Subtidal Sediments Research Articles

Flooding promotes the coalescence of microbial community in estuarine habitats

Microbial community coalescence describes the mixing of microbial communities and their integration with the surrounding environment, which is common in natural ecosystems and has potential impacts on ecological processes. However, few studies have focused on microbial community coalescence between different habitats in estuarine regions. In this study, we comprehensively investigated the environmental characteristics and bacterial community changes of different habitats (water body (Water), subtidal sediments (SS) and intertidal salt marsh sediments (SM)) in Luanhe estuary during flood and normal flow periods. The results showed that flood event significantly reduced the salinity of the estuarine habitats, changed the nutrient structure and intensified the eutrophication of estuarine water. By calculating the proportion of overlapping groups and applying the ‘FEAST’ algorithm, we revealed that flood event facilitated the migration of bacterial communities along alternative pathways across habitats, markedly enhanced the cross-habitat mobility of bacterial communities, which underscores the pivotal role of flood event in driving bacterial community coalescence. Flood-induced community coalescence not only increased the α-diversity of bacterial communities within habitats, but also increased the proportion of overlapped species between habitats, ultimately leading to homogenization between habitats. Canonical correlation analysis combined co-occurrence network analysis revealed that flood event attenuated the role of environmental filtration in microbial assembly, while increased the impact of dispersal processes and intensified interspecific competition among microorganisms, led to the change of keystone species and reduced the complexity and stability of bacterial communities. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the complex effects of flood events on estuarine microbial communities from the perspective of multi-habitat interactions in the estuary, and emphasizes the key role of river hydrodynamic conditions in facilitating the coalescence of estuarine microbial communities. We look forward to further attention and research on estuarine microbial coalescence, which will provide new insights into assessing the stability and resilience of estuarine ecosystems under flood challenges and the sustainable management of estuarine wetlands.

Arctic Continental-Shelf Sediment Dynamics.

Sediments covering Arctic continental shelves are uniquely impacted by ice processes. Delivery of sediments is generally limited to the summer, when rivers are ice free, permafrost bluffs are thawing, and sea ice is undergoing its seasonal retreat. Once delivered to the coastal zone, sediments follow complex pathways to their final depocenters-for example, fluvial sediments may experience enhanced seaward advection in the spring due to routing under nearshore sea ice; during the open-water season, boundary-layer transport may be altered by strong stratification in the ocean due to ice melt; during the fall storm season, sediments may be entrained into sea ice through the production of anchor ice and frazil; and in the winter, large ice keels more than 20 m tall plow the seafloor (sometimes to seabed depths of 1-2 m), creating a type of physical mixing that dwarfs the decimeter-scale mixing from bioturbation observed in lower-latitude shelf systems. This review summarizes the work done on subtidal sediment dynamics over the last 50 years in Arctic shelf systems backed by soft-sediment coastlines and suggests directions for future sediment studies in a changing Arctic. Reduced sea ice, increased wave energy, and increased sediment supply from bluffs (and possibly rivers) will likely alter marine sediment dynamics in the Arctic now and into the future.

Spatial patterns of sediment contamination and their influence on benthic infaunal communities in a highly tidal and industrial estuary in Atlantic Canada

Sediment contamination can be elevated in ports, harbours, and estuaries with legacies of exploitation, negatively impacting infaunal invertebrate communities. Saint John Harbour (45.25° N, 66.05° W), New Brunswick, Canada, is an active harbour with strong tides and a long history of human activity. To examine spatial patterns of sediment contamination, samples were collected between 2011 and 2021 from subtidal sites near potential contaminant sources. Invertebrate data from the same samples were used to investigate potential effects on biological communities. Contaminant concentrations in the inner parts of the harbour were elevated compared to reference sites, but generally did not reach levels comparable to other highly contaminated harbours in the region. Effects on invertebrates were detectable, particularly at sites with higher contamination, although physical factors (depth, sediment grain size) were more important. Dynamic tidal conditions in the harbour may reduce the accumulation of contaminants in subtidal sediments and their impacts on infaunal communities.

