Substrate Integrated Waveguide Antenna Research Articles

A novel design of recta‐tri substrate integrated waveguide antenna for ultra‐wideband applications

AbstractIn this paper low profile, low cost, and highly efficient antenna for ultra‐wideband (UWB) applications is presented. A novel shape of recta‐tri substrate integrated waveguide antenna is designed to achieve a wideband response and high efficiency. The proposed antenna is printed on FR4 substrate with a thickness of 1.6 mm. The overall antenna dimension is 30 × 35 mm2. The frequency of the antenna bandwidth ranges from 3.64 to 14.17 GHz with a peak gain of 7.7 dB. The field distribution of the proposed antenna is observed. The fabricated antenna results are tested and compared, which well agree with the simulated results. The proposed antenna is suitable for Wi‐Fi, ISM, and UWB applications.

Coplanar Meta-Surface-Based Substrate-Integrated Waveguide Antennas with Broadband and Low Reflections for K-Band Beam Scanning.

Four novel substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) antennas are proposed, in order to obtain K-band beam scanning through the coplanar meta-surfaces of properly devised complementary split-ring resonators. More specifically, coplanar rhombus- and hexagon-shaped meta-surfaces replace the metallized via holes in the traditional SIW structure, achieving low reflection and wide bandwidth, respectively. Another trapezoid-shaped meta-surface is introduced, in order to realize good leaky-wave radiation performance with high-gain beam scanning in both rhombus- and hexagon-shaped SIW components. These designs are further extended to two different mixed types of two-row meta-surfaces, with the rhombus and hexagon structures combined in different orders to enhance the complex SIW transmission lines and antennas, which can simultaneously obtain good reflection and bandwidth with different priority, depending on the arrangement. We explain the performance differences with rhombus and hexagon meta-surfaces through the analysis of relevant equivalent circuit models and extracting the effective medium parameters, and we verify the bandwidths and radiations of four SIW antennas both numerically and experimentally. The maximum gains of the four antennas are 18.1 dBi, 17.0 dBi, 18.8 dBi and 17.1 dBi, where the corresponding relative bandwidths are 10.74%, 19.42%, 14.13% and 18.38%. The maximum simulated radiation efficiency and aperture efficiency of the proposed antennas are 91.20% and 61.12%, respectively. Our approach for generating flexible and selectable tuned electromagnetic fields from SIWs is applicable for the development of mm-Wave antennas or sensors on PCB-integrated platforms for highly directive scanning radiation.

Implementation of a reconfigurable miniaturized graphene-based SIW antenna for THz applications

In this paper, a graphene-based substrate integrated waveguide antenna is presented. The designed structure is considered very desirable for THz applications. The antenna is operated at a central frequency of 1 THz. While the structure is realized on a silicon dioxide substrate. The SIW antenna displays frequency reconfigurable capability due to the special properties of graphene in the THz regime. The designed structure also provides the ability to miniaturize and compress. While the S11 frequency response is less than −12 dB for the target range (0.1 through 2 THz). Finally, a complete report of magnetic field distribution, current density, electric field distribution, radiation efficiency, 2D & 3D radiation pattern, and graphene-based substrate integrated waveguide antenna input impedance is investigated and studied.

A dual‐band dual‐sense circularly polarized self‐diplexing SIW cavity‐backed antenna with elliptical slot for millimeter‐wave 5G applications

In this paper, a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW)-based circularly polarized (CP) self-diplexing antenna is proposed and discussed. The proposed antenna makes use of an elliptical slot in the metallic ground plane which is excited with the help of two separate microstrip feed lines, placed face-to-face with each other. This arrangement produces two different frequencies, centered around 21.70 and 27.10 GHz when separately excited by port-1 and port-2, respectively. The CP operation in both frequency bands can be brought by rotating the elliptical slot, which gives 3 dB axial-ratio bandwidth (ARBW) of 3.01% and 6.62% in lower and upper-frequency bands, respectively. A unidirectional radiation pattern and a peak gain of 7.70 and 9.84 dBic are obtained in lower and upper-frequency bands, respectively. The radiation efficiency of more than 80% in both the operating frequency bands has been achieved. The behavior of the cavity modes is explained using an equivalent circuit model. The proposed antenna has been fabricated and the measured results are experimentally verified with the simulated ones. The attractive features such as low profile and low weight make the proposed SIW antenna suitable for satellite and millimeter-wave 5G applications.

