Success Rate Research Articles

Point Cloud Attacks in Graph Spectral Domain: When 3D Geometry Meets Graph Signal Processing.

With the increasing attention in various 3D safety-critical applications, point cloud learning models have been shown to be vulnerable to adversarial attacks. Although existing 3D attack methods achieve high success rates, they delve into the data space with point-wise perturbation, which may neglect the geometric characteristics. Instead, we propose point cloud attacks from a new perspective-the graph spectral domain attack, aiming to perturb graph transform coefficients in the spectral domain that correspond to varying certain geometric structures. Specifically, leveraging on graph signal processing, we first adaptively transform the coordinates of points onto the spectral domain via graph Fourier transform (GFT) for compact representation. Then, we analyze the influence of different spectral bands on the geometric structure, based on which we propose to perturb the GFT coefficients via a learnable graph spectral filter. Considering the low-frequency components mainly contribute to the rough shape of the 3D object, we further introduce a low-frequency constraint to limit perturbations within imperceptible high-frequency components. Finally, the adversarial point cloud is generated by transforming the perturbed spectral representation back to the data domain via the inverse GFT. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed attack in terms of both the imperceptibility and attack success rates.

A Contemporary Review on the Critical Role of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Agents in Colorectal Cancer Therapy.

Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are widely recognized as effective pain relievers and function by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase enzyme (COXs). Moreover, they have been found to participate in various cellular processes through different signaling pathways, such as WNT, MAPK, NF-KB, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR. This makes them potential candidates for chemoprevention of several malignancies, particularly colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the use of NSAIDs in cancer prevention and treatment is a complex issue due to their adverse effects and gastrointestinal toxicity. Therefore, it is crucial to explore combination therapies that can minimize side effects while maximizing synergistic effects with other agents and to evaluate the success rate of such approaches in both pre-clinical and clinical studies. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the effects of NSAIDs in the prevention and treatment of CRC. We will focus on elucidating the possible mechanisms of action of these drugs, the signaling pathways involved in CRC, and the potential synergistic effects when combined with other therapeutic agents.

Clinical, Radiographic, and Histologic Outcomes of Regenerative Endodontic Treatment in Human Immature Teeth Using Different Biological Scaffolds: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Biological scaffolds such as blood clot (BC), platelet-rich plasma (PRP), platelet- rich fibrin (PRF), and platelet pellet (PP) are used in regenerative endodontic treatments (RETs). To systematically and quantitatively evaluate clinical, radiographic, and histologic outcomes of RET studies using different biological scaffolds. MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane library, and Embase were searched to identify studies on RET procedures with any scaffold type performed on immature non-vital human teeth, employing any type of biological scaffold. Clinical, radiographic, and histologic outcomes were extracted. Cochrane collaboration risk of bias tool and Newcastle-Ottawa scale were used for quality assessment. Random and fixed model meta-analysis was carried out with 95% confidence interval. Thirty-two studies were included in the qualitative analysis from the primarily retrieved 1895 studies. Only one study had high risk of bias and 71.8% of the studies had high quality. None of the studies reported any histologic findings. Thirty studies were included in meta-analysis. Clinical success rate of RET using either BC, PRP, or PRF was >99%. Furthermore, 32%, 23%, and 27% of BC, PRP, and PRF cases regained vitality, respectively. Periapical healing was seen in 67%, 75%, and 100% of BC, PRP, and PRF cases, respectively. There was no statistical difference between BC, PRP, or PRF regarding clinical success or any radiographic outcomes. There was no significant difference between BC, PRP, and PRF in terms of clinical and radiographic outcomes. When it is difficult or dangerous to induce bleeding in root canals, PRP and PRF may be employed instead.

Comparison of Surgical and Colonoscopy Tissue to Establish Colorectal Patient-derived Organoids.

Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) are ex vivo models that retain the functions and characteristics of individualized source tissues, including a simulated tumor microenvironment. However, the potential impact of undiscovered differences between tissue sources on PDO growth and progression remains unclear. This study aimed to compare the growth and condition of PDO models originating from surgical resection and colonoscopy and to provide practical insights for PDO studies. Tissue samples and relevant patient clinical information were collected to establish organoid models. PDOs were derived from both surgical and colonoscopy tissues. The growth of the organoids, including their state, size, and success rate of establishment, was recorded and analyzed. The activity of the organoids at the end stage of growth was detected using calcein-AM fluorescence staining. The results showed that the early growth phase of 2/3 colonoscopy-derived organoids was faster compared to surgical PDOs, with a growth difference observed within 11-13 days of establishment. However, colonoscopy-derived organoids exhibited a diminished growth trend after this time. There were no significant differences observed in the terminal area and quantity between the two types of tissue-derived organoids. Immunofluorescence assays of the PDOs revealed that the surgical PDOs possessed a denser cell mass with relatively higher viability than colonoscopy-derived PDOs. In the establishment of colorectal patient-derived organoids, surgically derived organoids require a slightly longer establishment period, while colonoscopy-derived organoids should be passaged prior to growth inhibition to preserve organoid viability.

Return to Sports in Patients Aged 50 Years or Younger After Robotic-Assisted Patellofemoral Arthroplasty: A 10-Year Experience Reporting High Clinical Benefits and High Patient Satisfaction With Return to an Active Lifestyle

Background: Limited data are available on return to sports and patient psychometric ratings of success after patellofemoral arthroplasty (PFA) in younger patients with high expectations to return to an active lifestyle. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this article was to determine the role of PFA and its success in meeting patient expectations regarding the return to low-impact recreational sports and an active lifestyle in younger, active patients. It was hypothesized that PFA would allow younger patients to return to low-impact sports and an active lifestyle and achieve high patient psychometric ratings. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: In this 10-year prospective study (2009-2018), robotic-assisted PFA was performed on 44 patients (32 women and 12 men; n = 51 consecutive knees), with a mean age of 37.2 years (range, 21-50 years). The follow-up rate was 98%, with a mean of 5.3 years (range, 2-9.3 years). Primary clinical outcomes were as follows: the validated Cincinnati Knee Rating System sports activity and symptom rating scales, patient psychometric ratings of the substantial clinical benefit (SCB), and the Patient Acceptable Symptom State (PASS). Secondary outcomes were the Cincinnati Knee Rating System occupational rating, visual analog pain scale, and the 12-Item Short Form Health Survey. Survivorship was defined by conversion to total knee replacement (TKR). Results: Before PFA, 78% of patients (35/45 knees) were symptomatic and unable to perform recreational sports, with only 20% of patients (9/45 knees) performing some low-impact sports. After PFA, 80% of patients (36/45 knees) were able to perform low-impact sports, and 7% (3/45 knees) performed jumping-pivoting sports (P < .001). The SCB scored by the patient showed 87% of knees as good, very good, or normal. On the PASS analysis, 89% of patients (95% CI, 76%-96%) were “pleased,” and 93% (95% CI, 82%-99%) would undergo surgery again. There were clinically relevant improvements in symptoms of pain, swelling, and giving way (P = .0001). Preoperatively, 91% of knees had moderate to severe pain with activities of daily living, and only 11% of knees had pain at the follow-up. Five of the 50 knees (10%) underwent TKR conversion with one patient lost to follow-up. Conclusion: PFA resulted in a high return of patients to low-impact sports with high SCB and PASS psychometric ratings. The robotic-assisted 3-dimensional preoperative planning allowed precise intraoperative trochlear implant alignment in knees with severe trochlear dysplasia. PFA is recommended as an alternative treatment in younger patients with end-stage symptomatic patellofemoral arthritis. Registration: NCT02738476 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).