Ammonium loss microbiologically mediated by Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction along a coastal lagoon system

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation, associated with both iron (Feammox) and manganese (Mnammox) reduction, is a microbial nitrogen (N) removal mechanism recently identified in natural ecosystems. Nevertheless, the spatial distributions of these non-canonical Anammox (NC-Anammox) pathways and their environmental drivers in subtidal coastal sediments are still unknown. Here, we determined the potential NC-Anammox rates and abundance of dissimilatory metal-reducing bacteria (Acidomicrobiaceae A6 and Geobacteraceae) at different horizons (0–20 cm at 5 cm intervals) of subtidal coastal sediments using the 15N isotope-tracing technique and molecular analyses. Sediments were collected across three sectors (inlet, transition, and inner) in a coastal lagoon system (Bahia de San Quintin, Mexico) dominated by seagrass meadows. The positive relationship between 30N2 production rates and dissimilatory Fe and Mn reduction provided evidence for Feammox’s and Mnammox’s co-occurrence. N loss through NC-Anammox was detected in subtidal sediments, with potential rates of 0.07–0.62 μg N g−1 day−1. NC-Anammox process in vegetated sediments tended to be higher than those in adjacent unvegetated ones. NC-Anammox rates showed a subsurface peak (between 5 and 15 cm) in the vegetated sediments but decreased consistently with depth in the adjacent bare bottoms. Thus, the presence/absence of seagrasses and sediment characteristics, particularly the availability of organic carbon and microbiologically reducible Fe(III) and Mn(IV), affected the abundance of dissimilatory metal-reducing bacteria, which mediated NC-Anammox activity and the associated N removal. An annual loss of 32.31 ± 3.57 t N was estimated to be associated with Feammox and Mnammox within the investigated area, accounting for 2.8–4.7% of the gross total import of reactive N from the ocean into the Bahia de San Quintin. Taken as a whole, this study reveals the distribution patterns and controlling factors of the NC-Anammox pathways along a coastal lagoon system. It improves our understanding of the coupling between N and trace metal cycles in coastal environments.

Storm characteristics influence nitrogen removal in an urban estuarine environment

Abstract. Sustaining water quality is an important component of coastal resilience. Floodwaters deliver reactive nitrogen (including NOx) to sensitive aquatic systems and can diminish water quality. Coastal habitats in flooded areas can be effective at removing reactive nitrogen through denitrification (DNF). However, less is known about this biogeochemical process in urbanized environments. This study assessed the nitrogen removal capabilities of flooded habitats along an urban estuarine coastline in the upper Neuse River estuary, NC, USA, under two nitrate concentrations (16.8 and 52.3 µM NOx, respectively). We also determined how storm characteristics (e.g., precipitation and wind) affect water column NOx concentrations and consequently DNF by flooded habitats. Continuous flow sediment core incubation experiments quantified gas and nutrient fluxes across the sediment–water interface in marsh, swamp forest, undeveloped open space, stormwater pond, and shallow subtidal sediments. All habitats exhibited net DNF. Additionally, all habitats increased DNF rates under elevated nitrate conditions compared to low nitrate. Structured habitats with high-sediment organic matter had higher nitrogen removal capacity than unstructured, low-sediment organic matter habitats. High-precipitation–high-wind-storm events produced NOx concentrations significantly lower than other types of storms (e.g., low-precipitation–high-wind, high-wind–low-precipitation, low-wind–low-precipitation), which likely results in relatively low DNF rates by flooded habitats and low removal percentages of total dissolved nitrogen loads. These results demonstrate the importance of natural systems to water quality in urbanized coastal areas subject to flooding.

Influence of marine habitat on microplastic prevalence in forage fish and salmon in the Salish Sea

Microplastics are increasingly prevalent in marine systems and are a growing concern as a marine pollutant and contaminant with consequences for high trophic level consumers, including humans. Given evidence that links plastics to degraded ecosystem functioning and organismal health, there is increased interest in understanding the prevalence, fate and consequences of marine plastics. Microplastics contain and absorb harmful chemicals which may serve as endocrine disruptors and have negative implications for growth, reproductive health, and longevity. To expand current knowledge on microplastics in coastal marine ecosystems and the potential for biomagnification in marine food webs, we conducted stomach analyses of microplastics in Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) and Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes personatus), an important prey for salmon. Prevalence of microplastics was substantial; 77 % of all salmon and 25 % of all sand lance stomachs contained at least one microplastic. Fish were sampled at multiple sites throughout the inland Salish Sea, including beaches and sediment bedforms for Pacific sand lance and open-water pelagic habitat for Pacific salmon. Pacific sand lance sampled at beach sites had more microplastics compared to those sampled in subtidal sediments and there were more plastics in sand lance at a protected beach site as compared to an exposed beach site. Prevalence of plastics in salmon differed according to species and included analyses of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch); plastics were predominantly fibers in all species, though there were relatively higher rates of ingestion of films and particles in Chinook. Comparisons between plastic concentrations and stomach fullness indicated a slight negative trend, suggesting that plastics may be retained. Further investigation is needed to develop a more thorough understanding of the prevalence and fate of microplastics in coastal marine systems such as the Salish Sea, their concentration within marine food webs, and the implications for species targeted in fisheries.

