Subway Platform Research Articles

Design of the Monitoring System for Subway Platform Screen Doors Based on CAN Bus

In this paper, the application layer communication protocol of CAN bus and the monitoring system for subway platform screen doors are proposed.The system framework is built, hardware of every function module for this system is selected, and the monitoring platform of epigynous machine is designed. On the basis of the above work the communication function of the monitoring system is realized, and specific flow chart s given. This system has been tested at a subway line in Shanghai. And the results prove that the system is in full compliance with industry standards and can completely meet the application requirements. The architecture plan of the system is practically proven to be valid and feasible.

Exposure to Fine Particle along Different Commuting Routes in Urban Area of Fukuoka, Japan

The objective of the current study was to assess the comparative risk associated with exposure to particulate matter (PM) while commuting via different public transport modes in Fukuoka, Japan. For the given routes and measuring days, a trip-maker carried a lightweight portable bag loaded the real-time measurement devices which take simultaneous measurement for size-fractioned particle number concentration, <TEX>$PM_{2.5}$</TEX> mass concentration, and total suspended particle (TSP) collection. The results of the present study have shown significant differences between public transports as commuting modes in Fukuoka. The PM exposure levels on subway platform and inside subway train were overwhelmingly higher than those of other points on commuting route. The relative ratio between modes (i.e., the ratio of <TEX>$PM_{2.5}$</TEX> inside subway to that inside bus) provides an idea for choosing a right commuting mode for our health. This study clearly provided evidence of the extremely high levels of iron exposure by subway uses compared to bus uses. The result of theoretically reconstructed mass concentration of <TEX>$PM_{2.0-0.3}$</TEX> collected on subway platform suggests that the PM of underground subway will be associated with PM both generated in subway system and inleakaged from outdoor environment.

Thermal and Hygroscopic Properties of Indoor Particulate Matter Collected on an Underground Subway Platform

In order to clarify the thermal and hygroscopic properties of indoor particulate matter (PM) in a semiclosed subway space, which is critically important for understanding of the distinctive particle formation processes as well as the assessment of their health effects, the size-resolved PMs (i.e., <TEX>$PM_{2.5}$</TEX> and <TEX>$PM_{10-2.5}$</TEX>) were intensively collected on the platform of Miasageori station on the Seoul Subway Line-4. The elemental concentrations in soluble and insoluble fractions were determined by PIXE from the bulkily pretreated <TEX>$PM_{2.5}$</TEX>. The thermal and hygroscopic characteristics of individual particles were investigated via a combination of the unique pretreatment techniques (i.e., the high-temperature rapid thermal process and the water dialysis) and SEM-EDX analysis. Iron and calcium were unequaled in insoluble and soluble <TEX>$PM_{2.5}$</TEX> fractions, respectively, with overwhelming concentration. The SEM-EDX's elemental net-counts for the pre- and post-pyrolyzed PMs newly suggest that magnesium and several elements (i.e., silica, aluminum, and calcium) may be readily involved in the newly generated subway fine PM by a high-temperature thermal processing when trains are breaking and starting. Through the water dialysis technique, it turned out that calcium has meaningful amount of water soluble fraction. Furthermore, the concentrations of the counter-ions associated with the calcium in subway <TEX>$PM_{10-2.5}$</TEX> were theoretically estimated.

Design of the Monitoring System for Subway Platform Screen Doors Based on CAN Bus

In this paper, the application layer communication protocol of CAN bus and the monitoring system for subway platform screen doors are proposed. The system framework is built, hardware of every function module for this system is selected, and the monitoring platform of epigynous machine is designed. On the basis of the above work the communication function of the monitoring system is realized, and specific flow chart is given. This system has been tested at a subway line in Shanghai. And the results prove that the system is in full compliance with industry standards and can completely meet the application requirements. The architecture plan of the system is practically proven to be valid and feasible.

Design of the Monitoring System for Subway Platform Screen Doors Based on CAN Bus

In this paper, the application layer communication protocol of CAN bus and the monitoring system for subway platform screen doors are proposed. The system framework is built, hardware of every function module for this system is selected, and the monitoring platform of epigynous machine is designed. On the basis of the above work the communication function of the monitoring system is realized, and specific flow&lt;br /&gt;chart is given. This system has been tested at a subway line in Shanghai. And the results prove that the system is in full compliance with industry standards and can completely meet the application requirements. The architecture plan of the system is practically proven to be valid and feasible.