Building Research Capacity and Promoting Collaboration Through Grant Writing: Lessons From Ukrainian Universities

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;This study examines the state of grant writing practices in Ukrainian universities and proposes recommendations to enhance their capacity to secure external funding for research and development. Through a mixed-methods approach involving surveys and semi-structured interviews, data was gathered from researchers and faculty members. The study identifies challenges faced by Ukrainian universities in obtaining external funding and highlights important themes for improving grant-writing practices. These themes include promoting collaboration, providing resources and infrastructure, implementing language support policies, raising awareness of funding opportunities, offering institutional support, fostering a research culture, establishing internal grant review processes, leveraging international collaborations, and emphasising evaluation and learning. By addressing these themes, Ukrainian universities can improve their grant-writing practices, increase proposal competitiveness, and enhance success rates in securing external funding. This study provides valuable insights, complements existing literature, and offers practical recommendations for grant writing in Ukrainian universities.&lt;/p&gt;

Predictors of Success of Endonasal Septal Perforation Repair: A 10-Year Experience.

Background: There is no consensus on optimal repair technique for nasal septal perforations (NSPs). Objective: To measure success rate and evaluate predictors of success for NSP repair. Methods: Medical records of patients who underwent NSP repair from 2010 to 2020 were reviewed. Included patients had at least 60 days of postsurgical follow-up. Surgical technique involves an endonasal approach; subperichondrial dissection with local flap mobilization; and multilayer closure using cartilage interposition graft, fascia graft, and mucoperichondrial flaps. A chi-squared test or Fisher exact test was used for statistical analysis. Results: Eighty-one repairs were performed with a closure rate of 86%. The median patient age was 46 years (range 13-77); 34.6% of perforations were ≥2 cm. Conchal (77.8%), rib (7.4%), or septal (7.4%) cartilage was used as graft material. A complication rate of 8.6% was reported. Perforation size or graft material had no impact on successful closure rate. Of patients with failed repairs, 55% had perioperative complications or conditions associated with poor healing. Conclusion: An endonasal approach for NSP repair showed a high success rate across diverse presentations; however, NSP repair was significantly more likely to be successful in patients without perioperative complications or pre-existing conditions associated with poor wound healing.

Evaluation of the Validity of Endoscopic Transpapillary Gallbladder Drainage for Acute Cholecystitis Based on the Tokyo Guidelines 2018.

We evaluated the validity of endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage (ETGBD) as a bridging therapy prior to elective Lap-C for the patients with acute cholecystitis (AC). The Tokyo Guidelines 2018 recommend early laparoscopic cholecystectomy (Lap-C) for patients with AC, however, some patients require the preoperative drainage because of inadequate for early Lap-C du to background and comorbidities. We performed a retrospective cohort analysis using data from our hospital records from 2018-2021. In total, 71 cases of 61 patients with AC underwent ETGBD. The technical success rate was 85.9%. Patients in the failure group had more complicated branching of the cystic duct. The length of time until feeding was started and until WBC levels normalized, and the length of hospital stay were significantly shorter in the success group. The median waiting period for surgery was 39 days in the ETGBD success cases. The median operating time, amount of bleeding, and length of postoperative hospital stay were 134 min, 83.2g, and 4 days, respectively. In patients who underwent Lap-C, the waiting period for surgery and the operating time were similar between the ETGBD success and failure groups. However, the temporary discharge period after drainage and the length of postoperative hospital stay were significantly longer in the patients with ETGBD failure. Our study revealed that ETGBD has equivalent efficacy prior to elective Lap-C despite some challenges that lower its success rate. Preoperativ ETGBD can improve patient quality of life by eliminating the need for a drainage tube.