Recurrent arrival of oil spill remnants along the Brazilian coast: In situ long-term weathering of the largest spill in Brazil’s history

Three years after the most severe oil spill affected Brazil’s coastline, tar balls still recurrently reach the Brazilian northeastern beaches. New accidents involving oil spills have not been reported since 2019. Information on the origin of these new oil deposits remains scarce. Samples of the tar balls found along Brazilian beaches in May 2022 were analyzed for hydrocarbon signatures, revealing a clear link with the oil that washed ashore in 2019. The new tar balls were more affected by biodegradation than photooxidation, suggesting the oil was trapped in the subtidal sediments and was later transported to the coast by marine currents. This work provides the first evidence of the persistence of oil in the marine environment and raises concerns regarding future oil influxes on the Brazilian coast.

Upper Triassic Peritidal Limestones from the Konyava Mountain, SW Bulgaria

Four microfacies are distinguished in the section of Tran Formation exposed near Viden peak. The bioclastic wackestones at the base are defined as low-energy, shallow subtidal sediments. The laminated mudstones were deposited in the intertidal/supratidal zone of a tidal flat where fine-grained carbonate was mainly accumulated by tidal currents along with some in-situ microbially induced precipitation. The mudstones with root casts and the massive mudstones are interpreted as deposits in intertidal/supratidal ponds and supratidal marsh (palustrine) areas where alternating wetting and drying periods locally favoured desiccation and pedogenesis with vegetation development. The interbedding of laminites with non-laminated mudstones was likely controlled by a combination of autogenic and allogenic processes. The ambient waters did not reach hypersalinity for early dolomitization because the landward part of the restricted peritidal setting was influenced by freshwater input under semi-arid climatic conditions. Another hypothesis presumes that the sedimentation occurred in a coastal wetland with influence of both freshwater and seawater. However, the peritidal interpretation is preferred herein because it more adequately explains the general depositional environment. The carbonate succession indicates an upward-shallowing trend and was formed during the final regressive phase of Triassic platform development in Carnian–Norian times.

Occurrence and dynamics of microplastics and emerging concern microparticles in coastal sediments: Impact of stormwater upgrade and port-associated facilities

Urban runoff is a significant source of microplastic pollution in aquatic environments, especially in coastal areas. Despite urban stormwater runoff being considered a major pathway of anthropogenic particles there's no studies about the impact of stormwater upgrades on microparticle transport. Moreover, due to the influence of anthropogenic activities, including maritime traffic and maintenance, on coastal environments, it is crucial to identify plastic debris from both inland and in-shore sources. This study evaluates characteristics, abundance, and distribution of microplastics in subtidal sediments from the southwestern Atlantic region, influenced by a recently upgraded stormwater outfall and port facilities. Herein, we have analyzed temporal trends, including seasonal dynamics and their relation with the pre- and post-upgrade of the stormwater outfall. Three main types of anthropogenic microparticles were observed: common plastic (MPs), paints (Pps), and tire wear particles (TWPs). Microparticle groups varied in morphology, color, and size distribution, including uncommon microparticle debris. Analysis by FTIR and Raman spectroscopies allows the identification of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyamide, and polyacrylonitrile polymers for MPs mainly. Pigments such as Naphthol AS, phthalocyanine, and quinacridone have been identified in Pps. SEM-EDS and FTIR analysis of collected TWPs revealed similar trace metals constituents and infrared signals to those observed in tire road samples. Spatial and temporal abundances of microparticle groups were significantly different (p < 0.05), mainly related to the distance from the stormwater outfall and seasons. TWPs showed the most significant seasonal increment rate among pre and post-upgrade periods. Furthermore, the upgrades made to the stormwater system have been observed to intensify the transport and increase the presence of specific anthropogenic microparticles in subtidal sediments. Based on these findings, the occurrence of TWPs emerges as a reliable urban runoff indicator to differentiate ex and in-situ sources in multipolluted coastal environments.

