Subtenon Injection Of Triamcinolone Acetonide Research Articles

Retinal vasculitis after intravitreal aflibercept 8 mg for neovascular age-related macular degeneration

PurposeTo evaluate short-term outcomes of intravitreal injection of aflibercept 8 mg for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD).Study designRetrospective, interventional case series.MethodsWe retrospectively studied 35 eyes of 34 consecutive patients with nAMD, assessing best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), foveal thickness (FT), and central choroidal thickness (CCT) before and 4 weeks after the initial intravitreal dose of aflibercept 8 mg. The rate of achieving a dry macula and the incidence of intraocular inflammation (IOI) at week 4 were also determined.ResultsBCVA showed significant improvement, with significant reductions in FT and CCT 4 weeks after the initial injection of aflibercept 8 mg (all P < 0.01), with a dry macula being achieved in 20 eyes (57.1%). However, 3 eyes (8.6%) developed non-infectious IOI associated with retinal vasculitis, an adverse event not reported previously. The IOI in these eyes was relatively mild and treated with a posterior subtenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide with or without betamethasone eye drops, resulting in amelioration of IOI without any visual loss.ConclusionsIntravitreal aflibercept 8 mg appears to be effective for improving visual acuity and ameliorating exudative changes in eyes with nAMD. However, special attention should be given to the potential development of IOI associated with retinal vasculitis.

Severe Circulatory Disturbance in Optic Disc, Retina, and Choroid Following Sub-Tenon Triamcinolone Acetonide Injection for Posterior Scleritis.

To report a rare case of optic disc and chorioretinal vascular occlusions in the right eye following sub-Tenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide (STTA) in an older male patient with scleritis and to discuss the associated risk factors and potential alternative therapies. The medical history and clinical examination, including fundoscopy, fluorescein angiography (FA), and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), were conducted to diagnose and evaluate the extent of vascular occlusion after STTA. An extensive literature review was undertaken to ascertain the associated risks and consider other treatment options for scleritis. Severe circulatory disturbances in the optic disc and chorioretinal regions of the right eye developed after STTA for exacerbated scleritis, as confirmed by FA and ICGA, resulting in a significant decrease in visual acuity. A complex medical history encompassing ophthalmic and systemic health issues may have contributed to this negative outcome. A literature review pointed out the potential complications of STTA and highlighted alternative approaches to scleritis management. Cautious application of STTA in treating scleritis is crucial, especially in patients with pre-existing vascular or ocular conditions. Thus, a multidisciplinary approach and a careful assessment of various treatment options are vital to minimize the risk of severe complications and improve patient outcomes.

Successful management of exudative retinal detachment in retinopathy of prematurity with sub-Tenon triamcinolone acetonide ınjection following laser photocoagulation: A case report

In this case report, we describe the successful treatment of exudative retinal detachment after laser photocoagulation with sub-Tenon’s injection of triamcinolone acetonide in a premature infant with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). A preterm infant born at 25 weeks gestation and of weight 860 g was diagnosed with zone 2 stage 3 ROP with plus disease. Laser photocoagulation was performed to treat the active disease. After laser treatment, the infant developed exudative retinal detachment. To address the exudative retinal detachment, a sub-Tenon triamcinolone acetonide injection was administered. The procedure was well tolerated, and the patient showed rapid improvement in both clinical and imaging findings.

Posterior sub-tenon injection of triamcinolone in non-resolving vitreoretinitis - A case report