Multiband substrate integrated waveguide antenna loaded with slots using artificial neural network

A miniaturized cavity-backed antenna loaded with slots is designed using substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technique for ISM/WiMAX/C-band/RFID applications. This antenna has been developed by embedding slots onto a hexagonal cavity for quad band radiation. The proposed antenna possesses hexagonal cavity, inverted U-shaped slot and innermost inverted U-shaped slot, which are governed by an inset microstrip feedline. The hexagonal SIW cavity-backed antenna offers cavity modes TM 110 $$ {\mathrm{TM}}_{110} $$ at 4.16 GHz and TM 210 $$ {\mathrm{TM}}_{210} $$ at 5.8 GHz. Two inverted U-shaped slots are introduced on the top metallic surface of the cavity to drive the lower resonant modes for acquiring antenna miniaturization. These lower resonance frequencies are formed by hybrid mode (i.e. TM 110 + TM 210 $$ {\mathrm{TM}}_{110}+{\mathrm{TM}}_{210} $$ ) at 2.4 GHz and coupling of hybrid mode (i.e. TM110 + hybrid mode + TM210) at 3.33 GHz. The ANN optimization method has been performed to enhance the performance of the antenna using MATLAB. The designed antenna has a compact size of 25 × 25 × 1.6 mm3, which is fabricated on a low cost FR-4 substrate having ε r = 4.4 $$ {\varepsilon}_{\mathrm{r}}=4.4 $$ and tan δ = 0.002 $$ \tan \delta =0.002 $$ . To validate the simulated equivalence, the fabricated antenna has been measured. It yields a fractional bandwidth of 5.04% (2.31–2.43 GHz) in the hybrid mode at 2.38 GHz, 6% (3.22–3.42 GHz) in the coupling of hybrid mode at 3.33 GHz, 19.19% (3.97–4.78 GHz) in the cavity mode TM 110 $$ {\mathrm{TM}}_{110} $$ at 4.22 GHz and 7.2% (5.69–6.11 GHz) in the cavity mode TM 210 $$ {\mathrm{TM}}_{210} $$ at 5.8 GHz with stable radiation pattern.

A Transparent SIW Cavity-Based Millimeter-Wave Slot Antenna for 5G Communication

In this letter, a novel transparent substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity-based slot antenna operating in millimeter-wave band has been presented for fifth generation wireless communication application. Different from the traditional opaque SIW antennas, the proposed antenna is composed of transparent conductive mesh with high conductivity characteristics acting as radiation element and ground, and transparent polyethylene terephthalate material used as substrate. By removing a few metallic vias from the SIW cavity, the TE <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">103</sub> mode is well generated. The introduction of several slots etching on the radiation element results in multiple hybrid resonances, and thus the proposed antenna operates in a band of 24.31–27.81 GHz, with a peak gain of 7.8 dBi at 26.5 GHz. The prototype of the designed antenna is fabricated, and the simulated and measured results are given to show that the proposed antenna has good optical transparency and both the cross-polarization ratio and front-to-back ratio are better than 20 dB within the operating band.

Design and characterization substrate integrated waveguide antenna for WBANS application

Millimetre-wave frequencies are defined as one of the front-runner contenders for body-centric wireless communication. In this study, low-profile antenna with the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) has been proposed that operate in the band of the millimetre-wave frequency that has been centred at 60 GHz. The proposed antenna has been implemented with the use of the FR4 substrate with εr and tangent loss of 4.3 and 0.025, respectively. The substrate height and size are 1.5875 mm and 20 mm x 20 mm, respectively. The performance of the antenna is evaluated in off-body (free space) and on-body (human voxel model), through simulation. The proposed antenna has an ultra-wideband (UWB) and a specific absorption rate the maximal (SAR) for (10 g) is 0.0344815 W/kg and for (1 g) is 0.0184723 W/kg. It achieves 74% and 63% efficiency in the off and on-body scenario, respectively. The small antenna with the exceptional matching of impedance, low SAR, broad bandwidth, and good efficiency, a good voltage standing wave ratio good (VSWR), and good front-to-back ratio (FBR). As a result, its characteristics make it one of the best potential candidates for the simultaneous transmission and reception of data at (mm-wave) band for WBAN applications.

