Substrate Of Patch Antenna Research Articles

Bismuth and Cobalt Multiphasic System: Synthesis and Application as Microstrip Patch Antenna Substrate

Bismuth and Cobalt Multiphasic System: Synthesis and Application as Microstrip Patch Antenna Substrate

Additive manufacturing substrate for patch antenna using variable infill Poly Lactic acid

A low dielectric constant substrate for patch antenna using additive manufacturing air gap technique is prepared. This work can tune the desirable value of the dielectric constant and loss tangent of patch substrate by optimizing the various factors involved in 3D printing. The prototype is based on PLA Pro + filament to check the variation in dielectric constant and loss tangent. The performance of the 3D printer used has also been examined for the proposed substrate. This technique helps to create low dielectric constant materials for the high-frequency range of operation of RF communication devices. The prototype's experimental results demonstrate that the 80% Linearly infilled sample (L-80) outperforms the 100% Linearly infilled sample (L-100) in terms of average loss tangent, which has improved by 45.07% on average from 8.5 to 12.5 GHz. At higher frequency ranges of 10.86 to 12.5 GHz, the dielectric constant of the L-80 sample outperforms the L-100 sample in terms of a lower desirable dielectric constant (εr) range (2.0≤εr≤2.2). The dielectric constant results for the above frequency range show that the L-80 sample is 3 to 5 times better than L-100. The average improvement in the dielectric constant for 8.5 to 9.0 GHz is nearly 31.84%.

A trial to convert a polymer FDM 3D printer to handle clay materials

The research aims to show the ability to convert the Fused Deposition Modeling 3D printer to be compatible with the clay mixture after modifying the structure, setting up Cura software, and changing the print head technology. This solution provides research teams and scientists with opportunities in several ways (manufacture patch antenna substrate, dielectric automobile sensors, and ceramic dielectric aerospace technology). Additive manufacturing allows the production of many intricate shapes with ceramics, which is difficult with a traditional method. This paper used WASP ceramic slurry as raw material for Liquid Deposition Modeling (LDM) of various samples using the Archimedes screw and air pressure dispensing technique (a two-step process). LDM is a low-cost and straightforward technology appropriate for the clay prototype scale. Different clay-built shapes have been produced with water-to-clay ratios ranging from 0.57 to 0.69. The effect of the nozzle size in printing experiment tests is demonstrated. The experiment tested the print head (extruder) mechanism, the properties of the materials suitable for the putty, and how the wet slurry material is extruded from the nozzle. The optimum air pressure and slicing configuration for efficient printing are provided. Samples were stress-tested after they were dried for 24 h at average laboratory temperature and then exposed to 1000^circ for 1 h.

Metamaterial-based reconfigurable antenna

In this paper, a metamaterial-based reconfigurable antenna is designed. The design consists of a conventional square (4.5 × 4.5 mm) patch antenna and is surrounded by a controllable meta-surface. This surface will have metallic or dielectric behaviour, which leads to an effect on resonance frequency. The dimensions of the unit cell are smaller than the tenth of free-space wavelength. The cross-shaped metamaterials unit cell was chosen due to several reasons; it has a simple design, and its response can be electronically controlled to switch between metallic and dielectric behaviour of the meta-surface. Its bi-dimensional structure allows it to print it on the same substrate of patch antenna. The antenna offers 20 resonant frequencies between 14.1 GHz and 20.8 GHz. The antenna presents a gain of 7.8 dB and a bandwidth slightly lower than 2%. The design can be useful for several wireless applications, e.g., for radar systems to overcome stealth techniques.

