Subtle Restriction Research Articles

COVID-19 encephalopathy, presenting with Barco’s aphasia mimicking stroke

Neurological manifestations are emerging as relatively frequent complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), including stroke and encephalopathy. Here we reporting a case of a young male presented with acute aphasia at the emergency department. The patient has a positive history of upper respiratory tract symptoms, subjective fever, and myalgias, a week before for which he was tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) based on reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on a nasopharyngeal swab. An electroencephalogram (EEG) demonstrated interictal epileptiform abnormalities over the left posterior frontal lobe. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) axial T2- weighted image shows focal area of altered intensity appearing hyperintense involving the left frontotemporal lobes pre-dominantly the pre-central gyrus. A subtle restriction on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), with a minimal drop on apparent diffusion coefficient images. In contrast, it shows gyriform enhancement with suspicious adjacent meningeal thickening and enhancement. Cerebrospinal fluid was negative for antibody. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) 400 mg/kg was given for 5 days. The patient responded well to the therapy without any major clinical side effects and revealed complete resolution after 2 months.

Civic space restrictions beyond open repression: Mining and environmental defenders in Northern Chile

With a focus on northern Chile – a region that has historically been influenced by mining – this paper investigates the restrictions imposed on civil society actors in opposition to mineral resource extraction. In doing so, it links two political and academic debates: natural resource extraction and civil society's operational space. Little literature investigates restrictions of civic space in relatively safe contexts like liberal democracies. Therefore, referring to van der Borgh and Terwindt (2012, 2014), who suggest that different political contexts produce different restrictions for civil society actors, this paper argues that a more sensitive approach to the form of restrictions in democratic contexts has to be developed. This paper draws on examples from the mining sector, which has been identified as particularly vulnerable with regard to civic space. Land and environmental defenders in northern Chile can be observed to be in a constant negotiation process to position themselves between cooperation with mining companies and resistance in order to preserve their operational space. Subtle restrictions may weaken their capacity to collectively take action and pursue economic, social, and/or ecological demands coherently.

Composition of analytic paraproducts

For a fixed analytic function g on the unit disc D, we consider the analytic paraproducts induced by g, which are defined by Tgf(z)=∫0zf(ζ)g′(ζ)dζ, Sgf(z)=∫0zf′(ζ)g(ζ)dζ, and Mgf(z)=f(z)g(z). The boundedness of these operators on various spaces of analytic functions on D is well understood. The original motivation for this work is to understand the boundedness of compositions of two of these operators, for example Tg2,TgSg,MgTg, etc. Our methods yield a characterization of the boundedness of a large class of operators contained in the algebra generated by these analytic paraproducts acting on the classical weighted Bergman and Hardy spaces in terms of the symbol g. In some cases it turns out that this property is not affected by cancellation, while in others it requires stronger and more subtle restrictions on the oscillation of the symbol g than the case of a single paraproduct.

Acquisition without evidence: English infinitives and poverty of stimulus in adult second language acquisition

This article provides a Poverty of Stimulus argument for the participation of a dedicated linguistic module in second language acquisition. We study the second language (L2) acquisition of a subset of English infinitive complements that exhibit the following properties: (a) they present an intricate web of grammatical constraints while (b) they are highly infrequent in corpora, (c) they lack visible features that would make them salient, and (d) they are communicatively superfluous. We report on an experiment testing the knowledge of some infinitival constructions by near-native adult first language (L1) Spanish / L2 English speakers. Learners demonstrated a linguistic system that includes contrasts based on subtle restrictions in the L2, including aspect restrictions in Raising to Object. These results provide evidence that frequency and other cognitive or environmental factors are insufficient to account for the acquisition of the full spectrum of English infinitivals. This leads us to the conclusion that a domain-specific linguistic faculty is required.