Chemical Properties and Source Profiles of Particulate Matter Collected on an Underground Subway Platform

Under a very tough situation that there has been increasing concern to the air quality in underground subway spaces, this study set sights on the thorough estimation of the chemical properties and source apportionment of particulate matter (PM) collected on an underground subway platform by a cooperative approach of semi-bulk and single particle analyses. The size-resolved PMs were intensively collected on the platform of Miasageori station on the Seoul Subway Line-4, and then, they were semibulkily analyzed by a PIXE and the TOR<TEX>$^{(R)}$</TEX> method, and individually analyzed by a SEM-EDX. Overwhelmingly enriched iron was a notable feature of elemental concentration of <TEX>$PM_{2.5}$</TEX>. Source classification of iron in <TEX>$PM_{10-2.5}$</TEX> and <TEX>$PM_{2.5}$</TEX> performed along with their elemental concentrations, indicates that the railway originated iron accounts for 95.71% and 66.39% of total iron in <TEX>$PM_{10-2.5}$</TEX> and <TEX>$PM_{2.5}$</TEX>, respectively. Via a stoichiometric categorization, <TEX>$Fe_2O_3$</TEX>, <TEX>$CaAl_2Si_2O_8$</TEX>, <TEX>$Al_2O_3$</TEX>, and <TEX>$CaCO_3$</TEX> show more than 85% abundance ratio in individual coarse particles. The result of theoretical estimation of the subway derived organic carbon (<TEX>$OC_{Subway}$</TEX>) suggests that <TEX>$OC_{Subway}$</TEX> in <TEX>$PM_1$</TEX> and <TEX>$PM_{2.5-1}$</TEX> account for 75.86% and 51.88% of total organic carbon, respectively.

지하철 승강장과 개찰구 유형별 대피안전성 분석

ABSTRACT: With the rapid development of modern society, subway has become one of the most typical urban transport systems. Since fire accident occurred at Daegu subway in 2003, importance of life safety and disaster prevention have been widely recognized and many studies have been carried out. As a result of these studies, fire-retardant and non-combustible interior material and platform screen door with passenger guide indication device have been developed, but studies on a subway evacuation criteria have been in a stalemate. Therefor e, this study is intended to improve the subway evacuation standard. It is very difficult to take into account whole subway system, so a typological approach to a ticket was carried out referring to previous studies focused on a subway platform. this paper selected the most common subway platforms and estimated evacuation time among 10 platforms from previous studies and 8 from this study. As a result, evacuation time exceeded 6 minutes which is the guideline of existing standard. Therefore, it is necessary to update the standard for evacuation time and add supplementary conditions which can help establishing the measures for safety facilities and prevention measures.

Indoor air quality control for improving passenger health in subway platforms using an outdoor air quality dependent ventilation system

Indoor air quality (IAQ) ventilation systems are widely used to control air pollutants in subway platforms. When outdoor air is heavily contaminated by particulate matters (PMs), it enters the subway platform through the ventilation system, resulting in the deterioration of platform IAQ and adverse effects on passenger health. In this study, a new IAQ ventilation system that takes into account the outdoor air quality used for ventilating platform is proposed to control the platform PM10 concentration. For this, the amount of PM10 that flows from the outdoors into the subway platform is considered a manipulated variable of the proposed ventilation system. The influence of the platform PM10 on passengers' health risk is evaluated using a comprehensive indoor air-quality index (CIAI). The CIAI level of platform PM10 is compared using the manual and proposed ventilation systems, where the manual system operates at fixed ventilation inverter frequency without regard to the outdoor air quality. Experimental results from an underground subway platform showed that the proposed ventilation system can improve the platform PM10 level, leading to the passengers’ exposure to the reduced PM10 concentration (i.e., health risk reduction), and reduce the ventilation energy compared to the manual system by adjusting the ventilation inverter frequency and inflow of outdoor PM10 into the subway platform depending on the outdoor air quality.

Chemical characterisation of the coarse and fine particulate matter in the environment of an underground railway system: cytotoxic effects and oxidative stress-a preliminary study.