A digital SIW-slot antenna array with FPGA implementation of beamforming

The future satellite platform and 5G communication systems place high demands on antennas, in which the antenna should offer low-cost, lightweight, electronically steerable features. In this paper, the design of a digital slot antenna element based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) is proposed. SIW guides the microwave inside the substrate confined with planar metallic covers and through-hole synthetized side-walls in conventional applications, and can also radiate the microwave towards free space in antenna applications through opening slots in its metallic covers. The slot antenna element is realized by implementing PIN diodes across the gaps on both sides of the pad in the center of the slot antenna, to provide the switching freedom of the slot antenna element between radiating and non-radiating states. Besides, radial decoupling stubs are introduced into the bias line so as to reduce the leakage of the energy in the SIW structure. Applying a series of on/off states to the diodes produces various radiation patterns, thus wide range scanning is possible supposing that enough array elements are equipped. Finally, a digital SIW-slot array composed of 8 by 4 elements with tunable field programmable gate array circuits are fabricated and measured. The measured results validate the reconfigurable characteristics for the radiation pattern of the proposed digital SIW-slot antenna array without heavy engineering of phase shifter in conventional antenna arrays. The antenna is consisted by 4 by 8 elements and its dimension, simulated gain and radiation efficiency are 145 mm times 127 mm times 1.524 mm, 15 dBi and 53.5%, respectively. Our designed SIW antenna has the advantage of both size and weight. Furthermore, its digitalized control of beamforming allows a programming-friendly interface for smart antenna development.

Multiple-input multiple-output dual-band dual-circularly polarised SIW cavity-backed slot antenna for satellite and 5G systems

ABSTRACT A dual-band 2 1 multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity for both satellite (in K-band) and 5 G applications is proposed. Initially, the SIW cavity consisting of metallic vias on all four sides is implemented. For MIMO configuration, this cavity is divided into two smaller SIW cavities using a row of metallic vias and excited using the coaxial feed. By etching an asymmetric cross-slot (AXS) with tuned dimensions on top of the SIW cavity, a dualsense of circular polarisation (CP) in both frequency bands is obtained. The fabricated prototype of the proposed SIW antenna shows impedance bandwidth (IBW) of 15.36% (22.60–26.36 GHz; BandI) and 4.64% (29.04–30.42 GHz; BandII). The completely overlapping axial-ratio bandwidth (ARBW) with IBW of 15.16% (22.62–26.33 GHz) and 3.10% (29.20–30.12 GHz) with a peak gain of 12.47 and 7.71 dBi is obtained in BandI and Band II, respectively. The proposed antenna shows front-to-back ratio (FBR) of more than 20 dB in both resonating frequency bands. The measured results of the proposed MIMO antenna agree well with the simulation.

Designing of Solid State SIW Antenna for 5G Application

This experimental research paper presents the plan of a solid single band microstrip patch Substrate Integrated Waveguide(SIW) antenna, which might be suitable candidate for 5G wireless application working at 3.5GHz. Right now, the full world is within the surge of satisfying the request of capacity boosting highlights of remote eras, such as huge data rate in conjunction with moo inactivity, ultra-reliable communications, and enormous network. These all over said highlights of 5th era remote innovation might be for the most part held within the 3.5GHz band. The plan of SIW antenna proposed in this paper is carried on Roger RT3203 with 3.02 dielectric, 0.0016 misfortune digression, and 1 Oz thickness utilizing inset bolstering. The overall dimension of the patch antenna is 60.4523×34mm2. In this work, rectangular fix is planned with U-shape opened radio wire with utilizing SIW methodology. The antenna is outlined and recreated and the investigation was carried out on Computer Simulation Technology (CST) studio. The antenna attains gain of 2.61dB at 3.5GHz frequency, which is the most preferred feature that facilitates to implement this antenna plan in the 5G applications.