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of posterior sub-tenon injection of triamcinolone in non-resolving vitreoretinits. Introduction: Vitreoretinits is the inflammation of the vitreous and retina. In a non-resolving case of vitreoretinitis steroids are the mainstay of treatment. Steroids can be administered via various routes into the eye. Posterior subtenon injection of Triamcinolone acetonide is an effective treatment option for anatomical and functional improvement in intermediate and posterior uveitis. Methods: A 46-year-old female presented to the outpatient department with decreased vision in her left eye for 3 months. On examination, she had a BCVA of 6/60 in her left eye. Fundoscopy showed vitreous haze grade 3 due to vitritis, multiple vitreoretinal tractional bands extending along both the superior and inferior arcade, macular edema, and a retinitis patch of less than half disc diameter size just above the superior arcade. The patient was positive for IgG antibodies to Cytomegalovirus and Herpes Simplex virus. The patient was started on oral prednisolone 1mg/kgbw once a day and topical prednisolone acetate 1.0%, nepafenac 0.3%, and timolol 0.5%. The patient was given posterior subtenon injection of 0.5ml of triamcinolone acetonide 40mg/ml. Results: She had 6/12 BCVA at the end of 1 month with resolving vitritis and macular edema. By the end of 3 months, she had fully resolved vitreoretinitis with 6/6 vision. Discussion: Most steroids used in ophthalmology are glucocorticoids, which have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activity. Triamcinolone Acetonide is a minimally water-soluble suspension. Triamcinolone crystals slowly dissolve into the vitreous. This creates a diffusional gradient from the vitreous to the macula with minimal systemic exposure. Our study also showed significant improvement in visual acuity and reduction in macular edema with a single posterior subtenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide. Conclusion: A subtenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide appears to be an effective treatment for decreased vision associated with intermediate and posterior uveitis without any significant side effects.

Effect of aflibercept combined with triamcinolone acetonide on aqueous humor growth factor and inflammatory mediators in diabetic macular edema.

To investigate the efficacy of aflibercept combined with sub-tenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) in treating diabetic macular edema (DME) and to examine changes in growth factors and inflammatory mediator levels in aqueous humor after injection. Totally 67 DME patients (67 eyes) and 30 cataract patients (32 eyes) were enrolled as the DME group and the control group, respectively. The DME group was divided into the aflibercept group (34 cases) and the aflibercept combined with TA group (combined group, 33 cases). The aqueous humor of both groups was collected during the study period. The aqueous levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were detected using a microsphere suspension array technology (Luminex 200TM). Aqueous cytokines, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), and complications before and after treatment were compared between the aflibercept group and combined group. The concentrations of VEGF, MCP-1, IL-6, and IL-8 in the aqueous humor were significantly higher in the DME group than those of the control group (all P<0.01). After 1mo of surgery, the concentrations of VEGF, MCP-1, IL-6, and IL-8 in the aqueous humor were significantly lower in the combined group than those of the aflibercept group (all P<0.01). The BCVA and CMT values of the two groups were statistically different after 1 and 2mo of treatment (P<0.01). However, the difference was not statistically significant after 3mo of treatment (P>0.05). The cytokines VEGF, MCP-1, IL-6, and IL-8 in the aqueous humor of DME patients are significantly increased. Aflibercept and aflibercept combined with TA have good efficacy in DME patients, can effectively reduce CMT, improve the patient's vision, and have high safety. Aflibercept combined with TA can quickly down-regulate the aqueous humor cytokines and help to relieve macular edema rapidly. However, the long-term efficacy is comparable to that of aflibercept alone.

Continuous glucose monitoring metrics following sub-Tenon’s injection of triamcinolone acetonide for diabetic macular edema

PurposeThis pilot study aims to comprehensively evaluate the effects of sub-Tenon’s injection of triamcinolone acetonide (STTA) on glycemic control in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) using professional continuous glucose monitoring (CGM).MethodsThis retrospective study analyzed changes in glycemic control in 20 patients with type 2 mellitus and DME following single STTA (20 mg/0.5 mL) using The FreeStyle Libre Pro system. Professional CGM provides core CGM metrics such as the percentage of time that glucose levels fall within a target range and include the time in range (TIR) (70–180 mg/dL), time above range (TAR) (> 180 mg/dL), and time below range (TBR) (< 70 mg/dL). Outcome measures were the changes in CGM metrics (TIR, TAR and TBR) and the percentage of patients in whom TAR increased by at least 10 percentage points (ppt) 4 days before to 4 days after STTA administration.ResultsThe mean CGM metrics (TIR/TAR/TBR) were 75.5%/19.9%/4.4% 4 days before STTA and 73.7%/22.4%/3.5% 4 days after STTA; the metrics 4 days before and 4 days after STTA were not significantly different (P = 0.625 for TIR, P = 0.250 for TAR, and P = 0.375 for TBR). TAR increased by more than 10 ppt in four (20%) patients treated with sulfonylurea and/or insulin.ConclusionAlthough there were no significant changes in the CGM metrics, four patients developed CGM-measured hyperglycemia after STTA for DME.