Background: Exposure to the particulate matter produced in underground railway systems is arousing increasing scientific interest because of its health effects. The aim of our study was to evaluate the airborne concentrations of PM10 and three sub-fractions of PM2.5 in an underground railway system environment in proximity to platforms and in underground commercial areas within the system, and to compare these with the outdoor airborne concentrations. We also evaluated the metal components, the cytotoxic properties of the various fractions of particulate matter (PM) and their capacity to induce oxidative stress. Method: We collected the coarse fraction (5–10 µm) and the fine fractions (1–2.5 µm; 0.5–1 µm; 0.25–0.5 µm). Chemical characterisation was determined by means of spectrometry. Cytotoxicity and oxidative stress were evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) assessment. Results: The concentrations of both PM10 and PM2.5 proved to be similar at the three sampling sites. Iron and other transition metals displayed a greater concentration at the subway platform than at the other two sites. The 2.5–10 µm and 1–2.5 µm fractions of PM from all three sampling sites determined a greater increase in ROS; the intensity of oxidative stress progressively declined as particle diameter diminished. Moreover, ROS concentrations were correlated with the concentrations of some transition metals, namely Mn, Cr, Ti, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni and Mo. All particulate matter fractions displayed lower or similar ROS values between platform level and the outdoor air. Conclusions: The present study revealed that the underground railway environment at platform level, although containing higher concentrations of some particularly reactive metallic species, did not display higher cytotoxicity and oxidative stress levels than the outdoor air.

Particulate matter concentration and chemical composition in the metro system of Rome, Italy.

Air quality at the main station of the metro system of Rome (Termini hub) has been characterized by the point of view of particulate matter (PM) concentration and chemical composition. Indoor air in different environments (underground train platform and shopping center, metro carriages with and without air conditioning system) has been studied and compared with outdoor air at a nearby urban site. Air quality at the railway station, located outdoor at surface level, has been also considered for comparison. PM chemical characterization included ions, elemental carbon, organic carbon, macro-elements, and the bio-accessible and residual fractions of micro- and trace elements. Train platform and carriages without air conditioning resulted to be the most polluted environments, with indoor/outdoor ratio up to two orders of magnitude for many components. PM mass concentration was determined on filter membranes by the gravimetric procedure as well as from the optical particle counter (OPC) number concentration measurements. The OPC results, taken with the original calibration factor, were below 40 % of the value obtained by the gravimetric measurements. Only a chemical and morphological characterization of the collected dust could lead to a reconciliation of the results yielded by the two methods. Macro-components were used to estimate the strength of the main macro-sources. The most significant contribution is confirmed to derive from wheels, rails, and brakes abrasion; from soil re-suspension (over 50 % at the subway platform); and from organics (about 25 %). The increase in the concentration of elements was mostly due to the residual fraction, but also the bio-accessible fraction showed a remarkable enrichment, particularly in the case of Ba, Zn, Cd, and Ni.

Greenhouse Gas Impact of Ridership on Sheppard Subway Line, Toronto, Canada

Changes in travel behavior near the Sheppard Subway Line in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and the associated greenhouse gas impacts were examined. A study looked at initial changes in mode share after the line opened in 2002 and examined ongoing mode share trends through 2012. The initial mode shift was assessed through an analysis of bus boardings, subway platform counts, and traffic counts made between 2000 and 2012. Longitudinal changes in mode share were assessed with the use of transit survey data. For the first 6 years of operation, the Sheppard Subway Line produced more greenhouse gas (GHG) per passenger kilometer traveled (PKT) than the bus that it had replaced. A net GHG reduction of 66.4 kilotons of CO2 equivalent was calculated but was wholly dependent on avoided car PKTs that may have been offset in their entirety by induced travel on Sheppard Avenue.

