Substructure Of Leptons Research Articles

A formula for the value of the gravitational constant

A concise and precise formula for ‘Big G’ has been derived from an electron positron model of vacuum space (the epola model) that regards gravitation as a push force resulting from magnetic spin moments. Extended tests have revealed the significance of the peculiar velocity of the Solar System as a factor within the Fine Structure Constant, by experimentally monitored periodicity of nuclear decay rates. Correlations to gravitational field intensity, indicated by tide heights, also deny a purely random function for nuclear decay. The epola model’s definition of EM waves and their spectral characteristics had indicated possible substructure of the electron as a charged hadronic pion. This study resolves anomalies of the electron by identifying Twist in addition to Spin moments that has exposed an epola mechanism for Quantum Entanglement. When free guest particles interact with the bound particles of the lattice, binding energy density reduction induces gravitational forces and reveals the factors comprising the value of Big G, that further indicate pion sub-structure of leptons with a different fine structure.

Why Quarks are Different from Leptons – An Explanation by a Fermionic Substructure of Leptons and Quarks

To explain the difference between leptons and quarks, it is assumed that electroweak gauge bosons, leptons and quarks are composites of elementary fermionic constituents denoted by partons (not to be identified with quarks) or subfermions, respectively. The dynamical law of these constituents is assumed to be given by a relativistically invariant nonlinear spinor field theory with local interaction, canonical quantization, selfregularization and probability interpretation. According to the general requirements of field operator algebraic theory, this model is formulated in algebraic Schroedinger representation referred to generating functionals in functional state spaces. The derivation of the corresponding effective dynamics for the composite particles is studied by the construction of a map between the spinor field state functionals and the state functionals of the effective theory for gauge bosons, leptons and quarks. A closer examination of this map shows that it is then and then only selfconsistent if certain boundary conditions are satisfied. The latter enforce in the case of electroweak symmetry breaking the difference between lepton and quark states. This difference can be analytically expressed as conditions to be imposed on the wave functions of these composite particles and leads ultimately to the introduction and interpretation of color for quarks, i.e., the characteristic of their strong interaction

Stronger neutrino interactions at extremely high energies and the muon anomalous magnetic moment

A specific model of parity-conserving lepton substructure is considered. We show that a positive-definite contribution to the muon $(g-2)/2$ at the possible level of about $4\times 10^{-9}$, can be related to a significant increase in the interaction cross section for cosmic-ray neutrinos with energies above about $10^{19}$ eV. The additional cross section at $\sim 10^{20}$ eV is calculated to be $\sim 10^{-29}$ cm$^2$, which is about 100 times the standard weak-interaction cross section. The model involves an extremely massive, neutral lepton, with $m_L\cong 2\times 10^6$ GeV fixed by the new contribution to $(g-2)/2$.

UNIVERSAL PARAMETRIZATION FOR QUARK AND LEPTON SUBSTRUCTURE

A universal parametrization for possible quark and lepton substructure is advocated in terms of quark and lepton form factors. It is emphasized that the lower bounds on compositeness scale, Λc, to be determined experimentally depend strongly on their definitions in composite models. From the recent HERA data, it is estimated to be Λc>50 GeV , 0.4 TeV and 10 TeV, depending on the parametrizations with a single-pole form factor, a contact interaction and a logarithmic form factor, respectively.

VECTOR BOSON DOMINANCE OF ELECTROWEAK INTERACTIONS

The linearization of the nonlinear standard model G/H= SU(3) L × U(1)/SU(2) L × U(1) via the hidden local symmetry H loc = SU(2) L × U(1) is considered. Mixing of the light elementary gauge bosons of the standard model with the dynamically generated heavy composite vector bosons is studied under the hypothesis of vector boson dominance. The model is theoretically consistent as quantum field theory and phenomenologically acceptable. It can be used as a guide to study systematically the deviations from the standard model due to a common substructure of leptons, quarks and Higgs bosons.