High wax ester and triacylglycerol biosynthesis potential in coastal sediments of Antarctic and Subantarctic environments.

The wax ester (WE) and triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthetic potential of marine microorganisms is poorly understood at the microbial community level. The goal of this work was to uncover the prevalence and diversity of bacteria with the potential to synthesize these neutral lipids in coastal sediments of two high latitude environments, and to characterize the gene clusters related to this process. Homolog sequences of the key enzyme, the wax ester synthase/acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (WS/DGAT) were retrieved from 13 metagenomes, including subtidal and intertidal sediments of a Subantarctic environment (Ushuaia Bay, Argentina), and subtidal sediments of an Antarctic environment (Potter Cove, Antarctica). The abundance of WS/DGAT homolog sequences in the sediment metagenomes was 1.23 ± 0.42 times the abundance of 12 single-copy genes encoding ribosomal proteins, higher than in seawater (0.13 ± 0.31 times in 338 metagenomes). Homolog sequences were highly diverse, and were assigned to the Pseudomonadota, Actinomycetota, Bacteroidota and Acidobacteriota phyla. The genomic context of WS/DGAT homologs included sequences related to WE and TAG biosynthesis pathways, as well as to other related pathways such as fatty-acid metabolism, suggesting carbon recycling might drive the flux to neutral lipid synthesis. These results indicate the presence of abundant and taxonomically diverse bacterial populations with the potential to synthesize lipid storage compounds in marine sediments, relating this metabolic process to bacterial survival.

Nematode's morphometric shifts related to changing environmental conditions in the Mekong estuaries Ba Lai and Ham Luong, Vietnam.

Damming has been reported to give many short-term benefits for local people but also to result in long-term negative impacts on the aquatic ecosystem. The ecological impact of the Ba Lai dam was studied by investigating environmental differences and the response of associated aquatic nematode communities (structure and morphometric characteristics) in both downstream and upstream sections of its estuary in comparison to an adjacent dam-free estuary Ham Luong, both belonging to the Mekong delta in Vietnam. Depleted dissolved oxygen, elevated methane and sulfide concentrations and increased accumulation of contaminants, including total suspended solid, heavy metals, and nutrients in the dammed estuary and its upstream section, indicated an impact of the dam on the environment. The dammed estuary showed differences in the nematode communities inhabiting the subtidal sediments from the reference estuary such as a higher nematode individual biomass with smaller length/width ratio as a consequence of the larger body width. The absence of long/thin nematodes in the dammed estuary, but high abundance of a slender nematode morphotype, a group with a higher efficiency of obtaining dissolved oxygen as a consequence of their comparatively large surface/volume ratio, might represent an adaptation of those communities to live in poor oxygen condition. In the dammed estuary, the small L/W ratio of nematode communities was potentially driven by the interaction effects of enrichment of both total suspended solid and ammonium linked to dissolved oxygen depletion. These findings support the potential use of nematode communities as bioindicators in ecological quality assessment although plausible; it is not possible to ascertain if only the dam causes the changes in the nematode communities.

Impact of mussel seed fishery on subtidal sediment and macrozoobenthos in the western Wadden Sea

Impact of mussel seed fishery on subtidal sediment and macrozoobenthos in the western Wadden Sea

Effect of submerged marine debris on the species compositions and community characteristics of the macrobenthos in the subtidal zone of Jeju Island, Korea

Submerged marine debris alters local species compositions and the characteristics of benthic communities. However, few studies have explored species composition and characteristics within benthic communities. Here, we investigate the effects of submerged marine debris on the species compositions of the macrobenthos, as well as the characteristics of debris distribution, in subtidal sediments and rocky areas. Our results indicated that, when debris is present in subtidal sediment areas, mobile species (arthropods), which do not typically occur in the subtidal sediment area, are highly abundant dominant. In debris-covered rocky subtidal areas, the number of species, density, diversity, and biomass are all low. The Iwagaki oyster (Magallana nippona; megabenthos; > 1 cm) only occurred at debris-free sites. Our study provides evidence that submerged marine debris affects macrobenthos; however, due to the small number of surveys and short distances between sites, some of these effects remain unclear. As such, we will supplement these data in a future study.