Analysis of User Satisfaction by Types of Subway Platforms and Transit Stations

지하철 만족도에 큰 영향을 미치는 시설물의 배치, 정보안내의 경우 지하철 승강장 및 환승정거장의 유형에 따라 달라지게 되나, 현재 해당 항목에 대한 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 본 연구는 이러한 관점에서 출발하여 IPA 분석 기법을 활용하여 승강장 및 환승정거장 유형에 따른 이동시설 및 환승편의시설, 정보안내의 만족도간 중요도를 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 수도권 도시철도 환승역사 15개를 대상으로 승강장 및 환승정거장 유형에 따라 분류하고, 승강장 및 환승정거장 유형이 동일함에 따라 이용자간 중요도 및 만족도 차이, 개선항목 등을 분석하였다. 본 연구의 분석 결과 동선교차가 많이 발생되는 승강장 유형(상대식 승강장)과 환승정거장 유형(+, L, T자형)으로 지하철역을 설계하는 경우 이동편의시설 및 정보안내표지의 적정한 위치 선정이 중요함을 도출하였다. 이러한 분석 결과는 향후 이용자의 불편이 최소화할 수 있는 방향으로 신규 역사 설계 및 기존 역사 개선시 활용이 가능하며, 승강장 및 환승정거장 유형에 따라 우선적으로 개선해야 하는 항목 도출로 지하철 개선비용 효율성 증대 가능할 것으로 판단된다. The layout of facilities, in relation to information and navigational displays, has great influence on subway satisfaction, and tend to vary depending on the types of subway platform and transit station. However, until now, few studies have covered such aspects as of yet. Starting from this viewpoint, the purpose of this study was to use an IPA analysis technique to analyze that satisfaction on the importance of facilities to aid in accessibility, such as elevators and escalators, transit amenities and information and navigational displays depending on the types of platform and transit station. To do so, we've classified 15 metropolitan stations according to types of platform and transit station and analyzed differences in user importance and satisfaction as well as improvements for platforms and transit stations of similar type. By the analysis results of this study, we've concluded that the proper selection and positioning of elevator and escalator facilities and information and navigational displays was important when designing the subway station according to platform type (separate platform) and or according to the transit station type (cross, L, T types) where pedestrian flow heavily intersected. We considered that such analysis results would be helpful in the design of new stations and the enhancement of existing stations pursuant to a new direction that minimizes user inconvenience, and that improvement items should be developed first according to the platform and transit station types, which would be helpful in enhancing the efficiency of the subway improvement cost.

A new look at inhalable metalliferous airborne particles on rail subway platforms

Most particles breathed on rail subway platforms are highly ferruginous (FePM) and extremely small (nanometric to a few microns in size). High magnification observations of particle texture and chemistry on airborne PM10 samples collected from the Barcelona Metro, combined with published experimental work on particle generation by frictional sliding, allow us to propose a general model to explain the origin of most subway FePM. Particle generation occurs by mechanical wear at the brake–wheel and wheel–rail interfaces, where magnetic metallic flakes and splinters are released and undergo progressive atmospheric oxidation from metallic iron to magnetite and maghemite. Flakes of magnetite typically comprise mottled mosaics of octahedral nanocrystals (10–20nm) that become pseudomorphed by maghemite. Continued oxidation results in extensive alteration of the magnetic nanostructure to more rounded aggregates of non-magnetic hematite nanocrystals, with magnetic precursors (including iron metal) still preserved in some particle cores. Particles derived from steel wheel and rails contain a characteristic trace element chemistry, typically with Mn/Fe=0.01. Flakes released from brakes are chemically very distinctive, depending on the pad composition, being always carbonaceous, commonly barium-rich, and texturally inhomogeneous, with trace elements present in nanominerals incorporated within the crystalline structure. In the studied subway lines of Barcelona at least there appears to be only a minimal aerosol contribution from high temperature processes such as sparking. To date there is no strong evidence that these chemically and texturally complex inhalable metallic materials are any more or less toxic than street-level urban particles, and as with outdoor air, the priority in subway air quality should be to reduce high mass concentrations of aerosol present in some stations.

Improvement of shallow subway tunnel ventilation procedures

The article describes the full-scale tests on temperature in tunnel lining and adjacent soil in shallow subways operating in the extreme continental climate conditions. The mathematical modeling of air flow in the subway tunnel ventilation is presented. The authors have worked out recommendations on architectural concept of escapes from a subway platform. The system offered for air flow control in a ventilation branch consists of a platform fan delivery control channel and a tunnel air flow control channel.

Identification of the sources of PM10 in a subway tunnel using positive matrix factorization

The level of particulate matter of less than 10 μm diameter (PM10) at subway platforms can be significantly reduced by installing a platform screen-door system. However, both workers and passengers might be exposed to higher PM10 levels while the cars are within the tunnel because it is a more confined environment. This study determined the PM10 levels in a subway tunnel, and identified the sources of PM10 using elemental analysis and receptor modeling. Forty-four PM10 samples were collected in the tunnel between the Gireum and Mia stations on Line 4 in metropolitan Seoul and analyzed using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry and ion chromatography. The major PM10 sources were identified using positive matrix factorization (PMF). The average PM10 concentration in the tunnels was 200.8 ± 22.0 μg/m3. Elemental analysis indicated that the PM10 consisted of 40.4% inorganic species, 9.1% anions, 4.9% cations, and 45.6% other materials. Iron was the most abundant element, with an average concentration of 72.5 ± 10.4 μg/m3. The PM10 sources characterized by PMF included rail, wheel, and brake wear (59.6%), soil combustion (17.0%), secondary aerosols (10.0%), electric cable wear (8.1%), and soil and road dust (5.4%). Internal sources comprising rail, wheel, brake, and electric cable wear made the greatest contribution to the PM10 (67.7%) in tunnel air.ImplicationsWith installation of a platform screen door, PM10 levels in subway tunnels were higher than those on platforms. Tunnel PM10 levels exceeded 150 μg/m3 of the Korean standard for subway platform. Elemental analysis of PM10 in a tunnel showed that Fe was the most abundant element. Five PM10 sources in tunnel were identified by positive matrix factorization. Railroad-related sources contributed 68% of PM10 in the subway tunnel.

