Substitution Products Research Articles

ENHANCING NUTRITIONAL VALUE: IRON –RICH CHIPS WITH MORINGA, MOCAF and MILKFISH FOR ANEMIA PREVENTION

The study aimed to produce functional food products in the form of chips with sufficient iron (Fe) content and macronutrient content (carbohydrate, fat and protein content) which has the potential to prevent anaemia for girl’s teenager. This research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method with three replications with several treatments including P1 as control (without moringa and milkfish, 100% wheat); P2 (1% moringa, 20% mocaf, 79% milkfish); P3 (3% moringa, 20% mocaf, 77% milkfish); and P4 (5% moringa, 20% mocaf, 75% milkfish). The resulting product was analyzed for iron (Fe) and macronutrient content such as carbohydrates, fat and protein. The data obtained was analyzed using SPSS for Windows version 25 software using a confidence level of 95% (α<5%) followed by a different test using DMRT (Duncan multiple range test). The results of ANOVA showed that a sig value <5% (0.000<0.05), showed that the substitute materials used have an influence on the levels of iron, protein, fat and carbohydrates. The iron in the product makes it possible to stimulate the prevention of anaemia in girl’s teenager. Besides, it was also supported by the presence of protein compounds on the substituted chips. The highest Fe value was 5.75 ppm, protein was 13.21%, fat was 5.21% and carbohydrates were 78.24%. Based on these parameters, P4 was the form of treatment that provides the best results, namely with a formulation of 5 grams of moringa, 20 grams of mocaf, and 75 grams of milkfish. Keywords: Chip; Substitute products; Anaemia, Food Product

Optimal pricing policy for green products under supply disruption

In recent years, the frequency and extent of supply disruptions have caused serious challenges for supply chains worldwide. To address the resulting supply–demand mismatches, supply chain partners regularly have employed various pricing strategies. First, this study focuses on presenting an optimal pricing model and analysis for a retailer in a monopoly market under supply disruption, which impacts the offerings of two substitutable products with different degrees of greenness. Next, the study presents and analyzes optimal pricing decisions for a retailer in a duopoly market, where two competing retailers have similar product offerings. Results for the monopoly market indicate that as the disruption duration increases, to compensate for the increased waiting time, the price of the greener product should decrease, while the price of the less green product may either increase or decrease depending on the consumer’s sensitivity to price and wait times. In addition, the price difference between the products grows with the disparity in their degrees of greenness. In a duopoly market, the non-disrupted retailer can capitalize on their competitors’ supply issues by adjusting their pricing strategies accordingly. Sensitivity analyses conducted under both monopoly and duopoly markets reveal the impacts of critical factors individually and in combinations. These findings provide actionable insights for retailers to strategically manage product pricing and demand in the face of green supply chain disruptions.

Gold-Catalyzed Propargylic Substitution Followed by Cycloisomerization in Ionic Liquid: Environmentally Friendly Synthesis of Polysubstituted Furans from Propargylic Alcohols and 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds.

Gold-catalyzed propargylic substitution of propargylic alcohols 1 with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds 2 followed by cycloisomerization in ionic liquid enables the environmentally friendly synthesis of polysubstituted furans 3 in good-to-high yields. The reaction proceeds via the hydrated propargylic substitution product 3″aa. The gold catalyst can be recycled at least three times.

Welfare‐Reducing Integration Under Emission Taxes and Endogenous Competition Mode

ABSTRACTThis study examines asymmetric supply chain competition between integrated and non‐integrated supply chains under emission taxes when firms choose competition mode in the final goods market endogenously. We find that higher emission taxes may lead the non‐integrated downstream firm to adopt aggressive pricing to induce its upstream firm to lower prices, leveling competition with an integrated one. When the non‐integrated chain integrates, however, quantity contracts become dominant strategies, which might distort welfare under lower emission taxes if both environmental damage and product substitutability are sufficiently high. Our finding indicates the welfare‐reducing effects of government interventions post‐integration when emission tax policy and endogenous competition mode are relevant.