Late Pleistocene and Holocene transgression inferred from the sediments of the Gulf of San Jorge, central Patagonia, Argentina

ABSTRACTThis study presents the first detailed description of the upper sedimentary succession of the late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits in the Gulf of San Jorge (Patagonia) based on several hundred kilometers of high‐resolution seismic (sparker) profiles and numerous sediment cores. High‐resolution seismic stratigraphy confirms the existence of a paleo‐fluvial network formed during sea‐level lowstands and buried by central basin estuarine deposits during the last marine transgression. Analyses of lithostratigraphy and radiocarbon ages indicate the onset of subtidal sedimentation at ~14 cal ka bp. Before the onset of subtidal conditions, the first steps of marine incursion seem to have led to the development of lagoonal/wind–tidal flat environments, advocating for a sea‐level stillstand. An abrupt increase in the log(Ti/Ca) ratio in a distinct multi‐centimeter‐thick layer and the identification of a wave‐ravinement surface suggest rapid sea‐level rise in the gulf prior to ~14 cal ka bp, consistent with Meltwater Pulse 1A. Overall, this study highlights the significant impact of sea‐level rise on sedimentation in the gulf from the onset of marine incursions to the mid‐Holocene, as well as the reduced contribution, as currently observed, of riverine inputs due to the progressive diminution and withdrawal of glacial drainage starting before the Holocene.

Two new species of genus Perspiria (Desmodoridae: Nematoda) from the Bohai Bay of China

ABSTRACT Two new species of genus Perspiria were discovered from the subtidal sediments of Bohai Bay of China and described as Perspiria macramphida sp. nov. and Perspiria major sp. nov. Perspiria macramphida sp. nov. is characterised by the large and longitudinal loop-shaped amphidial fovea, partially surrounded with cuticular striations; conical buccal cavity with a dorsal tooth; spicules arcuated with enlarged proximal end and ventral velum, 53–61 µm long; 15–16 papillary precloacal supplements; and tail conico-cylindrical with prominent transverse striations except its terminal end. Perspiria major sp. nov. is characterised by its small unispiral amphidial fovea looking like a double circle in outline, partially surrounded with cuticular striations; conical buccal cavity with a small dorsal tooth; pharynx with a pear-shaped terminal bulb; tail short, conico-cylindrical; spicules strongly curved with heart-shaped proximal end, without ventral velum; and lacking precloacal supplements. An updated key for valid species of Perspiria is provided. http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:AB1A7D19-1030-4FF8-8882-3F79C9080597

Post-Formation of Oil Particle Aggregates: Breakup and Biodegradation.

Spilled oil slicks are likely to break into droplets in the subtidal and intertidal zones of seashores due to wave energy. The nonliving suspended fine particles in coastal ecosystems can interact with the dispersed oil droplets, resulting in the formation of Oil Particle Aggregates (OPAs). Many investigations assumed that these aggregates will settle due to the particles' high density. Recent studies, however, reported that some particles penetrate the oil droplets, which results in further breakup while forming smaller OPAs that remain suspended in the water column. Here, we investigated the interaction of crude oil droplets with intertidal and subtidal sediments, as well as artificial pure kaolinite, in natural seawater. Results showed that the interaction between oil droplets and intertidal sediments was not particularly stable, with an Oil Trapping Efficiency (OTE) < 25%. When using subtidal sediments, OTE reached 56%. With artificial kaolinite, OPA formation and breakup were more significant (OTE reaching up to 67%) and occurred faster (within 12 h). Oil chemistry analysis showed that the biodegradation of oil in seawater (half-life of 485 h) was significantly enhanced with the addition of sediments, with half-lives of 305, 265, and 150 h when adding intertidal sediments, subtidal sediments, and pure kaolinite, respectively. Such results reveal how the sediments' shape and size affect the various oil-sediment interaction mechanisms, and the subsequent impact on the microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. Future studies should consider investigating the application of fine (several microns) and sharp (elongated-sheeted) sediments as a nondestructive and nontoxic technique for dispersing marine oil spills.