A general low-order partial regularity theory for asymptotically convex functionals with asymptotic dependence on the minimizer

We consider a minimizer $$u\in W^{1,p}(\Omega )$$ , where $$\Omega \subseteq \mathbb {R}^{n}$$ is a bounded open set, of the integral functional $$\begin{aligned} u\mapsto \int _{\Omega }f(x,u,Du)\ dx \end{aligned}$$ in the case when $$f : \Omega \subseteq \mathbb {R}^{n}\times \mathbb {R}^{N}\times \mathbb {R}^{N\times n}\rightarrow \mathbb {R}$$ is asymptotically related to a more regular function; since we assume that $$N\ge 2$$ , we study here the vectorial case. The asymptotical relatedness condition is such that dependence on u is allowed even as $$|\xi |\rightarrow +\infty $$ . Unlike in previous work f is allowed to satisfy a more general growth condition, which permits a coupling between the x and u variables. Due to the generality of the asymptotical relatedness condition this coupling induces a subtle restriction on the regularity required of the various functions in the growth condition, and we study these restrictions in this paper. In addition, here we do not obtain the full spectrum of Holder continuity for the minimizer, but rather a restricted range of Holder exponents that depend on the initial data.

On the Significance of the Quantum Mechanical Covariance Matrix.

The characterization of quantum correlations, being stronger than classical, yet weaker than those appearing in non-signaling models, still poses many riddles. In this work, we show that the extent of binary correlations in a general class of nonlocal theories can be characterized by the existence of a certain covariance matrix. The set of quantum realizable two-point correlators in the bipartite case then arises from a subtle restriction on the structure of this general covariance matrix. We also identify a class of theories whose covariance has neither a quantum nor an “almost quantum” origin, but which nevertheless produce the accessible two-point quantum mechanical correlators. Our approach leads to richer Bell-type inequalities in which the extent of nonlocality is intimately related to a non-additive entropic measure. In particular, it suggests that the Tsallis entropy with parameter is a natural operational measure of non-classicality. Moreover, when generalizing this covariance matrix, we find novel characterizations of the quantum mechanical set of correlators in multipartite scenarios. All these predictions might be experimentally validated when adding weak measurements to the conventional Bell test (without adding postselection).

The Juxtaposition of Career and Family: A Dilemma for Professional Women

Many subtle restrictions exist that prevent women from acquiring promotions, tenure, and other forms of advancement.

A Caputo Two-Point Boundary Value Problem: Existence, Uniqueness and Regularity of a Solution

A two-point boundary value problem on the interval [0, 1] is considered, where the highest-order derivative is a Caputo fractional derivative of order 2 − δ with 0 < δ < 1. A necessary and sufficient condition for existence and uniqueness of a solution u is derived. For this solution the derivative uŐ is absolutely continuous on [0, 1]. It is shown that if one assumes more regularity — that u lies in C2[0, 1] — then this places a subtle restriction on the data of the problem.

El periodismo y la libertad de prensa frente a una noticia ícono: primeros resultados cualitativos

This article presents a thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with editors and reporters who covered an icon news (collusion of drugstores) in order to reconstruct their journalistic routines. Moreover, this paper explores the subtle restrictions on freedom of press and journalism in Chile when private advertising is involved. In this case, journalistic routines are related to implicit rules learned from experience. The study also suggests addressing in future works the relationship between economic actors and media, assuming that the media system is a part of economic elite.