Circuit theory model‐based analysis of triple‐band stub and notches loaded epoxy substrate patch antenna for wireless applications

SummaryThe research presented in this paper is intended to design and analyze of a triple‐band stub and notches loaded antenna for wireless applications. The optimized and proposed antenna (Antenna‐4: 0.235λ0 × 0.238λ0 × 0.013λ0 mm3) is decided after systematic investigation of Antennas‐1 to ‐4 at design frequency of 2.45 GHz. One orthogonal and two parallel notches and one stub are used on the radiating patch of the substrate to obtain the desired specifications. Theoretical analysis based on circuit theory model has been performed to obtain the equivalent circuit of the proposed antenna. Antenna parameters are analyzed by means of IE3D electromagnetic solver and circuit theory model, and results are validated with experimental results. The impedance bandwidths (S11 < –10 dB) of the proposed antenna are 41.3% between 1.42 and 2.16 GHz (theoretical), 21.6% between 1.61 and 2 GHz (simulated), and 41.4% between 1.40 and 2.13 GHz (measured) at lower resonant frequency ( ); 4.1% between 2.61 and 2.72 GHz (theoretical), 17.4% between 2.36 and 2.81 GHz (simulated), and 8.8% between 2.50 and 2.73 GHz (measured) at middle resonant frequency ( ); and 42.3% between 3.32 and 5.10 GHz (theoretical), 49.9% between 3.04 and 5.06 GHz (simulated), and 44.4% between 2.98 and 4.68 GHz (measured) at higher resonant frequency ( ) observed, respectively. The measured stable peak gain of 2.6 dB at 1.9 GHz, 3.8 dB at 2.6 GHz, and 5.4 dB at 3.6GHz is observed in lower, middle, and higher bands, respectively.

Graphene Based Terahertz Antenna Design for Modern Applications

In the Modern communication field, transmitting data through compact antennas like Microstrip patch antennas plays a major role. For Mobile radiolocation, satellite services, medical applications at Terahertz frequency range. Designing antennas for such applications at this frequency must have less weight and good characteristics. For this, graphene is the best suitable material for design due to its electrical, optical, and thermal conductivity properties. So, The Graphene-Based drilled substrate patch antenna 500 X 500 X 40 µm presents the simulation in the terahertz frequency. The prosed antenna structure is well suitable in the ISM (Industrial Scientific and Medical) band 1.36 THz-1.64THz 2.4 ~ 2.5 GHz. Its gives a high gain -20dB. Their Properties have been analyzed with CST for full-wave Simulations.

A multiband patch antenna with embedded square split ring resonators in non-Homogeneous substrate

The authors have attempted to influence an embedded square split ring resonator (SSRR) response in a stacked non-homogeneous substrate to demonstrate a quad-band antenna. The purpose is to produce multiband operations of a microstrip patch antenna. The highlighted factor is the effect of embedding an SSRR and the differing relative permittivity of the substrate on the side length of the SSRR. The analysis shows that a non-homogeneous dual substrate patch produces multiple bands compared to a single substrate patch antenna without any parameter change. A dual substrate antenna fabricated using FR4 and Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 copper clad sheets with a dimension of 85.6x54x0.908 mm3 (0.314λ0x0.198λ0x0.003λ0). The antenna resonates at 1.1, 2.45, 3.65 and 5.25 GHz in the L-, S- and C-bands. It is possible to employ the patch antenna in WLAN (dual-band) and WiMAX applications and suitable for mobile broadcast service at 1.1 GHz. The authors compare the simulated and measured results of a prototype in the article. The maximum measured gain is 5.48 dBi at 1.1 GHz and 4.025 dBi at 3.65 GHz. The measured bandwidth is 60 MHz (1.2%) at 5.25 GHz.

Performance Comparison of Microstrip Patch Antenna Using h-BN Nanoceramic Substrate and FR4 Substrate

The recent communication receiver requires compact size, low cost, less weight and high-performance antenna for broadband applications. This paper compares the performance of the microstrip patch antenna designed using h-BN nano ceramic substrate with antenna designed using FR4 substrate. In this proposed new substrate is developed using powder metallurgy principle. Simulated and experimental results shows that proposed substrate for patch antenna in S-band applications achieve good resonance at two different frequencies 2.2 and 2.6 GHz with reflection coefficient of −35 and −40 dB respectively. Same antenna structure using FR4 structure is achieving good resonance at multiple frequency and broadband characteristics in C-band and X-band of the radio spectrum.

