Subterranean Termites Coptotermes Curvignathus Research Articles

Bioaktivitas Usnea barbata (L.) F.H. Wigg sebagai Insektisida Nabati Coptotermes curvignathus (Holmgren)

The subterranean termite Coptotermes curvignathus is a type of insect that damages wood until it is porous and destroyed. Until now, termites are chemically controlled but negatively impact the environment, so bioinsecticides such as from Usnea barbata lichen are needed. This study aims to determine the bioactivity of U extract. Barbata as a bioinsecticide for subterranean termites C. curvignathus. The experiment used Completely Randomizd Design with 7 treatments (concentrations of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and Termicon) and 3 replicates. The extract was prepared from 300 g of U barbata powder, macerated in 7 days in 96% ethanol in a ratio of 1:10 (300 g/3 L). Mortality and feed weight loss were observed for 7 days. The extracts contained alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, and tannins. The phytochemicals were analyzed descriptively, and a lethal concentration value of 50% (LC50) was determined by probit analysis. Data on termite mortality percentage and feed loss percentage were analyzed using ANOVA at a 5% confidence level. If the Fcalct > Ftable, Duncan's further test was carried out. The results showed that the extract contained alkaloids, steroids, tannins, and saponins. The mortality of subterranean termites was indicated by an LC value of 50-72 hours of 19.32%. Statistically, U. barbata extract affected mortality but did not differ significantly in the feed weight loss of C. curvignathus subterranean termites.
 
 Keywords: bioactivity, Coptotermes curvignathus, insecticide, Usnea barbata

Bio-Attractant of termites bait from waste paper and extract Ocimum basilicum Linn against Subterranean Termites Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren

Termites were the most destroying wood organism and one of the methods for controlling termites and suppressing its population is the baiting system. One of the conditions in the baiting system method is that the bait must be able to attract termites. Mostly the attractant is made from an extract of the plant. This research aimed to evaluate the attractants of termites bait from waste paper and extract of basil leaf (Ocimum basilicum) against subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren. Leaves of Ocimum basilicum extracted with maceration process with ethanol. After extraction, the yield was made into five concentration, consist of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%. The waste paper was made into termite’s bait with a square bait with measure 2 cm long x 2 cm wide x 1 cm thick. The result of research showed that the average of termites mortality value was 18.79% - 97.58%. The highest termites mortality was achieve on 10% concentration of extract Ocimum basilicum. Its followed by the concentration 8% with mortality value 91.52%; concentration 6% with mortality value 78.18%; concentration 4% with mortality value 61.82% and concentration 2% with mortality value 51.52%. Meanwhile on control treatment the mortality value was 18.79%. The average of weight loss of termite’s bait was 3.41% - 8.36%. The highest weight loss was achieved on concentration 8% and this bait was more attractive to termites. Termite’s bait from waste paper and extract of Ocimum basilicum was attractant to subteranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus and the optimum concentration was 8%.

The Efficacy of Pine Wood Pellets reinforced with Active Hexaflumuron Against the Subterranian Termite Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren

Bait formulation using hexaflumuron is the most used baiting techniques because it is relatively friendly to the environment. One of the potential wood species for bait formulation for termites is pine wood. The resin in pine wood can reduce termites preference. Therefore, the resin contained in pine wood needs to be reduced so that the level of termites preference for pine wood can be increased. This study aims to determine the efficacy of the bait formulation in the form of pellets from pine wood (Pinus merkusii Jungh er de Vries) which was pre-treated with presto (0.4 bar, 100 °C) for one, two, three, four, and five hours with active hexaflumuron (0.25%) against subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus. Pine wood chips were treated with presto for one hour, two hours, three hours, four hours, and five hours. The treated pine wood chips then made into sawdust by 40-60 mesh. Pine sawdust then added with hexaflumuron (0.25%) and formed into pellets without adding any adhesive material and then fed to the subterranean termites C. curvignathus (JIS K 1571: 2010). Solid pine wood used as a control sample. The result showed that palatability of formulation pellet bait with active hexaflumuron (14.33%) was higher than solid pine wood (6.58%). The formulation of pellet bait with 0.25% active hexaflumuron with presto pre-treatment was able to eliminate C. curvignathus termites.