Decisions on group buying option in a duopoly environment

Group buying has emerged as a distinctive strategy in today's product and service markets, offering low-priced products to a large number of customers. As many sellers now offer both group and individual purchasing options, this pricing model benefits both sellers and buyers, with sellers reducing prices to drive higher sales volume. In this study, we investigate the competition between two retailers selling substitutable products in the same market through both group and individual purchasing mechanisms. The profit function of duopoly retailers is represented, using a game theoretic approach to evaluate the conditions under which group buying is offered. Additionally, we address the challenge of determining individual and group prices, as well as the optimal group size. The numerical analysis reveals that in collectivist-dominated markets, where group buying is easily viable, offering group prices may not be beneficial for retailers. While, in individualist-dominant markets, retailers tend to provide both group and individual prices.

Rapid In Situ Preparation of Conductive Graphite-like Films on Polymer Surfaces via Hydrogen Plasma Technology.

Many special polymer materials with high strength, low density, and high processability have been developed for the substitution of metal products in recent years; however, their electrical insulation properties sometimes limit their application in medicine, electronics, and aerospace fields. Constructing a conductive layer on polymers may be a promising strategy for conquering these problems, but simply obtaining a high-quality conductive layer remains a challenge. Here, we develop a universal strategy to in situ fabricate a conductive graphite-like film on various polymer surfaces based on a simple one-step gas plasma ion implantation method. Theoretical and experimental results confirm that the reducibility of free radicals and the electrophilicity of cations in plasma are critical for the formation of graphite-like films on polymer surfaces. Compared with argon and oxygen plasma, hydrogen plasma with strong reducing hydrogen radicals and weak electrophilic hydrogen cations can produce the highest degree of graphitization of graphite-like films. The as-prepared polymers treated by hydrogen plasma ion implantation presented good surface conductivity and reduced friction coefficient, which has great potential for application in medicine, electronics, and aerospace fields.

Intermolecular Ipso Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution of Electron‐Deficient Aryl Sulfonyl Chlorides

AbstractA mild and efficient approach is described for generating substitution products of electron‐deficient benzenesulfonyl chlorides via intermolecular ipso aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction. Various amines and thiols effectively undergo a transition‐metal‐free coupling process, leading to diaryl or arylalkyl amines and thioethers with the formation of C─N and C─S bonds. The regioselective attack of N‐nucleophiles produces sulfonamides in the absence of a base. This reaction generates the Smiles rearrangement products. However, a series of mechanistic investigations point toward the intermolecular pathway in contrast to the intramolecular ipso substitution, known as Smiles rearrangement.

A Reaction-Based Approach to Colorimetric Detection of Organic Analytes in Water Using a Chlorine-Containing Carbocyanine Dye and Hypochlorite

Water quality control employs techniques mostly targeting individual analytes; group detection is also practiced, but the choice of group methods is limited, which supports interest in developing such methods. We have examined the interaction of hypochlorite with a chlorine-containing heptamethine carbocyanine dye in the presence of 30 organic and inorganic model analytes that were found to induce diverse color changes in the system. The main supposed mechanisms are retardation of the dye oxidation with hypochlorite (presumably by scavenging chlorine radicals) and substitution of chlorine atom in the dye by the most nucleophilic analytes (amines, amino acids, proteins, DNA, phenol). The grass-green substitution product is more contrastingly visible against the dark-purple hypochlorite oxidation product of the dye than against the original emerald-green dye. The indicator reaction is monitored photographically for 10–40 min and the images are processed using principal component analysis (PCA) or linear discriminant analysis (LDA), allowing for data convolution for the complex color transitions. Nitrogen compounds are discriminated from the others, and more reactive analytes (tryptophan, cysteine, bovine serum albumin, and DNA) are detected in the presence of less reactive ones in natural water. The system is promising for the development of group assays for dissolved organic matter and the discrimination of water samples.