1239 Trends in Geospatial Availability of Neuro-oncology Clinical Trials in the United States Over Two Decades

INTRODUCTION: Advances in brain tumors treatments rely on successful neuro-oncology (NO) clinical trials. To date, data on NO trials completion in the US is scarce. Understanding these factors could help improve access to and the design of future clinical trials. METHODS: NO clinical trials registered in the US were analyzed (2000-2019). Univariate and multivariate analysis were used to compare success rates among trials. Geospatial analysis was performed to determine the trial density and failure rates across different states. Trial density was estimated by the number of trials/state population. RESULTS: A total of 2,610 neuro-oncology clinical trials were registered in the US during the study period, of which 1,257 met a primary endpoint – completion or trial failure. North Dakota had the highest trial density (6.03 trials/100,000 residents), followed by South Dakota (5.83) and several Northeastern states (3.90-5.60). The change in trial failure rates did not correlate with trial density by state (p = 0.777). The states with the greatest increase in trial failure rates were Nevada (23.1%), West Virginia, Alaska, and Idaho (all three at 20.0%). Florida showed a trend towards a statistically significant increase in failure rates to 10.9% (p = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study highlight the variations in success rates and geographic distribution of neuro-oncology clinical trials in the United States. Factors beyond trial density may be critical to trial success. The significant geographic variations in trial density and failure rates across states emphasize the need for targeted efforts to improve access participation to trials in certain regions. Further studies aimed at identifying the factors contributing to the increase in trial failure rates are needed to develop strategies to improve trial enrollment.

Tratamiento médico del aborto del primer trimestre: igual eficacia, más eficiencia

BackgroundEarly pregnancy loss occurs in 10-20% of all clinical pregnancies, 85% being prior to week 12 of amenorrhea. Miscarriage entails a very significant burden on healthcare resources, reaching a national economic cost in the United Kingdom of £471 million per year (€533.06 million), a figure that can be extrapolated to other industrialized countries. According to a recent systematic review, there are no well-designed trials in first-trimester pregnancies that provide consolidated evidence on what is the best first-trimester abortion treatment method, and there are different studies that have tried to demonstrate cost reduction with contradictory results. Material and methodsAn observational, retrospective and longitudinal design study was carried out. 892 patients diagnosed with spontaneous abortion during the first trimester of pregnancy were reviewed, in the period between January 2013 and December 2016.In our study, we wanted to evaluate the efficacy of vaginal misoprostol as a medical treatment for spontaneous abortion in the first trimester, in comparison with obstetric curettage-evacuator, and to quantify the difference in the costs of both procedures through a cost minimization study. costs. ResultsOf the 892 recruited patients, medical treatment with misoprostol was performed in 517 (57.95%) and surgical treatment by curettage in 375 (42.05%).The effectiveness of medical treatment was 82% (426/517). With respect to surgical treatment the effectiveness of 100%. The success rate of medical treatment was higher in the subgroup of patients with incomplete abortion (92.9%), compared to the anembryonic gestation (85.7%) and delayed abortion (78.2%) groups. ConclusionsThe medical treatment of abortion is a safe management and accepted by the patients. The adequate selection of candidate patients leads to an increase in the success rate and a decrease in costs. In our study, an important total saving of €576,847.92 (37.14%) with respect to surgical treatment will be reduced. Given that the effectiveness is comparable and patient satisfaction is high, although it could be improved, we believe that with adequate information and homogenization of the applied treatment, it is safe.

Stent Insertion for Inoperable Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma: Comparison Between Unilateral Radioactive Stent and Bilateral Normal Stent.

To comparatively analyze the clinical efficacy and safety of unilateral radioactive stent (RS) insertion versus bilateral normal stent (NS) insertion in patients with inoperable hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HC). Patients with inoperable HC were treated in our hospital from January 2016 to December 2020. The treatment approach included the insertion of either unilateral RS or bilateral NS, evaluating the efficacy and safety of therapy in 2 distinct groups. A total of 58 individuals experienced the insertion of a unilateral RS, whereas 57 patients underwent the insertion of bilateral NS. No statistically significant difference between the unilateral RS and bilateral NS groups was seen in the technical success rates (98.3% vs 94.7%, P = 0.598) and clinical success rates (98.2% vs 100%, P = 0.514). While there is no statistically significant difference in the rates of stent restenosis (19.3% vs 9.3%, P = 0.132) between the two groups, the unilateral RS group demonstrated substantially longer stent patency (202 vs 119 d, P = 0.016) and overall survival (229 vs 122 d, P = 0.004) compared with the bilateral NS group. Moreover, 8 patients (14.0%) in the unilateral RS group and 14 patients (25.9%) in the bilateral NS group had postoperative complications with no significant difference ( P = 0.116). When inserting stents for inoperable HC, both unilateral RS and bilateral NS insertion procedures have demonstrated favorable therapeutic efficacy. Nevertheless, inserting a unilateral RS provided a longer duration of stent patency and overall survival than implantation of bilateral NS.