Air Age Equation Parameterized by Ventilation Grouped Time

Ventilation temperature-velocity-temperature gradient grouped time parameter and these parameterized air age equation are constructed to calculate air age, not only of a single ventilation but also of ventilations more than one type, combining with the celebrated average air age equation, based on study of ventilation and air age at a certain subway station platform in this paper. These new results meet well with those of Airpak simulated, which shows a new complete method to calculate air age by the average air age equation, and broaden the air quality audit theory in side of air age.

Study on Energy Saving Model of Air Condition for Subway Station

In order to analyze air conditioner energy conservation of subway station quantitatively, three-dimensional numerical simulations study is conducted by using CFD theory for air distribution of subway platform, and the flow field and temperature field of the platform under different environment conditions are obtained. The orthogonal experiment method is applied to the numerical simulation analysis for human comfort under different parameters. Based on those results, the functional relationship between human comfort and the boundary conditions of the platform is produced by multiple linear regression fitting method, the order of major boundary conditions which affect human comfort is obtained. The experimental verification is also carried out, the simulation results are well coincided with experimental results. The above study provides a theoretical basis for the final energy-saving strategies.

Subway platform air quality: Assessing the influences of tunnel ventilation, train piston effect and station design

A high resolution air quality monitoring campaign (PM, CO2 and CO) was conducted on differently designed station platforms in the Barcelona subway system under: (a) normal forced tunnel ventilation, and (b) with daytime tunnel ventilation systems shut down. PM concentrations are highly variable (6–128 μgPM1 m−3, 16–314 μgPM3 m−3, and 33–332 μgPM10 m−3, 15-min averages) depending on ventilation conditions and station design. Narrow platforms served by single-track tunnels are heavily dependent on forced tunnel ventilation and cannot rely on the train piston effect alone to reduce platform PM concentrations. In contrast PM levels in stations with spacious double-track tunnels are not greatly affected when tunnel ventilation is switched off, offering the possibility of significant energy savings without damaging air quality. Sampling at different positions along the platform reveals considerable lateral variation, with the greatest accumulation of particulates occurring at one end of the platform. Passenger accesses can dilute PM concentrations by introducing cleaner outside air, although lateral down-platform accesses are less effective than those positioned at the train entry point. CO concentrations on the platform are very low (≤1 ppm) and probably controlled by ingress of traffic-contaminated street-level air. CO2 averages range from 371 to 569 ppm, changing during the build-up and exchange of passengers with each passing train.

Average Population Density Estimation in Rail Transit Stations Based on Video Statistical Analysis

This article describes the use of the average population density estimation methods based on video statistical analysis, and mainly discussed the research and application of the air conditioning energy-efficient system in the subway. The distributed intelligent control system in the subway station platform captured video images by more than one camera sensors, according to the computer image processing methods, for example it have the unique advantages for the fuzzy neural network to model the human nervous system in fuzzy information processing. This article used the improved Meanshift algorithm based on pixel energy to capture the moving target in the video. This method can legitimately divide the crowd by achieving the image intelligent analysis data, and whats more, it can help to get the estimation of population density.

The Researches and Applications Based on Video Statistical Analysis of Average Population Density Estimation Methods

This article describes the use of the average population density estimation methods based on video statistical analysis, and mainly discussed the research and application of the air conditioning energy-efficient system in the subway. The distributed intelligent control system in the subway station platform captured video images by more than one camera sensors, according to the computer image processing methods. And it have unique advantages for the fuzzy neural network to model the human nervous system in fuzzy information processing. When tackling the video files, the image boundary is fuzzily set, it can legitimately divide the crowd by achieving the image intelligent analysis data, and whats more, it can help to get the estimation of population density.