Valorization of Lampung Province banana peel cultivars: nutritional and functional characterizations for biscuit production and wheat flour substitution

Valorization of Lampung Province banana peel cultivars: nutritional and functional characterizations for biscuit production and wheat flour substitution

Acyl Transfer Reactions of 2,4-Dinitrophenyl Furoates: Comparative Effects of Nucleophiles and Non-Leaving Groups

This study investigated the acyl group transfer reactions of 2,4-dinitrophenyl 5-substituted-2-furoates, promoted by 4-substituted phenoxides/phenols in a 20 mol% DMSO aqueous solution at 25 °C. The reactions yielded nucleophilic substitution products and displayed second-order kinetics, with βacyl values ranging from −2.24 to −2.50, ρ(x) values between 3.18 and 3.56, and βnuc values of 0.81 to 0.84. These findings indicate an addition–elimination mechanism where the initial step is rate-determining. Comparative analysis with previous data revealed that the transition state structure remained largely consistent when altering the non-leaving group from thienyl to furyl under similar conditions. Notably, a shift in the rate-determining step was observed when changing the nucleophile from secondary amines/ammonium ions to 4-substituted phenoxides/phenols, highlighting the significant impact of nucleophile selection on the reaction kinetics and mechanisms in acyl transfer reactions.

Corporate Social Responsibility and Consumer Choice: Lessons from the Milk Boycott

We study the impact of a boycott on one of the largest Korean dairy producers, triggered by the exposure of the firm’s unethical management practices, on sales of its own and others. We find empirical evidence that the boycott had substantial and long-lasting consequences. First, consumer utility from the boycotted products decreased significantly, reflecting consumers’ strong willingness to take part in collective action. Second, our discrete choice demand model, which addresses both price endogeneity and product substitution, estimates that sales of the boycotted firm decreased by almost 8% or, equivalently, by 8.1 million liters during the 12-month postboycott period. Third, the boycotted firm’s sales and revenue decreases would have been more severe had the firm not cut prices after the boycott outbreak. Our findings emphasize top-level managers’ role in fostering an ethical organizational culture within the firm and taking proper and timely countermeasures to curb losses incurred by a boycott. This paper was accepted by Eric Anderson, marketing. Funding: This work was supported by the Asian Studies Center of Michigan State University [Dr. Delia Koo Faculty Endowment Award] and Sogang University [New Faculty Research Funding Grant 202310031.01]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2021.01062 .

The first examples of dirhenium(III,II) paramagnetic complexes with bridging diphenylphosphinomethane and 2-mercaptopyridine ligands: A collective experimental and theoretical studies

2-mercaptopyridine (H-pySH), 5‑chloro-2-mercaptopyridine (Cl-pySH) and 5-trifluoromethyl-2-mercaptopyridine (F3C-pySH) ligands react with the multiply‒bonded paramagnetic dirhenium(III,II) complex [Re2(μ-O2CCH3)Cl4(μ-dppm)2] (1) [dppm is Ph2PCH2PPh2] in refluxing ethanol to afford the paramagnetic substitution products of the type [Re2(μ-dppm)2(μ-R-pyS)2Cl2]Cl (2(R)) [R = H, Cl, CF3]. These are the first examples of paramagnetic dirhenium complexes that contain the bridging mercaptopyridine ligand. These complexes have very similar spectral (UV–vis, IR, EPR) and electrochemical properties which are also reported. The identity of 2(H) and 2(CF3) has been established by single-crystal X-ray structure determination (ReRe distance ∼2.29 Å). The electronic structures and optical properties of the complexes are scrutinized by density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT studies. DFT calculation shows that the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) corresponds to a δ* interaction between the d-orbitals of rhenium atoms and π* interaction between the sulphur atoms and the rhenium centers whereas the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) is the Re2π* based orbital.

Strategic decision-making of competitive manufacturers: Assessing the role of product substitutability in energy performance contracting

Maximizing benefits through optimized strategic decisions is a crucial concern in Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) arrangements among competing manufacturers, yet this area remains underexplored. This paper develops a model to examine EPC cooperation between two manufacturers producing substitutable products in a duopoly market. By applying game theory, the study investigates the strategic decision-making processes of these manufacturers, with a particular focus on product substitutability. The analysis of equilibrium outcomes reveals that when both manufacturers engage in EPC, total market output increases. Although EPC results in lower prices, it enhances overall consumer surplus due to the price reduction. Additionally, EPC contributes to a decrease in total energy consumption as the cost of energy-saving service rises. The study find that as product substitutability increases, the sharing ratio determined by the client in the EPC arrangement gradually decreases. Concurrently, the level of energy-saving service provided by the Energy Service Company (ESCO) increases. However, when the cost coefficient of energy-saving retrofitting services is relatively high and the sharing ratio falls within a certain range, the service level initially decreases before rising again. This research offers novel insights into the impact of product substitutability on EPC engagements between two competing manufacturers, providing valuable perspectives on strategic decision-making within a competitive market environment.