Substrate Integrated Waveguide Antenna at Millimeter Wave for 5G Application

This paper presents a dual-band slot antenna using substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology at 26 and 28 GHz. High loss is one of the main challenges faced by 5G base station network due to the severe path loss at high frequency. Hence, high gain antennas are required for 5G base station applications to overcome path loss issue. Hence, this work designs a high gain SIW antenna based on slot technology to excite dual-bands with high gain capability. The antenna is designed with two slots shaped to resonate at two different frequencies: 26 and 28 GHz. The antenna is analyzed using CST software and fabricated on Roger RT5880 substrate with permittivity of 2.2 and lost tangent of 0.0009 with thickness of 0.508 mm. The design operates at 26 and 28 GHz with measured reflection coefficients less than -10 dB. Measured high gains of 8 and 8.02 dB are obtained at 26 and 28 GHz, respectively. Overall, the antenna showed good performance that would benefit the fifth-generation applications.

Slot loaded folded half-mode substrate integrated waveguide antenna for wideband applications

In this work, a new folded half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) cavity has been conceived to design a wideband high gain slot antenna. Initially, a rectangular (90 mm × 10 mm) HMSIW, loaded with two identical slots at two ends, is designed to operate in the X-band. Thereafter, it has been folded to form a U-shape considering the possibilities of staggering between the closely spaced operating bands to realize a true wideband printed antenna with a higher gain. The proposed antenna, thanks to the excitation of the staggered higher-order modes in the folded slot-loaded rectangular HMSIW, exhibits an excellent wideband performance of 48.44% (9.15–15 GHz) with a maximum peak gain of 9.25 dBi. This low profile structure with an overall dimension of 0.91λ0 × 0.91λ0 × 0.047λ0 is printed on a single layer double-sided RT/duroid® 5880 substrates with a circular shaped ground plane. The design concept has been validated through impedance and radiation pattern measurement of the fabricated prototype revealing a good agreement with the simulated results.

Substrate integrated waveguide antenna with dual rectangular slots for material characterization for ISM band applications

An antenna with small height and width with high input impedance filled with different slots is designed for ISM band applications. The substrate integrated waveguide antenna is designed with multiple different slots which produces ISM band applications. The rectangular cavity slots are introduced here. This will radiate a lower resonant frequency. In spite of using one rectangular slot two similar rectangular equally sized slots are introduced here for 2.4 GHz ISM band applications with a return loss of-13.20803 dB.The inset type of micro strip feed line is fitted to this backed slot antenna. The FR-4 substrate has been introduced for this back slotted antenna. The low profile compact antenna dimensions are 30 x30x1.6 mm3.The simulated antenna has been further designed with four different substrate for material characterization such as Polymide, Polyester, Teflon, Cotton. The antenna simulation is created using the CST Microwave Studio programme.

Bandwidth Enhancement of High Gain Substrate Integrated Waveguide Antenna for Millimeter-Wave Applications

Bandwidth Enhancement of High Gain Substrate Integrated Waveguide Antenna for Millimeter-Wave Applications

A Review on Metamaterial Application in Microstrip and Substrate Integrated Waveguide Antenna Designs

A Review on Metamaterial Application in Microstrip and Substrate Integrated Waveguide Antenna Designs

Cavity Backed Multiband SIW Antenna for X Band Applications

This article designs, tests, and produces a substrate integrated waveguide based antenna with copper patches in the micro strip in a totally planar construction utilising microstrip technology. The performances of this SIW antenna, as well as geometrical antenna aspects, are investigated in the X-band at frequencies ranging from 5 to 10 GHz. The efficiency and directivity of the substrate integrated waveguide antenna have been improved, and the side lobe level has been increased, making it highly promising. SIW technology seems to be the most viable option for millimeter-wave integrated circuits and systems in the next decade. This article gives an overview of SIW technology research in academia and industry, as well as its current state and future potential. The development of numerical tools for SIW component modelling and design, as well as the investigation of new compact and broadband interconnects and the discovery of design solutions for loss reduction, are all current research priorities. It consists of two connected quarter-mode SIW resonant cavities and one half-mode SIW resonant cavity. This groundbreaking technology combines a considerable bandwidth boost with a tiny footprint and existing PCB manufacturing procedures at a cheap cost, making it ideal for 5G high-speed wireless applications. SIW technology provides a robust antenna basis, enabling for the integration of high-density active electronics without the possibility of damaging coupling.