The Natural Durability and Drying Properties of Ganitri Wood (Elaeocarpus sphaericus Schum)

Ganitri (Elaeocarpus sphaericus Schum.) is a fast-growing species that was majority planted in community-based forets in Java. This research aimed to evaluate the natural durability and drying properties of ganitri wood, hence the best uses of the wood can be achieved. The wood durability was tested in laboratory and field scales based on SNI 7207:2014 and ASTM D 1758-02 standards respectively, while the wood treatibilty evaluation used soaking method with 5% borax preservative. The wood drying property was assessed through oven drying at 100°C temperature based on Terazawa method. The resistance of the wood against subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus is classified as durability class IV. Ganitri wood was very easy to be preserved with the cold soaking method. Boron retention in ganitri was 22.87 kg.m-³, while its penetration was 27.80 mm or 94.24%. Ganitri had rather poor drying properties, which was prone to surface check. The proper drying for ganitri wood was suggested using initial and final temperatures 53°C and 83°C, respectively, while the initial and final relative humidity were 85% and 30%.

Interaction between Metarhizium anisopliae and Its Host, the Subterranean Termite Coptotermes curvignathus during the Infection Process.

Simple SummaryThe use of Metarhizium anisopliae as a biological control of insect pests has been experimented in the laboratory as well as in field trials. This includes against the termite Coptotermes curvignathus, however the results have varying degrees of success. One reason could be due to the lack of detailed knowledge on the molecular pathogenesis of M. anisopliae. In the current study, the conidial suspension of M. anisopliae isolate PR1 was first inoculated on the C. curvignathus, after which the pathogenesis was examined using two different approaches: electron microscopy and protein expression. At the initiation stage, the progression observed and documented including adhesion, germination, and penetration of the fungus on the cuticle within 24 h after inoculation. Later, this was followed by colonization and spreading of the fungus at the cellular level. Proteomics of C. curvignathus witnessed the expression of proteins related to cell regulation and defense, while in M. anisopliae, protein related to transport and fungal virulence were expressed throughout the infection. These findings offer relevant knowledge for use in the development of M. anisopliae as a prospective biological control agent for termites in the future.Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin, a pathogenic fungus to insects, infects the subterranean termite, Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren, a devastating pest of plantation trees in the tropics. Electron microscopy and proteomics were used to investigate the infection and developmental process of M. anisopliae in C. curvignathus. Fungal infection was initiated by germ tube penetration through the host’s cuticle as observed at 6 h post-inoculation (PI), after which it elongated into the host’s integumental tissue. The colonization process continued as seen from dissemination of blastospores in the hemocoel at 96 h PI. At this time point, the emergent mycelia had mummified the host and forty-eight hours later, new conidia were dispersed on the termites’ body surface. Meanwhile, hyphal bodies were observed in abundance in the intercellular space in the host’s body. The proteomes of the pathogen and host were isolated separately using inoculated termite samples withdrawn at each PI-time point and analyzed in two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) gels. Proteins expressed in termites showed evidence of being related to cell regulation and the immune response, while those expressed in M. anisopliae, to transportation and fungal virulence. This study provides new information on the interaction between termites and its entomopathogen, with potential utilization for developing future biopesticide to control the termite population.

Color change and termite resistance of fast-growing tropical woods treated with kesambi (Schleichera oleosa) smoke

Smoke treatment can be used to enhance wood resistance to subterranean termite attack. In this study, kesambi (Schleichera oleosa) wood was pyrolyzed to produce charcoal. The smoke produced as a by-product of pyrolysis was used to treat sengon (Falcataria moluccana), jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba), mangium (Acacia mangium), and pine (Pinus merkusii) wood samples for 1, 2, or 3 weeks. Following the smoke treatment, the wood specimens were exposed to subterranean termites (Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren) according to the Indonesian standard 7207-2014 in a laboratory. The color change caused by smoke treatment was observed, and chemical analysis of smoke was also done. The results showed that chemical compounds of kesambi smoke predominantly consisted of acetic acid, phenol, ketones, amines, and benzene. The color of smoked wood became darker, less yellow, and a little redder, while a longer smoking period produced a darker color which was more resistant to termite attack. Smoke treatment enhanced the resistance of wood to subterranean termite attack, and the resistance levels were not significantly different based on the duration of the smoke treatment.