Optimistic Third-Party Sellers in E-Commerce Supply Chains

This paper investigates the effects of optimism in an e-commerce supply chain where two third-party sellers offer substitutable products through a shared e-commerce platform. In this context, optimism is defined as a cognitive bias in which third-party sellers underestimate the probability of encountering low market potential. We present a game-theoretic model to characterize the equilibrium strategies of both the platform and the sellers. Our analysis reveals that when both sellers exhibit optimism bias, this bias invariably leads to lower expected profits for them. However, seller optimism can benefit both the platform and the whole system. That is, as sellers become more biased, the profits of the platform and the entire supply chain increase. Moreover, when a biased seller competes with a sophisticated one, unilateral optimism can result in a win–lose outcome in which the optimistic seller benefits from her bias at the expense of her sophisticated rival. Indeed, we demonstrate that optimism can confer a competitive advantage in a duopoly, allowing the more biased seller to earn higher profits than its less biased competitor—even if the latter is unbiased or sophisticated. Our work sheds light on the conditions under which optimism bias may have detrimental or beneficial impacts on e-commerce supply chain operations.

Retailer-manufacturer partnerships in E-commerce: Dual product strategy and market share dynamics

A new practice among online retail platforms, e.g., Amazon and Wayfair, is to offer their own private label product and a substitutable exclusive manufacturer product. We employ a game theoretic approach to examine conditions under which a retailer and a manufacturer find it optimal to enter into such a partnership. Our analysis reveals that a retailer finds it profitable to partner with a manufacturer with one of two profiles. The first is a manufacturer with low unit production and holding costs and large capacity, and the retailer gives the manufacturer most of the market share. In this case, the retailer uses a low private product price and marketing effort to pressure the manufacturer to set a low exclusive product price, which increases the manufacturer's revenue and the retailer's fees. The second is a manufacturer with a large consumer base, high unit production and holding costs, and small capacity. For this profile, the retailer takes most of the market share by offering a low private product price, and the manufacturer is unable to counteract the retailer's low private product price and marketing effort. The partnership results in a lower price when the marketing effort is costly and the retailer relies on private product price, intensifying price competition. Under some conditions, the retailer's profit may decrease in his share of the manufacturer's revenue. Also, the retailer may increase the marketing effort and decrease the private product price, not to take market share, but to pressure the manufacturer to decrease price.

Assessing the conditions to implement innovative activity of technoparks in the field of high technologies

During the restructuring of national technological system, the development of innovations is of particular importance. In this regard, it is important to analyze how economic entities and innovative infrastructure cope with changing internal and external conditions, such as the need for import substitution of high-tech products and replenishment of specialists’ outflow from the information technology sector. The key element of the innovation infrastructure is scientific and industrial technology parks. The article examines the features of the Russian model of technoparks, as well as the factors of their success and lag. The purpose of the study is to identify the factors contributing to and hindering the innovation activity of technopark residents. Using statistical data analysis and spatial network analysis, the paper studies the structure and features of the activities of 12 participants in the state program «Creation of high-tech technoparks in the Russian Federation». The study examines such aspects of technoparks’ activity as the specifics of management companies functioning, ownership structure and geographical localization of resident enterprises, the level of integration of scientific and educational organizations. It determines the results of technoparks activity in the context of long-term effects for the innovation development at regional level. The findings indicate insufficient elaboration of approaches to support collaborative activities between residents, which is an important condition for effective innovation exchange. The results of the study can be used in the development and adjustment of government programs to support the innovation sector.

Vicarious nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen and synthesis of nickel-, copper-, and cobalt-porphyrinates– double functionalized at the β-positions of the same pyrrole unit

2-Nitro-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin–nickel(II), –copper(II), and –cobalt(II) complexes reacted with carbanions of halomethyl aryl sulphones and para-chlorophenoxyacetonitrile according to the vicarious nucleophilic substitution scheme. This leads to the substitution of hydrogen products, in the position ortho- to the NO2 group, thus giving β,β-disubstituted derivatives on the same pyrrole ring. The yields were satisfactory, up to 95%. These types of products, being practically unavailable by alternative methods, are attractive starting materials for the synthesis of more complex porphyrinoid moieties.