Improving the Gain Performance of 2 × 2 U-Slot Air Substrate Patch Antenna Array Operated at 28 GHz Wideband Resonance for 5G Application

In this paper, a 28-GHz dual 2 × 2 U-slot air substrate patch antenna array for 5G application is proposed. The idea of the U-slot antenna was applied in the patch antenna design which intended to decrease the antenna size. The structure of the U-slot patch antenna comprises a patch, two slots of U-shape, a ground plane, and coaxial feed lines. The proposed configuration of 2 x 2 U-slot array shows a high gain. With an extra U-slot, the proposed antenna yielded a bandwidth of about 3.93 GHz, the maximum gain of 14.5 dBi in the yz-plane, and performance efficiency of 85.82 %

Improving the Gain Performance of Air Substrate Patch Antenna Array Using the Effect of Conductive Material Thickness Study for 5G Applications

Over the decade, extensive applications of portable electronic devices have progressed enormously. This has ultimately influenced the shortage of bandwidth supply. Therefore, in satisfying the demands of consumers, low-cost antennas are required to be designed specifically for the fifth-generation frequency spectrum (5G) devices. The main goal of this paper is to report a high gain enhancement in a low profile and economical antenna operated effectively using air substrate in 5G devices. This paper discusses the study effects of thickness on the substrate and conductive material, also the novel design of a cost-effective, air-substrate based microstrip antenna with enhanced gain at 28 GHz resonance for the 5G mobile phone application. In the proposed design, a 2×2 array configuration of radiating elements was designed to occupy a 35.7×31.5×0.5 mm3 volume. Copper (Cu) material was used in the fabrication of the antenna prototype. The proposed antenna was evaluated and compared to the simulation results to demonstrate the design’s reliability. The proposed system provided a peak gain and performance efficiency of 15.6 dB and 86.9.4%, respectively, when operated at 28 GHz resonance.

High-Quality Nickel Ferrite Synthesized by a Modified Sol–Gel Technique Applied as Microstrip Patch Antenna Substrate

This paper presents the production of nickel ferrite powder synthesized by a sol–gel technique modified by ionic coordination reaction. Morphological powder characterization is presented via X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectrometry. Bulk manufacturing by uniaxial press is developed, and its electrical characterization is shown. Three ferrite bulks were manufactured and characterized to evaluate the quality of the compression procedure. Permittivity and conductivity parameters were obtained and discussed according to reference papers. Characterized bulks were applied as a microstrip patch antenna with rectangular and circular geometries, designed by transmission line and cavity methods, respectively, to evaluate bulk features as substrate. Reflection coefficient and radiation patterns were simulated by a high-frequency structure simulator, and measurements of reflection coefficient were performed. The obtained radiation patterns presented good agreement between them and were consistent with the performed design. A maximum gain of 1.55 dB in the E plane could also be achieved despite the relatively high $$ tg\left( \delta \right) $$ for radiating devices. Simulated cross-polarization results are also displayed, where the maximum value obtained was −29.35 dB, highlighting the device's directivity. Good agreement between simulated and measured reflection coefficient was achieved in both geometries, reinforcing the high-quality ferrite powder production process. It was possible to reach 0.00% relative error between simulated and measured resonance frequency in one of the three circular patch devices, at 6.05 GHz. Maximum resonance frequency error presented in all performed measurements is 6.51%, associated with manufacturing and measurement issues. Despite that, the quality of the synthesized material could be observed in each discussed result.

Recycled polyolefin as dielectric substrate for patch antennas

High-performance antennas operating at ultra-high frequency (UHF) are typically designed and fabricated using specialized radio frequency (RF) materials with low loss and consistent properties. This paper proposes and investigates the use of recycled polyolefin (high-density polyethylene and polypropylene) which is not specifically manufactured for RF applications and thus with unknown RF properties, as dielectric substrate for high-performance UHF patch antennas. As a demonstrative application, a polarization-reconfigurable patch antenna with dual feeds is designed and fabricated using adhesive copper foil on recycled polyolefin substrate. Depending on the feed's magnitude and phase, different types of linear and circular polarizations can be achieved. The point of resonance for both ports is centered at 915 MHz with 10 dB return loss and bandwidth of 28 MHz. Port isolation is as low as −17 dB with peak linear and circular gain of 7.0 dBi, and 7 dBiC, respectively, observed in all polarizations. The resulting antenna not only performs well, but is also lightweight, low moisture absorbent, mechanically sturdy, inexpensive and ecologically friendly arising from its use of recycled materials.