Suprachoroidal triamcinolone versus posterior subtenon triamcinolone either alone or formulated in the management of diabetic macular edema

PurposeThis study aims to compare posterior subtenon triamcinolone acetonide injection either formulated or alone versus suprachoroidal triamcinolone in the management of diabetic macular edema.MethodsThis study is a prospective interventional study that included 75 patients, divided into three groups, each group with 25 patients. Group I received a combination of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) (40 mg) and VISCOAT, which is a combination of sodium chondroitin sulfate (20 mg) and sodium hyaluronate (15 mg). The injection was done in the posterior subtenon space using the NAGATA cannula. Group II received TA (40 mg) in the posterior subtenon space. Group III underwent an injection of 4 mg/100µl of TA in the supra choroidal space.ResultsWe found a statistically significant difference between the three studied groups regarding BCVA (P = 0.001) and CMT at six months postoperative (P = 0.001) with the highest median BCVA and lowest median CMT observed in the formulated TA group.ConclusionWe concluded that early treatment of DME by formulated TA is better than TA alone, and suprachoroidal TA in the form of increasing the BCVA and decreasing the CMT without any elevation of IOP.Trial registration number NCT05464953.Date of registration 17/7/2022 (retrospectively registered).

Faricimab for Diabetic Macular Edema in Patients Refractory to Ranibizumab or Aflibercept.

Background and Objectives: Faricimab is the first intravitreal injection of vascular endothelial growth factor-A and angiopoietin-2 bispecific monoclonal antibody. Here, we evaluate the functional and anatomical outcomes of faricimab treatment in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) that was refractory to ranibizumab or aflibercept. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective, observational, consecutive-case study of patients who had DME that was refractory to treatment with ranibizumab or aflibercept and were treated with faricimab between July 2022 and January 2023 under a pro re nata regimen. All the participants were followed for ≥4 months after the initiation of faricimab. The primary outcome was a recurrence interval of ≥12 weeks, and the secondary outcomes were the changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT). Results: We analyzed 18 eyes of 18 patients. The mean recurrence interval of previous anti-VEGF injection was 5.8 ± 2.5 weeks, which was significantly extended to 10.8 ± 4.9 weeks (p = 0.0005) by the switch to faricimab. Eight patients (44.4%) achieved a recurrence interval of ≥12 weeks. A history of subtenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide (p = 0.0034) and the presence of disorganization of the retinal inner layers (p = 0.0326) were found to be significantly associated with a recurrence interval of <12 weeks. The mean BCVAs were 0.23 ± 0.28 logMAR and 0.19 ± 0.23 logMAR, and the mean CMTs were 473.8 ± 222.0 µm and 381.3 ± 219.4 µm at baseline and 4 months, respectively, but these changes were not statistically significant. None of the patients experienced serious adverse events. Conclusions: Faricimab may extend the treatment interval for patients with DME that is refractory to ranibizumab or aflibercept. DME previously treated with the subtenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide or associated with disorganization of the retinal inner layers may be less likely to be associated with a longer recurrence interval after switching to faricimab.

Posterior sub-Tenon triamcinolone acetonide injection for annular choroidal detachment resistant to systemic immunosuppressive treatment.

Posterior sub-Tenon triamcinolone acetonide injection for annular choroidal detachment resistant to systemic immunosuppressive treatment.