BIOAKTIVITAS EKSTRAK LIMBAH BUAH BAKAU (Rhizophora mucronata Lamk) TERHADAP RAYAP TANAH Coptotermes vurvignathus Holmgren

The mangrove heap of Rhizophora mucronata Lamk as a result of planting activities managed by a community group called Surya Perdana Mandiri in Singkawang City, Setapuk Besar Village was not utilized, due to lack of information and knowledge of the community about the benefits of this type. This study aims to analyze phytochemical compounds from fruit mangrove extracts of R. mucronata, then analyzing the bioactivity of extracts against subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus and determine the optimum concentration of R. mucronata mangrove fruit extracts wich inhibited the activity of subterranean termites C. curvignathus. Fruit of R. mucronata was extraction with aquades for three hours with a temperature of 50°C. Then the extract was made into concentration 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%. The filter paper was dip in extract solution then put into medium as a food source for termites for 21 days. The mortality of termites and weight loss of filter paper was analyzed to evaluate the inhibition assay.This study uses a completely randomized design method and statistical calculations using SPSS 22. Termite mortality at a concentration of 0% (control) is significantly different from all concentrations. However, when compared between concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10%) the difference was not significant, meaning that mortality between concentrations did not have a significant effect. Weight loss of filter paper at a concentration of 0% (control) was significantly different from a concentration of 10%. The results showed that the concentration of 10% of R. mucronata mangrove extract was an optimum concentration to inhibited the subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus with a mortality value of 92% and a weight loss value of 26.91%.Keyword : antitermites, bioactivity, Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren, fruit waste, Rhizophora mucronata Lamk

PENGEMBANGAN UMPAN RAMAH LINGKUNGAN TERHADAP RAYAP TANAH (Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren)

Bait technology is the most effective, safe, and environmentally friendly way to termite control. This method was done by utilize attractants which have properties or aromas and able to invite termites to eat the bait. M. leucadendra leaves potentially used as an attractant. The matrix of bait material used as attractant to termites should contain high cellulose compound.. HVS paper and cardboard are materials with high cellulose compound, so they can used as bait. The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of bait from M. leucadendra leaf mixture with waste paper to subterranean termites (Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren) and to determine the optimal composition of the mixture of waste paper and M. leucadendra leaves which can be used as bait against termites. Tests are carried out with 2 methods, namely no choice test and multiple choice test. No-choice test was done by forced feeding, which was only one test sample in the test cup, with 55 termites (50 workers caste and 5 soldiers caste). Multiple choice test was done by giving food choices, which are all test samples for each composition in the test cup, with 165 termites (150 workers caste and 15 soldiers caste). The parameters observed were the weight loss of bait and mortality of termites. The results shows that the bait of the mixture of M. leucadendra leaves and paper waste in the no choice test and multiple choice test was effective used as bait to termites. Mixture of M. leucadendra: cardboard (60%: 40%) is the best composition bait for Subterranean C. curvignathus.Keyword: Baiting method, bioattractant, Coptotermes curvignathus, M. leucadendra leaves, wastepaper

PENGARUH PENGASAPAN TERHADAP KEAWETAN KAYU BINTANGUR (Chalophyllum sp.) DAN KAYU MEDANG (Chinnamomum sp) DARI SERANGAN RAYAP TANAH Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren

Medang wood (Chinnamumum sp) and Bintangur wood (Calophyllum sp) was used for timber construction even they have low quality on the durability. The efforts need to improve their durability, especially against subterranean termites, the most destructive wood organism. One methods of preservation which can improve the durability was fumigation. Fumigation can be processed with traditional methods and modern methods. The aim of the study was to improve the durability of Medang wood (Chinnamumum sp) and Bintangur wood (Calophyllum sp)with modern fumigation methods and evaluation the durability against subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren. Wood sample was measured 2 cm x 2 cm x 1 cm. The fumigation treatment was conducted with oven. The oven size was 1 m x 1 m x 50 cm. Treatments of fumigation consits of 12 hours and 24 hours. The treatment of evaluation the durability agaisnt termites was conducted for 21 days. The wood sample was put on the bottle and 50 termites consist of 45 workers and 5 soldiers were put in the wood sample. The parameter of indicator was termite’s mortality and wood weight loss. Result of the research showed that average termites mortality was reach 100% at wood sample with fumigation method for 24 hours, and 89.2% for wood sample with fumigation method for 12 hours. Meanwhile in control wood the termite’s mortality only 8.6%. The level of termites mortality with fumigation methods for 24 hours was classified very strong and for fumigation methods for 12 hours was classified as strong. The average wood weight loss was 1.21% - 1.30%. This wood weight loss was classified as very low. From the research it is concluded that fumigation method can increased the durability of wood, both on Medang wood and Bintangur wood against the subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren. The optimal fumigation methods was on 12 hours, both on Medang wood and Bintangur wood.Keywords: Calophyllum sp, Chinnamumum sp, Coptotermes curvignathus, fumigation, wood preservation

Effect of bait density on consumption rates and mortality of subterranean termite Coptotermes curvignathus

Utilization of baits for controlling termites is achieving high attention in recent year. One of affecting factors of baiting preference of termites including the density of bait. In this study, the effect of bait density on consumption rates and mortality of subterranean termite Coptotermes curvignathus was investigated. Baits prepared by 1:1:1 weight ratio of mixed blended official waste paper, cardboards and cajuput (Melaleuca leucadendra) leaf which were formed into a cube measuring 2x2x1 cm. The baits density were 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.75, 0.8, 1.0 gr/cm3. No choice and multiple choice tests were conducted with five replications. Clear plastics cup measuring diameter 6 cm and 12 cm were employed for no choice test and multiple choice tests respectively. Fifty workers and five soldiers of C. curvignathus were used for no choice test, while 150 workers and 15 soldiers were tested in the multiple choices test. The results indicated that bait with lower density had a better consumption rates to C. curvignathus. The influence of bait density on termite mortality was also reported, since there is a relationship between consumption rates and termite mortality which is contrary to the general toxicity test. The percentage of consumption rates was still lower therefore further research is indispensible on reformulation of the baits.

KUALITAS PAPAN PARTIKEL DARI KULIT BATANG SAGU (Metroxylon spp) DENGAN PEREKAT ALAMI ASAM SITRAT: SIFAT FISIK, SIFAT MEKANIK, DAN KEAWETAN TERHADAP RAYAP TANAH Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren

The study aimed to analyze the quality of particle boards from bark fiber of sago (Metroxylon spp) with citric acid as natural adhesives based on physical properties, mechanical properties, and durability from subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren. Particle boards are made with a size of 30 cm x 30 cm x 1 cm. The experimental factors used in the study included densities (0.7 gr/cm3 and 0.8 gr/cm3) and concentrations of citric acid adhesives (20% and 30%). The material then flow into hotpress with 1800C for 15 minutes and pressure at 25 kg/cm2. Testing of the physical and mechanical properties of particle boards refers to the JIS A 5908-2003 standard and durability against subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren was conducted based on SNI 01. 7207-2006. The results showed that the densities factor had a significant effect on density, thickness swelling, MOE, MOR, internal bond, screw holding strength, and weight loss of the particle board against termites. Meanwhile concentration of citric acid adhesive significantly affected the density, moisture content, water absorption, thickness swelling, MOR, internal bond, and screw holding strength. The interaction between the densities factor and concentration of citric acid has a significant effect on thickness swelling and density. The physical and mechanical properties of particle boards which fulfill the JIS A 5908 2003 standard were density, moisture content, MOR, and screw holding strength. The durability of particleboard againts termites has a very strong level. The average values of termites mortality were 94% ~ 100%. The average of wood weight loss values were 9.61%~ 18.51%. The particle board made with a density 0.8 gr/cm3 and concentration of citric acid adhesive 30% achieved the highest values on physical properties, mechanical properties and durability to the termites Coptotermes curvignathus. Keywords : citric acid, Coptotermes curvignathus, Metroxylon spp, particle board, sago