Preparation of Flexible Substrate for Patch Antenna Based on Nickel Aluminate (NiAl2O4) Synthesized by Sol–Gel Method

In this study, a flexible substrate for a patch antenna based on nickel aluminate (NiAl2O4) synthesized by the sol–gel method is presented. Nano-crystalline NiAl2O4 is synthesized by many researchers with several methods, but they have not been explored much for microwave applications. The microwave dielectric properties of NiAl2O4 were investigated to find their employment as an antenna substrate for microwave wave uses. The sol–gel method was employed to synthesize the flexible composite. The establishment of spinel assembly and crystalline dimension were assured using x-ray diffraction analysis. Morphology of the samples was clarified by means of the scanning electron microscopy. Relative permittivity and dielectric loss tangent of the specimen were restrained by a DAK 200 MHz to 20 GHz dielectric measurement kit and obtained as 4.8 and 0.04, respectively. The energy bandgap was found to be 2.8 eV from optical analysis, which implies that the synthesized nanoparticles are semiconductors by nature. The substrate layer was prepared by mixing NiAl2O4 nano-powder with polyvinyl acetate glue dried up by means of heat. The compatibility of the prepared substrate material for making a microstrip patch antenna is investigated by utilizing the finite-difference method based on a computer simulation technology microwave studio. Finally, the patch antenna is fabricated on NiAl2O4 flexible composite substrate employing 200 nm copper coating over that 1 mm thick substrate by magnetron sputtering to the simulation process following the simulation process, which showed outstanding performances, measured through a N5227A PNA microwave network analyzer and offers a wide band of operating frequency of 8–15 GHz in X-band and Ku-band of microwave frequency spectra. The operating band of frequency can be arbitrarily chosen by modifying substrate and/or radiating elements. The simulated and measured results are matched satisfactorily.

Iterative Analysis of Dielectric Constant of Patch Antenna Substrate at UHF Band

This paper presents an investigation of effect of substrate material properties on the performance of antenna. The simulations are tested for 30 different dielectric materials on the basic RPA antenna model as well as on the most common U shape model using CST Microwave Studio. Two designs are proposed. On the basis of simulation results it has been concluded that for the first design the best material is which has a dielectric constant of 2.7 (𝜀r = 2.7) with bandwidth improvements of around 69.33% to 88.6% as compared to the most frequently used materials at present. For the second design the best result is obtained for the material that has dielectric constant in the range 2.0 to 2.7. For a material having dielectric constant of 2.1 (𝜀r = 2.1) bandwidth improvement of around 11.74% with respect to RT Duroid was observed. For the second design, radiations from all other materials were not available in the working frequency range of 1GHz to 6GHz.

Performance analysis of cobalt metal with fluoropolymer matrix as a substrate for patch antenna

ABSTRACTSince many decades material plays major role in all fields. In recent years, materials are more useful in specific field of science and engineering. This paper deals with micro-strip patch antenna designed using FR-4 and magneto dielectric substrate. To compare these results, CSTMWS Suite (Computer Simulation Technology Micro-Wave Studio) software is used. The results show that different substrate produce different gain and directivity based on their properties. Here, two different materials namely FR-4, Cobalt metal with fluoropolymer matrix are used as a substrate for same structure.