Instrumental activities of daily living predicting MCI

We can assume that any cognitive deficits assessable by neuropsychological testings must have a measurable impact on abilities in daily living. Consequently, we can hypothesize that subtle restriction in complex Activities of Daily Living (ADL) must be observed early in the course of dementia as observed in neuropsychology and improves the prediction of subsequent dementia. The Paquid cohort is an epidemiological study of cerebral and functional aging, initiated in 1988 on elderly community-dwellers in southwestern France and still on going after 20 years of follow-up. Restriction, even mild, in four specific Instrumental ADLs (telephone, transportation, medication, finances) was studied as particularly predictive of dementia. First, the IADL-restricted MCI had a greater risk of dementia in the two following years (OR = 7.4, 95%CI = 3.3-16.5) compared with the non-IADL-restricted controls. The risk for the non-restricted MCI was 2.8 (95%CI = 1.3-6.0). IADL-restriction also lowered the chance of reversibility to normal. Another analyses showed that 10 years before the clinical diagnosis of dementia, the future cases had already greater IADL-restrictions, and particularly for handling finances. After controlling for age, gender, and education, IADL-restricted subjects at baseline had a higher risk of dementia 10 years later (OR = 2.6, 95%CI = 1.2-5.4). Finally, recent findings showed that IADL-restriction and Subjective Memory Complaint (SMC) had significant but radically different clinical meanings in women and men. IADL-restriction at baseline was associated with an increased risk of dementia only in men (HR = 2.5, 1.6-4.0), whereas SMC did not (p = 0.97). The reverse was observed in females, in whom SMC almost doubled the risk (1.46 to 2.38), without any association with IADL-restriction once controlled for SMC. Restriction, even subtle, in complex activities of daily appears to be a strong predictor of subsequent dementia. Abilities in daily living as well as their evolution over time may represent a simple and useful screening tool in general population to facilitate an earlier and a more egalitarian access to specialized unit where more sophisticated diagnostic tools are available. However, further researches are necessary to refine this functional assessment to be more sensitive to very early signs of the disease and more specific of the dementia process.

TRNA Stabilization by Modified Nucleotides

Post-transcriptional ribonucleotide modification is a phenomenon best studied in tRNA, where it occurs most frequently and in great chemical diversity. This paper reviews the intrinsic network of modifications in the structural core of the tRNA, which governs structural flexibility and rigidity to fine-tune the molecule to peak performance and to regulate its steady-state level. Structural effects of RNA modifications range from nanometer-scale rearrangements to subtle restrictions of conformational space on the angstrom scale. Structural stabilization resulting from nucleotide modification results in increased thermal stability and translates into protection against unspecific degradation by bases and nucleases. Several mechanisms of specific degradation of hypomodified tRNA, which were only recently discovered, provide a link between structural and metabolic stability.

A self-report measure of subtle avoidance and safety behaviors relevant to social anxiety: Development and psychometric properties

According to cognitive theories, safety-seeking behaviors are crucial in both the maintenance and management of social anxiety. In order to facilitate assessment of these behaviors the Subtle Avoidance Frequency Examination (SAFE) was developed. Three factors emerged from the SAFE, which appeared to reflect active “safety” behaviors, subtle restriction of behavior, and behaviors aimed at avoiding or concealing physical symptoms. The SAFE demonstrated strong internal consistency, good construct validity and the ability to discriminate between clinical and non-clinical participants. In addition, the SAFE was responsive to the effects of treatment. Given its excellent psychometric properties, the SAFE may be useful to further investigate the role of safety strategies in social anxiety and to assess treatment outcomes.

Causation, Obligation, and Argument Structure: On the Nature of Little v

As shown by Kayne (1975), Romance causatives with faire fall into two classes, faire infinitif (FI) and faire par (FP). We argue from Italian data that the properties of the two classes depend on the nature of the complement of fare:FI embeds a vP, FP a nominalized VP. The syntactic and semantic characteristics of these complements account straightforwardly for well-known differences between FI and FP, including the previously untreated “obligation” requirement in FI, absent in FP. Our analysis also accounts for another subtle restriction on the formation of FP: the existence of an animacy requirement on the subject of fare, absent in FI. Finally, we argue that only FP can undergo passivization; this accounts for a previously unobserved asymmetry in passivizability of causatives of unergative and unaccusative intransitive verbs.

On the Lax pairs of the continuous and discrete sixth Painlevé equations

Among the recently found discretizations of the sixth Painlevé equation P6, only the one of Jimbo and Sakai admits a discrete Lax pair, which does establish its integrability. However, a subtle restriction in this Lax pair prevents the possibility to generalize it in order to find the other missing Lax pairs. It happens that the same restriction already exists in the matrix Lax pair of Jimbo and Miwa for the continuous P6. In this preliminary article, we remove this last restriction and give a matrix Lax pair for P6 which is traceless, rational in the dependent and independent variables, holomorphic in the monodromy exponents, with four Fuchsian singularities in the complex plane of the spectral parameter. Its only minor drawback is the presence of the apparent singularity which always exists in the scalar Lax pair.