The "Hitch-Stitch" for Preventing High Tracheal Stent Migration: Expanding Indications and Extended Experience.

Airway stenting is a standard treatment option for tracheo-bronchial obstruction and other conditions like tracheo-esophageal fistula (TEF). To prevent stent migration, a percutaneous fixation strategy called the "hitch-stitch" was described in 2016 as an efficient technique. We describe an extended experience of the "hitch-stitch" for silicone stents in high tracheal stenting situations and expanding indications to metal stents. Seventy-four percutaneous stitches were placed in 54 patients (36 males and 18 females). The mean age of the patients was 42 (±19) years. The indication for stenting was tracheal stenosis in 63/74 (85%) cases and TEF in 11/74 (15%) cases. Silicone stents were used in 56/74 (75.5%) cases while self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) were used in 18/74 (24.5%) cases. The majority of the stents (62/74, 85%) were high tracheal stents. The "hitch-stitch" as an anti-migration strategy had a high success rate, with distal stent migration in only 2 cases (2.7%) as the stitch had given way-these were repositioned and hitched with double stitches. Minor complications included delayed skin healing (2.8%) and suture site infection (1.4%), which was successfully managed with oral antibiotics. Stitch removal was easy with no complications. In this large series of percutaneous "hitch-stitch" as a stent migration prevention strategy, long-term data shows it is safe and effective in an expanded cohort of silicone stents. Its extended utility is the successful application to metal stents, especially in TEF, where the consequences can be deleterious. It is simple to do, with minimal extra requirements and not associated with any significant complications.

Novel odor sensing intelligence and surveillance capabilities in controller-responder robots

The rise in global travel has led to an increased need for heightened security measures at airports. Despite the best efforts of airport security officers, in the past year, hundreds of kilograms of illegal drugs and thousands of agricultural invasive species have found their way into the country, posing a severe threat to public safety and the environment. Moreover, human threats pose a significant risk to civil aviation, reinforcing the need for advanced security technology. In response to these challenges, NOSI (Novel Odor Sensing Intelligence) and ROSI (Reconnaissance Operations Security Intelligence), intelligence surveillance systems consisting of semi-autonomous controller-responder robots, were developed as a proof of concept to supplement the efforts of security and K-9 (police dogs) operators at airports. NOSI is equipped with multi-channel gas sensors for odor detection, enabling it to identify illegal drugs and invasive species in the baggage handling process, while ROSI is equipped with computer vision to identify individuals already in the government’s database of persons of interest. These coordinated robots also provide travelers with important information pertaining to their journey and allow them to trigger emergency alerts. The robots were tested in a custom-designed test bed that replicated both the behind-the-scenes baggage handling and front-office customer service operations of an airport, thus simulating a realistic airport-like setting. Based on design criteria, NOSI and ROSI demonstrated success rates of 73.4 percent and 69.8 percent, respectively. Improvements in areas of robot stability, sensor accuracy, and feature expansion were documented for further development. In conclusion, the NOSI and ROSI framework can enhance the efficiency and accuracy of airport infrastructure monitoring and supplement the capabilities of human and K9 operators. Overall, this approach can potentially revolutionize operations in various infrastructures and represents the future of human-robot collaboration.