A search for substructure of leptons and quarks with the CELLO detector

Differential cross section data of the CELLO experiment on pair production of muons, taus, and heavy quarks ine+e−-annihilation are presented and analysed, together with our data on Bhabha scattering, in terms of compositeness effects characterized by the mass scale Λ. We discuss difficulties in the combination of limits Λ from different experiments. The appropriate parameter to combine different results turns out to be ɛ=±1/Λ2, which is in contrast to Λ Gaussian distributed.

Search for the substructure of leptons in high energy QED processes at tristan

QED processes up to O(α 4) have been studied at center-of-mass energies between 50 and 57 GeV using the AMY detector at TRISTAN. A possible substructure of the electron and muon is investigated in terms of chiral invariant contact interactions and also in terms of excited lepton production. The differential cross section data for e +e −→e +e − are consistent with the standard model at a confidence level of only 3.5%. From the absence of excited lepton production, we establish new upper limits on the coupling to excited electrons of mass up to 56 GeV/ c 2 and on the coupling to excited muons of mass up to 52 GeV/ c 2.

Cosmic neutrino beams: Probes of lepton and quark substructure

X-ray binary systems are expected to emit ultrahigh-energy photons and neutrinos in comparable numbers. Energies of several TeV in the center-of-mass frame in collisions with air nuclei are likely to be present in such beams. These beams can be used to probe the substructure of leptons and quarks by means not available in accelerator-based experiments in the forseeable future. In composite models with leptons and quarks sharing some strongly interacting subconstituents, an increased neutrino interaction cross section is expected above a certain critical energy. Such models lead to some characteristic signatures of the onset of ``new physics.'' Some experiments are proposed to observe the new physics and to test whether the new types of events are caused by neutrinos.

Particle physics with celestial accelerators

X-ray binary systems emit high energy photons and neutrinos. Experimental data indicate an unexpected excess of muons in showers correlated with the binaries. We suggest that the muon excess can be understood in terms of a substructure of leptons and quarks.

Tests of colored substructure of leptons

We show how the reactions e +e − → gg and pp (p p) → ℓ +ℓ − + … (through gg → ℓ +ℓ −) can give information on the existence of either colored leptons coupled to lepton+gluon or ℓℓgg residual interactions. Effective colored substructures scales of the order of Λ c ≅ 400 GeV can be reached at present colliders and those limits could be pushed up to 8 TeV at future machines.

Substructures ate + e ? colliders

We review, update and propose tests of a possible substructure of leptons, quarks andW±,Z bosons for the next generation ofe+e− colliders. We successively consider the three following domains of physics: at theZ peak, out of theZ peak and in the high energy range.

New Tests for Quark and Lepton Substructure

If quarks and leptons are composite at the energy scale $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$, the strong forces binding their constituents induce flavor-diagonal contact interactions, which have significant effects at reaction energies well below $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$. Consideration of their effect on Bhabha scattering produces a new, stronger bound on the scale of electron compositeness: $\ensuremath{\Lambda}g750$ GeV. Collider experiments now being planned will be sensitive to $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{\sim}1\ensuremath{-}5$ TeV for both electrons and light quarks.

Observable effects of the possible sub-structure of leptons and quarks

Some observable effects of the possible sub-structure of leptons and quarks are discussed in subquark models of leptons and quarks. They include (1) possible deviations of the anomalous magnetic moments of leptons (and quarks) from the QEWD (and QCD) predictions, (2) possible deviations of the weak charged currents of leptons (and quarks) from the V-A form and (3) possible existence of the excited states of leptons and quarks as well as those of gauge bosons and Higgs scalars.

Weak interactions as manifestations of the substructure of leptons and quarks

A new model for the substructure of leptons, quarks and weak bosons is investigated. The weak interactions are residual effects due to the substructure. No spontaneous symmetry breaking is needed to generate masses. The structure of the weak interactions at high energies is expected to deviate substantially from the one predicted by the standard SU(2) × U(1) theory.

Glints: A signature of quark and lepton substructure

I explore experimental consequences of the idea that quarks and leptons may have a substructure, perhaps with some constituents in common. I argue that Glints: exceptional events with large multiplicities of hadrons and leptons, and enormous transverse momenta and acoplanarity, may offer the first glance into the new substructure. Glints could be observed in forth-coming p¯p and pp colliders, and may already have been seen in cosmic ray events.