Geometry of convex polygons and locally minimal binary trees spanning these polygons

In previous works the authors have obtained an effective classification of planar locally minimal binary trees with convex boundaries. The main aim of the present paper is to find more subtle restrictions on the possible structure of such trees in terms of the geometry of the given boundary set. Special attention is given to the case of quasiregular boundaries (that is, boundaries that are sufficiently close to regular ones in a certain sense). In particular, a series of quasiregular boundaries that cannot be spanned by a locally minimal binary tree is constructed.

Protected types with entry barriers depending on parameters of the entries

Entry barriers of a protected type have one subtle restriction: they are not allowed to depend on parameters of the entry. This paper reviews how to implement protected types with entry barriers depending on parameters of the entries.

Insertion polymorphisms may cause stage specific variation in mRNA levels for dopa decarboxylase in Drosophila

An activity variant in Drosophila, Ddc +4, which has been isolated from natural populations is shown to affect the level of messenger RNA for dopa decarboxylase (DDC) in a stage specific manner. Newly hatched first instar larvae and newly eclosed adults have 1.5 times the amount of DDC mRNA as the Canton-S laboratory strain. On the other hand, puparia of the variant have only 0.5 times as much DDC mRNA as Canton-S. Genomic Southern analysis revealed that Ddc +4 DNA differed from Canton-S DNA by four small restriction length polymorphisms. To confirm these differences, a library of Ddc +4 was constructed in the λ1059 vector. A clone was recovered spanning the DDC region and compared to cloned Canton-S DNA. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of restriction fragments revealed that one previously identified insertion really consisted of two smaller ones. One of the other differences identified by the Southern analysis was not confirmed in the cloned DNA of Ddc +4, indicating some divergence had occurred in the variant strain between the time of its isogenization and cloning. The differences between the cloned Ddc +4 DNA and cloned Canton-S DNA consisted of six small restriction length polymorphisms and one restriction site polymorphism. Five of the seven differences lay in the 5′ untranslated leader sequence of the DDC mRNA or in the 4.5 kb of DNA upstream of the transcription start site. The existence of these small (<100 bp) insertion/deletion polymorphisms in a strain exhibiting a complex temporal phenotype for DDC activity, suggests natural populations are an excellent source of variation affecting gene expression. Secondly, subtle restriction length polymorphisms near the 5′ end of genes may well be an important component of the variation upon which selection might be expected to act.

On Manifolds All of Whose Geodesics are Closed

By a closed geodesic g of length w on a Riemann manifold M is meant a map g: R -> M of the reals [oc 0. g is called simple if the arc g(x) (O 0, then M is simply connected, and its integral cohomology ring is a truncated polynomial ring, generated by an element 0 of dimension X + 1. A truncated polynomial ring is a ring obtained from Z(x), the ring of polynomials over the integers, by adding the single relation xn = 0. The restrictions imposed on H(M) by virtue of this theorem are quite strong. For instance: X + 1 must divide dim M; if X + 1 is odd, then X + 1 = dim M; the Poincare polynomial of M over any field K is of the form P(t) = 1 + t+1 + t2(X+) ... tk(X+). Much more subtle restrictions on a truncated polynomial ring which is the cohomology ring of a complex have recently been obtained by J. Adem [5]. For instance, it follows from his work that dim 0 is a power of two, whenever 02 5z 0, and if dim 0 > 8, then O' = 0. The only known simply connected manifolds whose cohomology ring is of the type under discussion are the following ones: A. The spheres S'; (n _ 2); B. The complex projective spaces Zn; (n _ 1); C. The quaternion projective spaces Qf; (n > 1); D. The Cayley projective plane C2 . These spaces are precisely the irreducible symmetric spaces of rank 1 of Cartan [4]. Conversely, Cartan's classification shows that amongst symmetric spaces the irreducible ones of rank 1 are the only ones which have their geodesics simply closed at some point. Cartan's work therefore gives a much stronger result than our theorem under the strong additional condition that M be symmetric. 375