BIOAKTIVITAS EKSTRAK SARANG SEMUT Myrmecodia pendens TERHADAP RAYAP TANAH Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren

Myrmecodia pendens are epiphytic plants which known as herbal plants in some region in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to examine Myrmecodia pendens extracts with different concentrations against subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren. The research was conducted at the Wood Technology Laboratory, Forestry Faculty, Tanjungpura University for three months. Myrmecodia pendens was from Maluku Island. 50 gram Myrmecodia pendens was extract with methanol with ratio 1:3, then the extract was made into five concentrations i.e. 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%. Filter paper then dipped into the extract solution and used for food substrates of termites. The bioassay was conducted for 21 days in termite’s chamber room. Each treatment has three replications. The indicator used for evaluate the effectiveness of the extract was termites mortality and filter paper weight loss. The results showed the rendemen of Myrmecodia pendens extract was 24.1888 gram (23.1576%). The average value of termite’s mortality was 67.33% - 100.00%. The concentration of 2% has termites mortality values of 67.33% and included in the category of strong levels of anti-termite activity. The highest termite’s mortality value was achieved on concentration of 10%. The average value of filter paper weight loss was 33.54% – 65.27%. The highest concentration of the extracts resulted in the lowest filter paper weight loss. Meanwhile on control treatment the average values of termites mortality was 14.67% and the filter paper weight loss was 73.22%. The extract Myrmecodia pendens was effectives to inhibition the subterranean termites attacks. The optimum concentration of Myrmecodia pendens extract was achieved at concentration 6% with termites mortality value was 78% with category of very strong levels of anti-termite activity.Keywords : antitermites, Coptotermes curvignathus, Myrmecodia pendens, preservation

PERBANDINGAN TINGKAT KEAWETAN KAYU SENGON (Falcataria moluccana L. Nielsen) DAN KAYU SUGI (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) DENGAN EKSTRAK LIMBAH KULIT KAYU JATI (Tectona grandis L.F.) TERHADAP SERANGAN RAYAP TANAH Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren

The aim of the study was to obtain a comparison of the durability of sengon (Falcataria moluccana) and sugi wood (Cryptomeria japonica) after preservation with Jati (Tectona grandis) tree bark waste to subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren attack and to determine the best concentration of wood preservation from Jati extract. Evaluation the durability of wood used the JIS K 1571 2004 standar method. Test parameters in the study were preservative retention, termite mortality and weight loss of the wood test sample. The results showed the highest retention was achieved in Sengon wood of 0.466 kg /m3 and the followed by Sugi wood which was 0.740 kg /m3. The lowest termites mortality value was in non-teated wood of Sengon wood with value 13.091%, and in other sengon wood which treated by extract of Jati bark with concentration of 2%, 4%, 5%, the termites mortality was 100%. Meanwhile in Sugi wood the termites mortality in non-treated wood was 12.576% and other Sugi wood which treated by extract of Jati bark with concentration of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% the mortality value reached 100%. The average percentage values of the highest weight loss was 15.483% in non-treated sugi wood, while the lowest weight loss was in sengon wood which was given 5% extract of teak bark with a concentration of only 2.099%. The optimal concentration of Jati tree bark for wood preservation to Sengon wood was on concentration 25, meanwhile in Sugi wood was on concentration 1%.Keywords: Cryptomeria japonica, ekstrak kulit kayu, Falcataria moluccana, preservation, Tectona grandis

APLIKASI UMPAN RAYAP BERBAHAN AKTIF HEXAFLUMURON PADA DOSIS BERBEDA DALAM PENGENDALIAN SERANGAN RAYAP DI PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT

Subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus has found as pest in oil palm plantation. The research aimed to control the termites in oil palm plantation using Hexaflumuron bait with different dosage. Location of research was oil palm plantation at Purun village in Mempawah Regency. The study was conducted by a completely randomized design method. The research treatment was dose of Hexaflumuron termite bait, consisting of 30 gram and 60 gram. Three blocks was choosing as a sample treatment consists of block H 35, block H 38 and block H 39. Hexaflumuron bait has weight 30 gram. Treatment dose of 30 gram was conducted with lay down the bait of Hexaflumuron at the mud tunnel of termites in the trunk of oil palm. Treatment dose of 60 gram was conducted with lay down two bait of Hexaflumuron at the mud tunnel of termites in the trunk of oil palm in the different place. Then inspection of bait consumption was conducted every week. Data of bait consumption and termites elimination was collected. Results of the research showed that Hexaflumuron bait was consumed by termites up to 100%. The bait has attracted the termites to consume and non-repellent to termites. After four until seven week consumption the Hexaflumuron bait, termites eliminated from the oil palm. The result of variance analysis showed that there was no significance difference between the dose of 30 gram and 60 gram on the termite consumption level. Hexaflumuron bait was effective for termites elimination in oil palm plantation within four until seven weeks and dose 30 gram was optimum for termites elimination.Keywords: Coptotermes curvignathus, hexaflumuron, oil palm, termites bait, termites control

TOKSISITAS FRAKSI n-HEKSAN DAN ETIL ASETAT DARI EKSTRAK LIMBAH KULIT KAYU BAKAU (Rhizophora apiculata Blume) TERHADAP RAYAP TANAH (Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren)

Bakau (Rhizophora apiculate Blume) has the potential as natural preservatives, especially on the bark. The active chemical components contained in extracts of Bakau bark are tannins, saponins, and flavonoids. The objectives of the study were to determine the toxicity of extract of n-hexane fraction and ethyl acetate fraction of R. apiculata bark on subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren and to evaluate the optimal concentration of extract of n-hexane fraction and ethyl acetate fraction of R. apiculata bark against subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren. The method used in this research is a Completely Randomized Design with Factorial consisting of two factors. First factor consist of n-hexane fraction and ethyl acetate fraction, and second factor consist of six concentrations i.e. 0%; 2%; 4%; 6%; 8%; and 10%. All treatment was conducted on four replications. Medium for testing with subterranean termites was a glass jar containing 10 gram sand and 45 termites worker and 5 termites soldier. Cellulose paper contained extract of n-hexane fraction and ethyl acetate fraction are used as a food source for termites for 21 days. After that the mortality of termites and weight loss of cellulose paper was measure. Result of research showed that concentration 8% and 10% both on extract of n-hexane fraction and ethyl acetate fraction has a high antitermite’s activity with mortality value ≥ 95%. The optimal concentration was achieved on concentration 8% both on extract of n-hexane fraction and ethyl acetate fraction.Keywords : Antitermites, Bark, Coptotermes curvignathus, Rhizophora apiculata, Toxicity

Short communication: Diversity of tropical plants and their attractant properties for subterranean termite Coptotermes curvignathus

Indrayani Y, Muin M, Yoshimura T. 2017. Short communication: Diversity of tropical plants and their attractant properties for subterranean termite Coptotermes curvignathus. Biodiversitas 18: 1353-1357. The effectiveness of bio-based attractant from different leaves of tropical plants on subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus was examined under laboratory conditions. Five kinds of leaves of tropical plant such as cajuput (Melaleuca leucadendron L.), cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii (Nees & Th. Nees) Nees ex Blume, clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry), bay (Syzygium polyanthum Wight) and basil (Ocimum sanctum L.) were serving as termite feeding bio-based attractants for C. curvignathus. Bio-based attractants were obtained by cross cut dry leaves into smaller particles (dry weight 200 g) and dipped in 70% ethanol solution for 3 x 24 hrs. The extracts were then subjected to a rotary evaporator at 60 ºC until the extract changed to gel condition. 50 workers and five soldiers of C. curvignathus were tested in a no-choice test bioassay to determine their preferred bio-based attractant under the concentration of 10% and 50%. No-choice bioassays chambers were assembled by connecting two clear plastic glasses (bottom diameter 5 cm, top diameter 7 cm) with clear plastic hoses (inner diameter 3 mm, outer diameter 5 mm). Clear plastic hoses connectors allowed termites to move freely between glasses. A laboratory bioassay determined that the response of subterranean termite C. curvignathus on clove leaf was greater than other five leaves as indicated by termite moving time, and did not differ significantly between concentrations. No direct relationships were noted between the speed of the first termite moving time and number of termites recruited to the bio-attractant chamber.