Reinforcement Learning-Based Switching Controller for a Milliscale Robot in a Constrained Environment

This work presents a reinforcement learning-based switching control mechanism to autonomously move a ferromagnetic object (representing a milliscale robot) around obstacles within a constrained environment in the presence of disturbances. This mechanism can be used to navigate objects (e.g., capsule endoscopy, swarms of drug particles) through complex environments when active control is a necessity but where direct manipulation can be hazardous. The proposed control scheme consists of a switching control architecture implemented by two sub-controllers. The first sub-controller is designed to employs the robot's inverse kinematic solutions to do an environment search of the to-be-carried ferromagnetic particle while being robust to disturbances. The second sub-controller uses a customized rainbow algorithm to control a robotic arm, i.e., the UR5 robot, to carry a ferromagnetic particle to a desired position through a constrained environment. For the customized Rainbow algorithm, Quantile Huber loss from the Implicit Quantile Networks (IQN) algorithm and ResNet are employed. The proposed controller is first trained and tested in a real-time physics simulation engine (PyBullet). Afterward, the trained controller is transferred to a UR5 robot to remotely transport a ferromagnetic particle in a real-world scenario to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach. The experimental results show an average success rate of 98.86\% calculated over 30 episodes for randomly generated trajectories.

Evaluating various machine learning methods for predicting students' math performance in the 2019 TIMSS

The growth of a country strongly depends on the quality of its educational system. All over the world, the education sectors are experiencing a fundamental evolution of their mode of operation. The greatest challenge for education today is the low success rate of learners and the abandonment of education in institutions at a premature age. Early prediction of student failure can help administrators provide timely guidance and supervision to enhance student success and retention. We propose a performance prediction model based on students' social and academic integration using several classification algorithms. This study involves a comparative analysis of five algorithms: logistics regression, k-nearest neighbors (K-NN), support vector machine (SVM), decision tree, and random forest. They were applied to a set of data from TIMSS 2019 in Morocco, to determine their effectiveness in predicting student performance using prediction models such as logistics regression, KNN, SVM, decision-tree, and random forest, decision-makers can make data-driven decisions to enhance educational strategies and improve outcomes in mathematics education.

Link-Backdoor: Backdoor Attack on Link Prediction via Node Injection

Link prediction, inferring the undiscovered or potential links of the graph, is widely applied in the real world. By facilitating labeled links of the graph as the training data, numerous deep learning-based link prediction methods have been studied, which have dominant prediction accuracy compared with nondeep methods. However, the threats of maliciously crafted training graphs will leave a specific backdoor in the deep model; thus, when some specific examples are fed into the model, it will make a wrong prediction, defined as a backdoor attack. It is an important aspect that has been overlooked in the current literature. In this article, we prompt the concept of a backdoor attack on link prediction and propose Link-Backdoor to reveal the training vulnerability of the existing link prediction methods. Specifically, the Link-Backdoor combines the fake nodes with the nodes of the target link to form a trigger. Moreover, it optimizes the trigger by the gradient information from the target model. Consequently, the link prediction model trained on the backdoored dataset will predict the link with a trigger to the target state. Extensive experiments on five benchmark datasets and five well-performing link prediction models demonstrate that the Link-Backdoor achieves the state-of-the-art attack success rate under both the white box (i.e., available of the target model parameter) and the black box (i.e., unavailable of the target model parameter) scenarios. In addition, we testify the attack under the defensive circumstance, and the results indicate that the Link-Backdoor still can construct a successful attack on the well-performing link prediction methods. The code and data are available at https://github.com/Seaocn/Link-Backdoor.

A New Manipulating Method of Metal Micro-Components Based on Electrochemistry

This article presents a new manipulating method of metal micro-components based on electrochemistry aiming at the problems of inaccurate release and easy damage to manipulated objects by conventional micro gripping tools and vacuum adsorption tools. This method uses a small-sized micropipette to manipulate large-sized metal micro-components. The reliable picking up is achieved by forming a strong chemical bond between the small-sized pipette and the manipulation object. The accurate and non-destructive release is achieved by converting the chemical bonding force into a more easily overcome capillary force through electrolysis. The electrochemical and the force models of the metal microcomponents based on electrochemistry are simulated by COMSOL and Abaqus, to obtain optimal electrochemical parameters and manipulation strategies. The experiments of picking up and releasing were performed to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method. The results show that this method can enable reliable and accurate manipulation of large-size objects with small-size tools and have a high success rate and efficiency.