Comparison between intravitreal ranibizumab injection and posterior subtenon triamcinolone acetonide injection at time of cataract surgery for prevention of progression of diabetic macular edema

BackgroundThe goal of this work is to assess progression of diabetic macular edema (DME) following intravitreal ranibizumab injection compared to subtenon triamcinolone acetonide injection at cataract operation.MethodsRetrospective analysis of 73 eyes of 65 participant with DME, with central macular thickness (CMT) ≥ 300 μm. The included eyes were separated into three groups; phacoemulsification with intravitreal Ranibizumab injection group, phacoemulsification with subtenon Triamcinolone acetonide injection group and phacoemulsification only group. Main measures involved best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) one week, one month and three months post-operative. The CMT was compared preoperative and postoperative (one and three months).ResultsAfter 1 month of operation, there was a statistical substantial distinction in the median of CMT between ranibizumab & control group (p < 0.001), between subtenon TA & control group (p < 0.001) and in ranibizumab and subtenon TA group (p = 0.023). After 3 months, the variance between ranibizumab & control group was considerable (p < 0.0001) and the variance between subtenon TA & control group was considerable (p = 0.030).ConclusionsCombined phacoemulsification with intravitreal injections of ranibizumab or subtenon triamcinolone acetonide may prevent further progression in CMT in individuals with DME following cataract operation.

Annular choroidal detachment following intravitreal aflibercept injection in a patient with nivolumab treatment: a case report

To present a novel case that developed annular choroidal detachment after intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody injection in a patient after immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment. A 58-year-old Japanese man presented visual impairment in the right eye. Ophthalmological examination revealed macular edema in the right eye, which suggested the possibility of age-related macular degeneration. Following the intravitreal aflibercept injection, the annular choroidal detachment was observed in the injected eye. As hypotony or thick sclera was not observed, choroidal detachment seemed to have appeared due to enhanced inflammation by intravitreal injection. The patient had a history of stage IV paranasal cavity cancer and was treated with nivolumab, an immune checkpoint inhibitor. The immune response might have been enhanced due to the use of nivolumab so that intravitreal injection triggered inflammation. Three weeks after sub-tenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide, macular edema and choroidal detachment improved. Intravitreal aflibercept injection caused annular choroidal detachment in our patient, presumably because the immune system was activated after nivolumab treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of annular choroidal detachment that developed after intravitreal injection in a patient with a history of nivolumab therapy. With the increasing use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with various cancers, clinicians should be aware of these potentially associated immune-related adverse events.

Two-year clinical outcomes of triple therapy with photodynamic therapy, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agent, and triamcinolone acetonide for neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

To analyze the 2-year treatment outcomes of triple therapy with standard-fluence photodynamic therapy (PDT), intravitreal injection of ranibizumab (IVR)/aflibercept (IVA), and sub-tenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide (STTA) for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) in Japanese patients. A retrospective, clinical case-series study. Forty-four eyes of 44 patients with treatment-naïve nAMD followed for more than 24 months were evaluated. Initial treatment was given with triple therapy and retreatment with IVR/IVA as a pro re nata regimen. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central retinal thickness (CRT), the number of treatments, and intraocular pressure elevation were analyzed. The mean age was 73.3 ± 10.0 years. The mean BCVA significantly improved from 0.61 ± 0.30 at baseline to 0.50 ± 0.46 at 24 months (p = 0.034). CRT significantly improved from 373 ± 162μm at baseline to 200 ± 107μm at 24 months (p < 0.001). The number of treatments given during the 2-year treatment period was 2.7 ± 1.8. No retreatments were necessary in 18 of 44 eyes (40.9%), with no significant difference between IVR (46.4%) or IVA (31.3%) used during the 2-year follow-up of triple therapy (p = 0.51). Four eyes (9.1%) temporarily required glaucoma eye drop treatments. In nAMD patients, induction treatment with triple therapy resulted in approximately 40% of the patients requiring no retreatment for 2 years. The type of anti-VEGF agents used made no difference in the results.