Heartwood durability of Dyera costulata, Neolamarckia cadamba and Khaya ivorensis trees from fast-growth plantations against subterranean termite Coptotermes curvignathus

Abstract To preserve natural forests, forest plantations with fast-growing species are promoted. In the present work, the heartwood durabilities of Dyera costulata, Neolamarckia cadamba and Khaya ivorensis, from both plantations and natural forests, have been tested in comparison with rubberwood in laboratory and above-ground tests against the subterranean termite Coptotermes curvignathus. Both young trees from forest thinning and mature trees were tested. The results show that there is no significant difference in weight loss between planted trees and trees from a natural forest. The results were also compared with those of rubberwood.

Resistance of Smoked Glued Laminated Lumber to Subterranean Termite Attack

Abstract Timber from plantation forest mostly contains sapwood, and the heartwood part has a lot of juvenile wood, which has low resistance to attack by subterranean termites (Coptotermes curvignathus). Wood smoke created through pyrolysis contains numerous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that could prevent termite attack. Three-layer glued laminated lumber (glulam) was created using either the same wood species (mangium [Acacia mangium], manii [Maesopsis eminii], or sengon [Falcataria moluccana]) for all layers or a combination of mangium as the face and back layers and a core layer of manii or sengon. Glulam samples were exposed to smoke from mangium wood for 15 days, preserved with imidacloprid, or left untreated. All glulams were tested against subterranean termites according to the Indonesian standard. Gas chromatography revealed that smoke from mangium predominantly contained acetic acid, cyclobutanol, and phenolic compounds. Smoked glulam was more resistant to subterranean termite attack than untr...

Resistance of preservative treated mahogany wood to subterranean termite attack

Mahogany wood (Swietenia sp.), which is mostly used for furniture production in the Jepara (Central Java), a center of wood furniture production in Indonesia, was harvested from plantation and community forests. The trees were cut at 8–15 years of age and contained a large percentage of juvenile wood. This wood is very susceptible to attack by biodeterioration organisms, and preservatives are used to increase its durability. To evaluate the effectiveness of preservatives applied at three furniture factories, subterranean termite (Coptotermes curvignathus) laboratory testing was done. Results were expressed in terms of percent wood weight loss, termite mortality, and termite feeding rate. The preservatives used were permethrin and chlorpyrifos, which were applied by brushing or soaking methods. The results showed that retention varied from 0.012 to 0.070 kg/m3, and the preservatives very effectively protected the wood from subterranean termite attack. The improved durability of the preserved wood was indicated by significant differences between treated and untreated wood in terms of percent wood weight loss, termite mortality, and termite feeding rate.

Electrical Performance and Effect of Frequency Electromagnetic Waves on Subterranean Termites <i>Coptotermes curvignathus</i> Holmgren

The research aimed to propose a non-destructive technology to control subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren infestation based on electromagnetic waves. A portable apparatus for this technology has been built and its experiment is presented in this paper. Some electrical parameters were measured and analyzed along with their effects to the termites. The experiment using frequency range between 30 Hz - 600 kHz has been done. The average error of the apparatus by comparing the result with the direct measurement using oscilloscope was also measured. The highest error value appeared at 600 kHz with frequency error 6.05 kHz. The highest error of voltage (i.e. 0.186 Volt) appeared at 100 kHz. For safetiness, the highest magnetic field at 300 kHz was 0.1815 μT and at 500 kHz was 0.00725 μT which were safe for human. The average value of termites mortality was higher on irradiation time 120 minutes than 60 minutes respectively in all test frequency: 300 kHz, 400 kHz, 500 kHz and 600 kHz. This paper presents an important information of the electromagnatic-based technology for environmental friendly termites control in spite of using the insecticides.