Motif-Backdoor: Rethinking the Backdoor Attack on Graph Neural Networks via Motifs

Graph neural network (GNN) with a powerful representation capability has been widely applied to various areas. Recent works have exposed that GNN is vulnerable to the backdoor attack, i.e., models trained with maliciously crafted training samples are easily fooled by patched samples. Most of the proposed studies launch the backdoor attack using a trigger that is either the randomly generated subgraph e.g., erdős-rényi backdoor (ER-B) for less computational burden or the gradient-based generative subgraph e.g., graph trojaning attack (GTA) to enable a more effective attack. However, the interpretation of how is the trigger structure and the effect of the backdoor attack related has been overlooked in the current literature. Motifs, recurrent and statistically significant subgraphs in graphs, contain rich structure information. In this article, we are rethinking the trigger from the perspective of motifs and propose a motif-based backdoor attack, denoted as <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Motif-Backdoor</i> . It contributes from three aspects. First, <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Interpretation</i> , it provides an in-depth explanation for backdoor effectiveness by the validity of the trigger structure from motifs, leading to some novel insights, e.g., using subgraphs that appear less frequently in the graph as the trigger can achieve better attack performance. Second, <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Effectiveness</i> , Motif-Backdoor reaches the state-of-the-art (SOTA) attack performance in both black-box and defensive scenarios. Third, <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Efficiency</i> , based on the graph motif distribution, Motif-Backdoor can quickly obtain an effective trigger structure without target model feedback or subgraph model generation. Extensive experimental results show that Motif-Backdoor realizes the SOTA performance on three popular models and four public datasets compared with five baselines, e.g., Motif-Backdoor improves the attack success rate (ASR) by 14.73% compared with baselines on average. In addition, under a possible defense, Motif-Backdoor still implements satisfying performance, highlighting the requirement of defenses against backdoor attacks on GNNs. The datasets and code are available at https://github.com/Seaocn/Motif-Backdoor.

Current Management of Acute and Posttraumatic Critical Bone Defects.

Limb reconstruction in patients with critical-sized bone defects remains a challenge due to the availability of various technically demanding treatment options and a lack of standardized decision algorithms. Although no consensus exists, it is apparent from the literature that the combination of patient, surgeon, and institutional collaborations is effective in providing the most efficient care pathway for these patients. Success relies on choosing a particular surgical approach that manages infection, soft tissue defects, stability, and alignment. Recent systematic reviews demonstrate high success rates with the following management options: Ilizarov bone transport, Masquelet (induced membrane) technique, cancellous bone grafting, and vascularized bone grafts.

Abortion by request in advanced maternal age: What changes in contraception?

Overview and aimPregnancy at an advanced maternal age has become a reality. The acceptance rate of an unwanted pregnancy in this age group is lower, resulting in a higher proportion of pregnancy interruptions. This study aims to characterize abortion by request (AR) in advanced maternal age. MethodsDescriptive study of AR requested by women aged 40 years old or older, over a period of six years, in an Obstetrics service of a Portuguese tertiary hospital. Descriptive data analysis was performed using SPSS® version 26. Results194 women were included in the study (n=194), with a median age of 42 years, most of them Portuguese (94.3%) and with no history of performing AR (75.2%). The contraceptive methods used prior to AR were used oral contraception (47.0%) and barrier contraception (39.1%). Medical abortion was performed in the entire sample, with a success rate of 96.9%. After AR, intrauterine contraception (44.3%), oral contraception (22.7%) and the vaginal ring (7.2%) were the preferred contraceptive methods. Discussion/ConclusionsChanges in women's health and contraceptive needs motivate new approaches and contraceptive strategies. After AR, a significant percentage of woman chose long-term and non-user-dependent methods. Particularly in women aged 40 or over, these methods, in addition to their highly effective and safe contraceptive role, may bring additional non-contraceptive benefits, namely the therapeutic effect in abnormal uterine bleeding.