Efficacy of topical dexamethasone eye drops in preventing ocular inflammation and cystoid macular edema following uncomplicated cataract surgery with or without injection of a single dose perioperative subtenon triamcinolone acetonide

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy and safety of topical dexamethasone (DEX) eye drops in combination with a single perioperative subtenon triamcinolone acetonide (sTA) injection versus conventional topical DEX eye drops in the prevention of ocular inflammation and cystoid macular edema following cataract surgery. Materials and methods Medical records of 245 eyes of 245 patients who underwent uncomplicated cataract surgery were analyzed in this retrospective controlled clinical study. Topical DEX eye drops were administered to 128 eyes routinely postoperatively, and 117 eyes were given a single dose of sTA (40 mg/ml) together with topical DEX eye drops for postoperative care. Postoperative topical antibiotic prophylaxis was applied to all eyes. The primary outcomes were anterior chamber (AC) cells and flare, central macular thickness (CMT), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements on day 7, day 30, day 90, and day 180 following surgery. Results Although CMT increased in the DEX group, no increment was observed in the DEX + sTA treated group for all follow-up periods (on day 7 (+1.3 ± 18.6 and −8.7 ± 21.9 μm, p = 0.038), on day 30 (+20.5 ± 58.4 and −4.1 ± 25.2 μm, p = 0.009), on day 90 (+7.2 ± 19.9 and −5.7 ± 30.6 μm, p = 0.029), and on day 180 (+8.2 ± 22.6 and −6.4 ± 32.9 μm, p = 0.032)). There was no significant difference in terms of AC cells and flare between the two groups during the entire follow-up period (p > 0.05). Significant improvement in BCVA was observed in the DEX + sTA group at day 30 (p = 0.008). IOP differences were comparable, and both groups had high ocular tolerance. There were no severe adverse effects recorded. Conclusions Topical DEX eye drops in combination with single dose perioperative injection of sTA have robust efficacy in preventing ocular inflammation and the development of cystoid macular edema following uncomplicated cataract surgery.

Effect of Posterior Subtenon Triamcinolone Acetonide in Refractory Diabetic Macular Edema

Objectives: To see the effect of Posterior Subtenon Triamcinolone Acetonide (PSTT) injection in refractory Diabetic Macular Edema (DME).&#x0D; Study Design: Quasi-Experimental Study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Retina Clinic, Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, from Jun to Dec 2018.Methodology: Patients with Clinically Significant Macular Edema (CSME), with Central Macular Thickness (CMT) &gt;300 microns and those who did not respond to three consecutive Intra-Vitreal Bevacizumab (IVB) injections were included. Posterior Subtenon Triamcinolone Acetonide (PSTT) was administered by a single retina fellow using the same protocol. Each patient’s best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), Intra-ocular pressure (IOP) and Central Macular Thickness (CMT) were evaluated on the day of Posterior Subtenon Triamcinolone Acetonide (PSTT) injection and again at 1, 3 and 6 months.&#x0D; Results: Out of 52 patients (104 eyes), 16 females and 36 males were present. The mean age was 57.67±9.35 years. Out of 52 right eyes, the mean Central Macular Thickness (CMT) at the first visit was 388.83±172.04 µm, 332.81 ± 144.69 µm after one month, 292.81±147.59µm after six months of Posterior Subtenon Triamcinolone Acetonide (PSTT) Injection. Similarly, for 52 left eyes mean Central Macular Thickness (CMT) at the first visit is 375.79±160.81 µm, 364.52 ± 167.95 µm after one month and 323.37±155.74 µm after six months. Similar results were observed for IOP and BCVA.&#x0D; Conclusion: Posterior Subtenon Triamcinolone (PSTT) injections are effective in diabetic macular oedema, which does not respond to intravitreal anti-VEGF (IVB) therapy.

Subtenon triamcinolone injection to treat serous choroidal detachment after glaucoma surgery: A case series.

To report the effect of subtenon triamcinolone acetonide (TA) injection in the treatment of serous choroidal detachment (SCD) after glaucoma surgery. In this prospective case series, patients with persistent, non-resolving, or progressive SCD after glaucoma surgery were enrolled. For those with non-resolving or progressive SCD despite of using systemic corticosteroids, topical atropine and topical steroids, one milliliter of TA (40mg/mL) was injected inferotemporally into the posterior subtenon space. Sixteen consecutive patients with a mean ± SD age of 70.12 ± 11.12 years were included in this study. After injection of subtenon TA, SCD was completely resolved after 1 to 4 weeks, with deepening of the anterior chamber in all cases. All cases were followed for at least 6 months after the injection with no signs of recurrence. Subtenon injection of TA is a safe and effective modality of treatment for resolving a persistent or progressive SCD after glaucoma surgeries.