New design of low profile Uniform Substrate integrated waveguide antenna with square patch loaded

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Compact Leaky-Wave SIW Antenna With Broadside Radiation and Dual-Band Operation for CubeSats

This letter presents a substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) antenna for CubeSat applications. The compact structure utilizes middle-point feeding and shorting walls to achieve broadside radiation in the far-field at two distinct frequencies. In particular, this dual-frequency behavior is related to the transition from a dominant leaky wave (LW) on the aperture at lower frequencies to more hybrid radiation (at higher frequencies) due to LW fields and structure resonance due to truncation. This response is generated by the shorting vias at the lateral ends of the SIW antenna. Given these conditions, the developed leaky-wave antenna (LWA) prototype is well matched ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$|S_{11}|$</tex-math></inline-formula> <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\leq$</tex-math></inline-formula> −10 dB) from 23.2 to 23.5 GHz and 24.8 to 25.2 GHz with realized gains of 8 and 6 dBi, respectively. Maximum efficiency (including the connector) is around 87%. Such dual-frequency operation could enable up-link and down-link operation in the K-band. Overall dimensions of the antenna are 2 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda _0$</tex-math></inline-formula> × 2.6 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda _0$</tex-math></inline-formula> (at the lower frequency). Possible placement on CubeSats can be underneath solar panels, thus increasing the available surface area for solar power harvesting. Also, to the best knowledge of the authors, no similar dual-frequency SIW-LWA has been previously reported.

High-efficiency compact SRR–CSRR–SIW antenna based on CRLH-TL

A high-efficiency compact split-ring resonator (SRR)–complimentary split-ring resonator (CSRR)–substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) rectangular resonator antenna based on a composite right/left-handed transmission line is presented in this paper. A four-element rectangular CSRR structure is etched on the front of the antenna, and a four-element rectangular SRR structure is loaded on the back of the metal to correspond with each other, thus forming a composite right/left-handed transmission line structure. By meandering technique, a rectangular CSRR is etched on the front of the metal surface to reduce the frequency and realize the miniaturization of the antenna. Combined with SIW rectangular resonator, the high-efficiency compact antenna is finally realized. Simulation and experimental results show that the −10 dB impedance bandwidth of the SRR–CSRR–SIW rectangular resonator antenna is 5.26∼5.29 GHz (1.14%) and 9.07∼9.15 GHz (0.88%). The resonance frequency is 5.26 and 9.11 GHz. The gains are 5.33 and 5.25 dBi. The antenna can be widely used in WLAN and WiMAX.

Circularly polarized hybrid mode substrate integrated waveguide antenna for two quadrant scanning beamforming applications for 5G

Electromagnetic band gap (EBG) based two ports multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) antenna for two quadrant beamforming applications using metasurfaces is addressed. A novel SIW structure is employed to achieve beamforming. This work comprises two types of vias having different diameters and lengths in order to achieve multibeam in the first and second quadrant with 120° coverage. Two cross slots tilted at ± 45 ° are etched on top of the structure. The width variation of one of the cross slots achieved beam scanning in first quadrant with coverage of 90°. Additionally, four circular slots are etched on the top metallic layer to improve the axial ratio and the gain of the antenna. Apart from that, two diagonally etched slots help to enhance the gain and radiation properties of the antenna. Furthermore, to get the good mutual coupling and isolation between the two ports, EBG unit cells are deployed on the ground. The proposed antenna shows good right hand circularly polarized radiation within the band with the help of metasurfaces (MS) deployed on an extended part of the substrate. MS also improves the return loss bandwidth. In the end, the diversity properties of the MIMO have been studied as well. The proposed antenna shows good performance in all respects for 5G applications.