection power below 0 dBm and bias current above 30 mA provide successful transmission of upstream data. The FPLD can suppress the residual downstream extinction ratio <0.5 dB.

Study of LoRa (Long Range) communication for monitoring of a ship electrical system

This paper presents a study of long range (LoRa) communication for monitoring of a ship electrical system. Three categories of electrical system include generator, power distribution, and navigation are monitored. A low power communication technology of LoRa is used to transmit electrical variables such as current, voltage, and power are logged and sent to the server. Experiments using LoRa SX1278 and Arduino have been inducted to validate the performance of the communication. Three spreading factors 12, 7, 6 have been tested. From experiments results, the performance of the communication has been analysed, if has been found that 97% successful data transmission was achieved with maximum distance. Furthermore, small baud rate communication was more suitable for the application.

Home-Based Telemedicine for Children with Medical Complexity.

Background: Children with medical complexity (CMC) are high utilizers of health care services. Telehealth encounters may provide a means to improve care outcomes for this population.Objective: To evaluate the feasibility, usability, and impact of an in-home telehealth device in the care of CMC.Methods: This single-center feasibility study employed a nonblinded randomized clinical trial design. English-speaking caregivers of children within a pediatric complex care program with home Wi-Fi were eligible for participation. Participants were randomized 1.5:1 with stratification based on tracheostomy status to a control group that received usual care or an intervention group that received a telehealth device for in-home use. Patients were followed up for 4 months. The primary outcome was successful device connectivity and data transmission. Data included clinician encounter device usability; caregiver satisfaction; and encounter type, purpose, and cost. Descriptive statistics, negative binomial regression, and Kaplan–Meier plot were used for analysis.Results: Twenty-four patients were enrolled (9 controls, 15 in the intervention group) in September 2016. The telehealth device was attempted in 73 encounters. Device connectivity was successful 96% of the time. Image and sound quality were acceptable in 98% of visits. Caregivers expressed their overall satisfaction with the device. The hospitalization rate was lower in the intervention group (0.77 vs. 1.14 intensive care unit days/patient-months), resulting in $9,425/USD per patient savings compared with the control group.Conclusion: Despite small sample size and short observation period, this study demonstrated that use of an in-home telehealth device is feasible, well received by caregivers, and can result in decreased hospitalizations when compared with usual care.

An Improved Distributed Gradient-Push Algorithm for Bandwidth Resource Allocation over Wireless Local Area Network

Bandwidth allocation problems over wireless local area network have attracted extensive research recently due to the rapid growth in the number of users and bandwidth-intensive applications. In this paper, a bandwidth allocation problem over wireless local area network with directed topologies is investigated and the global objective function of the problem consists of local downloading and uploading cost with both constraints of feasible allocation region and network resources. An improved high-efficiency gradient-push algorithm is proposed for the bandwidth allocation problem which not only guarantees successful data transmission but also minimizes the global objective function. Compared with the existing distributed algorithms, firstly, we use weighted running average bandwidth to replace the current state variables which can ensure the solution converge to the optimal value asymptotically with probability one. Next, noisy gradient samples are used in the proposed algorithm instead of accurate gradient information which enhances the robustness and expands the scope of application. Theoretical analysis shows the convergence rate of the time-averaged value to the optimal solution. Finally, numerical examples are presented to validate the proposed algorithm.