Perils of drifting encapsulated embryos of the periwinkle Littorina scutulata from failures at launch and unscheduled landings

Unusually for benthic animals, mothers in many species of littorinid snails release drifting egg capsules that experience hazards of either the plankton or seafloor. At a site sheltered from large waves, numerous egg capsules of Littorina scutulata remained in high intertidal pools near mothers, and the embryos died. Mortality was also high for embryos in capsules caught in high intertidal clumps of algae. Capsules in shallow water were at early cleavage stages, indicating exposure to intertidal predators only for the hours of early development. In the laboratory, small intertidal pagurid hermit crabs and grapsid crabs ate capsules, and barnacles captured capsules, though with ingestion uncertain. An anemone and a mussel were not hazards. Embryos in capsules exposed to microbial and physical hazards on submerged sediments suffered little mortality, in contrast to previously observed high mortality at the same site for embryos of an echinoid. Predation rates could not be estimated for any location, but other hazards were less on low intertidal and subtidal sediments than in the high intertidal zone. The number of embryos per capsule and capsule sizes varied within a mother’s spawn, between spawns of mothers of similar size, and with maternal condition. Packaging several embryos in a capsule did not increase sinking speeds much beyond sinking reported for planktonic single unhatched blastulae in other taxa. Some embryos died through failure to launch, but capsules provided low sinking speeds during drift, brief residence in shallow intertidal waters, and protection from microbial and chemical hazards on sediments when sunk.

Long-term changes in ecosystem functioning of a coastal bay expected from a shifting balance between intertidal and subtidal habitats

Coastal areas are subjected to several anthropogenic stressors with much of the world's intertidal areas receding due to human activities, coastal erosion and sea level rise. The Dutch Eastern Scheldt (ES) has been predicted to lose around 35% of intertidal areas by 2060. This study investigates differences between biogeochemical fluxes of intertidal and subtidal sediments of the ES and assesses how ongoing erosion may modify the sedimentary ecosystem functioning of this coastal bay in the coming decades. Monthly fluxes and porewater concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), phosphorous (DIP), silica (DSi), carbon (DIC) and oxygen (O2) as well as organic matter (OM) characteristics were measured from intertidal and subtidal sediments from June 2016–December 2017. Compared to subtidal stations, OM was significantly more reactive in intertidal samples and exhibited 37% higher O2 fluxes, suggesting a strong influence from microphytobenthos. Subtidal sediments exhibited an average efflux of nitrates (0.28 mmol m−2 d−1) and phosphates (0.09 mmol m−2 d−1) into the water column, while intertidal areas displayed average influxes (nitrates = −1.2 mmol m−2 d−1, phosphates = −0.03 mmol m−2 d−1) directed into the sediment. The calculated removal of total DIN and DIP from the water column was 34–38% higher in intertidal compared to subtidal samples suggesting stronger denitrification and phosphorus adsorption to solid particles from intertidal sediments. As an upscaling exercise, we estimate potential erosion induced changes if the ES stations are representative for the system. With this assumption, we estimate 11% and 8% reductions for respective nitrogen and phosphorus removal in the entire ES by 2060. Given the global observations of eroding intertidal areas and rising sea levels, we suggest that the predicted habitat loss may cause significant changes for coastal biogeochemistry and should be investigated further to understand its potential consequences.

Microplastic pollution in the intertidal and subtidal sediments of Vava'u, Tonga

Plastic pollution research on a global scale intensified considerably in the current decade; however, research efforts in the South Pacific are still lagging. Here, we report on microplastic contamination of intertidal and subtidal sediments in the Vava'u archipelago, Tonga. While providing the first baseline data of its type in Tonga, the study also advances methods and adjusts them for low-budget research. The methods were based on density separation of microplastics from the sediment using CaCl2, a high-density salt which due to its high solubility, low cost and availability. Once separated, microplastics were quantified by microscopic analysis and polymers characterized via FTIR spectroscopy. Microplastics in intertidal and subtidal sediments were found in concentrations of 23.5 ± 1.9 and 15.0 ± 1.9 particles L−1 of sediment, respectively. The dominant type of microplastics in both intertidal (85 %) and subtidal sediments (62 %) were fibres.

Spatial and seasonal distribution of microplastics in various environmental compartments around Sishili Bay of North Yellow Sea, China

Microplastic pollution in the marine environment is closely linked to human activities, particularly in coastal areas. Seasonal samples were collected on the beach, in rivers, surface water, bottom water, and subtidal sediments from May 2019 to February 2020. Microplastics in environment metrices showed different seasonal variation characteristics of both abundance and shapes, and their spatial distribution varied in different environment metrices. The most common shapes of microplastic in water and sediment were fibers and fragments. Foams were evident on the beach sand with seasonal distribution. Results from this study show that microplastics in coastal areas are vulnerable to human activities, such as marine aquaculture and fishery activity. The variation in vertical profiles indicated the presence of a complicated mechanism in water column. The typical microplastics inventory suggested sediment as the main sink in coastal area. More investigations are needed to understand the distribution of microplastic in the coastal region.