Subtenon triamcinolone as an adjuvant in mitomycin-C-enhanced trabeculectomy in non-inflammatory glaucomas: A randomized clinical trial.

This unicentric randomized clinical trial was designed to compare the surgical outcomes of mitomycin C-enhanced trabeculectomy (MMC-TRAB) with and without subtenon triamcinolone acetonide (TAAC) injection in patients with non-inflammatory glaucomas. This trial is registered at the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBEC) under the register number RBR-53f8nh. Consecutive non-inflammatory glaucoma patients requiring surgical intervention were randomized into two groups. In the control group, eyes underwent standard MMC-TRAB, while in the intervention group, besides the standard MMC-TRAB, these eyes also received a subtenon TAAC injection (4mg) close to the bleb site at the end of the surgery. The main outcomes of the study were surgical success rates, intraocular pressure (IOP) and number of medications at all timepoints. Success was defined as IOP ≤ 15 mmHg and subdivided in complete or qualified according to the need of medication. A total of 75 eyes of 63 different patients were included (intervention group = 39 eyes; control group = 36 eyes). There was no difference between groups at baseline (p>0.11). Multivariable regression analysis indicated that IOP levels were significantly lower in the intervention group at 18 and 24 months of follow-up when number of medications was considered as a covariate (P<0.001). Complete success rates were higher in the intervention group at 06 (90.9% vs 68.7%; p = 0.03), 12 (87.2% vs 66.7%; p = 0.02) and 18 months (87.2% vs 66.7%; p = 0.02). Additionally, although success rates at 24 months were higher in the intervention group (82.0% vs 66.7%; p = 0.09), this difference did not reach statistical significance. Qualified success rates did not significantly differ between groups at all timepoints. In conclusion, this study found significantly lower IOPs levels at 18 and 24 months of follow-up and higher complete success rates until 18 months of follow-up, with the use of subtenon TAAC as an adjuvant to standard MMC-TRABs in non-inflammatory glaucoma patients.

Synergistic Effect of Combined Sub-Tenon Triamcinolone and Intravitreal Anti-VEGF Therapy for Uveitic Macular Edema.

PurposeTo investigate effects of intravitreal anti-VEGF in combination therapy with sub-Tenon triamcinolone acetonide (STA) injection for uveitic macular edema (UME).DesignA single-center, retrospective cohort study.MethodsThe medical records were obtained for 65 eyes of 65 patients with UME. Of which, 32 eyes received combined anti-VEGF with STA injection, and 33 eyes received 40 mg of STA injection alone. The primary outcome was the reduction of central macular thickness (CMT) measured with optical coherence tomography (OCT). Resolution rate of clinical UME and changes of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) over 24 weeks were secondary outcomes.ResultsThere was a significantly greater reduction of CMT with the combination treatment than with STA alone at 1-week (β = −157.9, P < 0.001) and 1-month (β = −53.1, P = 0.019) after injection. The cumulative incidence of macular edema resolution of all eyes was 87.7%, with 90.6% (29/32) in the combined group and 84.8% (28/33) in the STA group, respectively. More incidence of UME resolution was observed in the combined group than the STA group after 1 week (71.9% vs 15.2%, P < 0.001) and 4 weeks (84.4% vs 54.5%, P = 0.009), respectively. BCVA was better for the combination treatment than STA alone at 1-week (β = −0.085, P = 0.070) and 1-month (β = −0.108, P = 0.019) after injection, respectively. Increased intraocular pressure (>25 mmHg) was observed in 4 eyes (12.5%) in the combined group and 5 eyes (15.2%) in the STA group, respectively.ConclusionCombined intravitreal anti-VEGF and STA is superior to STA alone for reduction of UME and visual restoration. Addition of anti-VEGF did not increase risk for steroid-induced elevation of intraocular pressure over 6 months.