Mislabeled and ambiguous market names in invertebrate and finfish seafood conceal species of conservation concern in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

The mislabeling of seafood, wherein a food product's marketed name does not match its contents, has the potential to mask species of conservation concern. Less discussed is the role of legally ambiguous market names, wherein a single name could be used to sell multiple species. Here we report the first study in Canada to examine mislabeling and ambiguous market names in both invertebrate (e.g., bivalve, cephalopod, shrimp) and finfish products. A total of 109 invertebrate and 347 finfish products were sampled in Calgary between 2014 and 2020. Market names were documented from the label or equivalent and determined to be precise (the name could apply to only one species) or ambiguous (multiple species could be sold under that name). A region of the cytochrome c oxidase I gene was sequenced and compared to reference sequences from boldsystems.org. Samples were considered mislabeled if the species identified through DNA barcoding did not correspond to the market name, as determined through the Canadian Food Inspection Agency Fish List. Mislabeling was further differentiated between semantic mislabeling, wherein the market name was not found on the Fish List but the barcode identity was in line with what a consumer could reasonably have expected to have purchased; invalid market names, wherein the market name was so unusual that no legitimate inferences as to the product's identity could be made; and product substitution, wherein the DNA barcode identified the product as a species distinct from that associated with the market name. Invalid market names and product substitutions were used to provide conservative estimates of mislabeling. The global conservation status of the DNA-identified invertebrate or finfish was determined through the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List. A logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between precision and accuracy in predicting conservation status of the sampled species. There was no significant difference in mislabeling occurrence between invertebrates (33.9% total mislabeling occurrence, 20.2% product substitution) and finfish (32.3% total mislabeling occurrence, 21.3% product substitution/invalid market names). Product substitutions sometimes involved species of conservation concern, such as foods marketed as freshwater eel (Anguilla rostrata) that were determined through DNA barcoding to be European eel (Anguilla anguilla), or cuttlefish balls putatively identified as the Endangered threadfin porgy (Evynnis cardinalis). Product substitutions and ambiguous market names were significantly associated with the sale of species of conservation concern, but ambiguity was a more important predictor. Although preventing the mislabeling of seafoods can and must remain a priority in Canada, our work suggests that moving towards precise names for all seafood products will better support sustainable fisheries goals.

Endogenous choice of environmental corporate social responsibility in a mixed duopoly

AbstractThis paper constructs green managerial delegation contracts in a mixed duopoly wherein either or both public and private firms may adopt environmental corporate social responsibility (ECSR). We demonstrate that the public (private) firm owner positively (negatively) adopts ECSR incentives under Cournot, whereas the incentives are reversed under Bertrand. We also examine an endogenous ECSR choice game and discover that unilateral ECSR adopted by a public firm appears under Cournot, whereas bilateral ECSR where both firms adopt ECSR incentives appears under Bertrand. Our findings show that coordination of competition mode may be harmful to society if both marginal damage and product substitutability are sufficiently high.

Trilateral game and vertical collaboration models in a two-stage green supply chain with substitutable green products

This paper explores the trilateral game and vertical collaboration model based on Stackelberg’s (manufacturer-leadership game) and Bertrand’s game-theoretical methodology for a two-stage green supply chain where the duopolistic manufacturers and the retailer are ecologically conscious. Both manufacturers produce and sell two substitutable green products through a common retailer. The selling prices and green levels (GLs) determine the demand for both green products. A game theoretical approach is implemented in the trilateral game model, and the result shows that the manufacturer with a bigger sales volume achieves superior performance in terms of earnings. In the vertical collaboration model, a manufacturer and retailer collaborate to optimize pricing issues, GLs, and profits. Two-player games among three participants are performed for this collaboration. The results of the vertical collaboration model show that the overall profit in vertical collaboration is greater than the sum of the individual profits corresponding to two participants in the trilateral game model. Whereas, the manufacturer outside the collaboration experiences a decline in profits. Further, a selection criterion of manufacturers is also developed to maximize the overall profit of the retailer. Finally, a numerical example and a sensitivity analysis are performed to demonstrate the model’s implementation and stability.