Novel stackedμ-negative material-loaded antenna for satellite applications

An engineered novel tunable dual-band metamaterial antenna based on stacked split ring resonator (SRR) array is presented. The μ-negative SRR array present at two sublayers of stacked microstrip patch antenna substrate adds tuning capability to the antenna with marginal trade-off between antenna gain and cross-polarization. If the size of resonator element is considerably smaller than resonance wavelength, ideally lesser than λ/10, the resonator would support the resonating mode of antenna. Compact SRR array embedded in radiator facilitate the antenna tuning to intended allocated spectrum of L5- and S-band frequencies without modifying external dimensions of patch antenna, which in turn helps the satellite payload design. The variations in SRR array dimensions and inter-element spacing are subsequently utilized to maintain the antenna gain and voltage-standing wave ratio. The proposed design of inset fed antenna, matched at 50 Ω, was validated by experimental results and it is suitable for global positioning satellite applications.

Selection of Microstrip Patch Antenna Substrate for WLAN Application Using Multiple Attribute Decision Making Approach

This paper presents a material selection approach for selecting microstrip patch antenna substrate for WLAN applications using multiple attribute decision making (MADM) approach. In this paper, different microwave dielectric materials for substrate and their properties like relative permittivity, quality factor, and temperature coefficient of the resonant frequency are taken into consideration and MADM approach is applied to select the best material for microstrip patch antenna. It is observed that Pb0.6Ca0.4ZrO3 is the best material for the antenna substrate in MPA for WLAN applications. It was observed that the proposed result is in accordance with the experimental finding thus justifying the validity of the proposed study.

Analysis of a ceramic filled bio-plastic composite sandwich structure

Design and analysis of a ceramic-filled bio-plastic composite sandwich structure is presented. This proposed high-dielectric structure is used as a substrate for patch antennas. A meandered-strip line-fed fractal-shape patch antenna is designed and fabricated on a copper-laminated sandwich-structured substrate. Measurement results of this antenna show 44% and 20% of bandwidths with maximum gains of 3.45 dBi and 5.87 dBi for the lower and upper bands, respectively. The half-power beam widths of 104° and 78° have been observed from the measured radiation pattern at the two resonance frequencies 0.9 GHz and 2.5 GHz.

Design and Analysis of Microstrip Antenna for CDMA Systems Communication

This paper proposes a newly designed microstrip patch antennas (MSA) for wireless application (CDMA Systems). The designed single antenna E-shaped patch antenna. Two parallel slots are in corporated into the patch of a microstrip antenna to expand it bandwidth, and designed antenna operates in the frequency range of 1.85 to 1.99 GHz. The antenna is designed using air as a dielectric substrate between the ground plane and substrate patch antenna. IE3D is a full-wave electromagnetic simulator based on the method of moments (MoM) technique. It has been widely used in the design of MICs, RFICs, patch antennas, wire antennas, and other RF/wireless antennas. It can be used to calculate and plot the S parameters, VSWR, current distributions as well as the radiation patterns. The results obtained for each patch were 2D and 3D view of patch, Directivity, Gain, beam width and other such parameters, true and mapped 3D radiation pattern, and 2D polar radiation pattern. The antenna successfully achieves the exhibit a broad impedance bandwidth of 27 % (at VSWR < 2) with respect to the center frequency of 1.9 GHz is designed, fabricated, and finally measured on Spectrum analyzer. The radiation pattern and directivity are also presented.. Gain maximum achievable is 3 dBi and good return loss (S11 parameters) of -30 dB is achieved along with broadside radiation pattern. Keywords - Microstrip Patch Antenna; E-shaped, CDMA systems communications; Coaxial Probe feed, IE3D.

Silicon Carbide (SiC) Antennas for High-Temperature and High-Power Applications

The main objective of this letter is to evaluate semi-insulating silicon carbide (SiC) material as a candidate for dielectric substrate for patch antennas, with a long-term potential for monolithic antenna integration on a SiC semiconductor chip, operation in extreme environments, and other applications. First, computer-aided design of microstrip patch antennas operating at 10 GHz was conducted. The antenna designs were implemented using semi-insulating SiC substrates and gold ground planes and patches. A good agreement between the experimental results and simulation was obtained at the band of operation. Return loss and radiation patterns were investigated. As future work, a possibility of utilizing highly conductive (heavily doped) SiC epitaxial layers as the ground planes and radiating patches were investigated using computer simulations.