Choroidal Structural Changes of Posterior Subtenon Triamcinolone Acetonide Injection in Eyes with Refractory Diabetic Macular Edema.

Purpose To access the choroidal structural changes of posterior subtenon triamcinolone acetonide (PSTA) injection in eyes with refractory diabetic macular edema (DME). Methods Patients with refractory DME were enrolled and followed for 4 weeks after switching to PSTA injection. All patients underwent spectral-domain optical coherence tomography with enhanced depth imaging, and the choroidal images were binarized into the luminal area and total choroidal area. Subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and choroidal vascularity index (CVI) were evaluated before and after switching treatments. Results After switching to PSTA treatment, the final best-corrected visual acuity and central subfield thickness in eyes with refractory DME were significantly improved compared to the baseline values (P=0.002 and P < 0.001, respectively). Both the SFCT and CVI decreased during the follow-up period, and significant decreases were observed at 4-week follow-up (P < 0.001 and P=0.012, respectively). The linear regression analysis showed a significant correlation between the baseline SFCT and the final visual outcomes (P=0.047). Conclusions The alterations of SFCT and CVI in this study suggest that the choroidal vasculature is involved in the pathogenesis of refractory DME and could be affected by PSTA treatment. SFCT rather than CVI may be a prognostic biomarker for eyes with refractory DME.

Long-term changes of choroidal blood flow velocity in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease.

To evaluate changes in choroidal blood flow in patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease after initiation of corticosteroid treatment. Fourteen patients (10 men and 4 women) with acute VKH disease followed for 2years were retrospectively reviewed; only right eyes were included in the analysis. Mean blur rate (MBR) in the macula was measured by laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG) and central choroidal thickness (CCT) was measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT), both prior to treatment and over 2years after initiation of corticosteroid treatment. Of 14 patients included in this study, 13 received initial treatment consisting of intravenous corticosteroid pulse therapy and one patient was treated using bilateral sub-Tenon injections of triamcinolone acetonide. Mean percentage change in MBR was significantly increased after initiation of treatment compared to pretreatment values (P < 0.001). Mean CCTs were significantly decreased after initiation of treatment, compared to pretreatment thicknesses (P < 0.001). There was no significant change in either MBR change or CCT at 1month after initiation of treatment through 2years of follow-up. The mean MBR percentage change was significantly higher in eyes with sunset glow fundus (SGF) compared to eyes without SGF at 1year. With initiation of corticosteroid treatment in VKH disease patients, choroidal blood flow improved and was maintained for 2years. However, the presence of SGF should be taken into consideration when interpreting MBR results in VKH disease patients.

Combined therapy with intravitreal aflibercept and subtenon corticosteroids in eyes with severe diabetic papillopathy: two case reports

BackgroundDiabetic papillopathy is a rare diagnosis of exclusion characterized by unilateral or bilateral optic disc edema with variable degrees of visual loss. Although the visual prognosis has been generally reported as favorable, the presence of severe disc edema associated with macular edema prompts the need for treatment. We present a specific and unreported therapeutic approach consisting of intravitreal aflibercept and subtenon triamcinolone acetonide injections in two patients with evidence of diabetic papillopathy and macular edema.Case presentationIn the first case, a 60-year-old Caucasian woman affected by type II diabetes mellitus presented with fundoscopic evidence of sequential bilateral optic disc edema associated with acute severe visual loss in both eyes. The second patient, a diabetic 57-year-old Caucasian male, presented with sudden painless visual loss in his left eye. Multimodal imaging and systemic findings correlated towards an infrequent diagnosis of diabetic papillopathy. In a period of 5–7 weeks after treatment, both patients experienced almost full visual and anatomical recovery. A steady situation was observed at 12 months of follow-up.ConclusionsBoth our cases displayed a severe grade of optic disc edema, which was optimally reversed with intravitreal aflibercept and subtenon triamcinolone acetonide leading to a relatively rapid and safe improvement in visual acuity.