Soybean Substitution Research Articles

Life cycle assessment of organic and conventional egg production: A case study in northern Italy

According to FAO projections, meat and fish production will have to increase by 70% by 2050 to meet the needs of the growing global population and its protein requirements. The poultry sector has been one of the most responsive industries to the growing demand for protein, with a significant increase in egg and chicken meat production. Although eggs are important foods in the human diet, environmental impacts and ethical aspects could also affect dietary choices. This study aimed to assess the environmental impacts of egg production, by using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). More specifically, the study compared two different farming systems of conventional and organic egg production, with reference to two case studies in northern Italy. The results obtainedgenerally showed the conventional system to be more efficient compared to the organic system. For example, as regards the impact category of Fine particulate matter formation, the conventional system had a 28.6% lower impact than the organic system. Another major difference was in the Land use category, where the conventional system had an impact of 48.5% less than the organic system. The Organic Scenario showed some critical aspects, e.g. the need for a large agricultural area, low feed conversion rates and low crop yields. The two production scenarios showed that in terms of environmental impact, the main difference between organic and conventional egg production resides in feed production. I It is, therefore, essential to work on a low input formula, to substitutethe diet components with the greatest impact and adopt strategies to obtain an increase in yields and/or a reduction in resource consumption during the cultivation phase. The complete substitution of soybean with other local crops could reduce several impacts, including the one linked to transport. The further reduction of maize could also limit the expected impact.

Evaluation of proximate composition, functional and pasting properties of millet-based breakfast cereals supplemented with soybean and date fruit flours

This study was designed to evaluate the proximate composition, functional and pasting properties of breakfast cereals produced from blends of millet, soybean and date fruit flour. Soybeans and date fruits were separately processed into flours and used at varying replacement levels (5-30% soybean and 5-20% date fruit) for malted millet flour in the production of breakfast cereals with breakfast cereal produced from 100% malted millet flour as control. The proximate composition, functional and pasting properties of the breakfast cereals were determined using standard methods. The moisture, crude protein, fat, crude fibre and ash contents of the breakfast cereals increased significantly (p<0.05) with increase in substitution of soybean and date fruit flours from 7.19-7.63%, 7.69-18.32%, 3.09-4.03%, 2.47-3.86% and 1.21-2.07, respectively, while the carbohydrate and energy contents decreased from 78.37-64.13% and 371.99-365.10KJ/100g, respectively. The functional properties (bulk density, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, solubility index, swelling and gelation capacities) of the samples increased significantly (p<0.05) with increase in substitution of soybean and date fruit flours from 0.36-1.55g/cm3, 43.54-86.54ml/g, 57.36-91.76ml/g, 76.72-132.72%, 1.55-2.14g/g and 1.32-1.72g/g, respectively. The pasting properties of the samples also showed that the peak viscosity, trough viscosity, final viscosity, peak time and pasting temperature increased as the levels of addition of soybean and date fruit flours increased in the products, while their breakdown and setback viscosities decreased. The study showed that the proximate composition, functional and pasting properties of millet‑based breakfast cereals could be improved by supplementing millet flour with different proportions of soybean and date fruit flours in the preparation of good quality breakfast cereal products.

Nutrient Composition and Sensory Properties of Breakfast Cereals Produced from Millet Flour Supplemented with Soybean and Date Fruit Flours

This study was designed to evaluate the nutrient composition and sensory properties of breakfast cereals produced from blends of millet, soybean and date fruit flour. Soybean and date fruit flours were used at varying replacement levels (5-30% soybean and 5-20% date fruit) for malted millet flour in the production of breakfast cereals with breakfast cereal produced from 100% malted millet flour as control. The nutrient composition and sensory properties of the breakfast cereals were evaluated using standard methods. The moisture, crude protein, fat, crude fibre and ash contents of the breakfast cereals increased significantly (p<0.05) with increase in substitution of soybean and date fruit flours from 7.19-7.63%, 7.69-18.32%, 3.09-4.03%, 2.47-3.86% and 1.21-2.07, respectively, while the carbohydrate and energy contents decreased from 78.37-64.13% and 371.99-365.10KJ/100g, respectively. The mineral composition of the breakfast cereals also increased significantly (p<0.05) with increase in substitution of soybean and date fruit flours from 17.86-96.52mg/100g (calcium), 58.47-132.72mg/100g (potassium), 79.01-120.76mg/100g (phosphorus), 16.54-86.54mg/100g (magnesium), 1.55-2.14mg/100g (iron) and 1.32-1.72mg/100g (zinc), respectively. The thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, ascorbic acid, vitamin A and folic acid contents of the samples equally increased significantly (p<0.05) with increase in substitution of soybean and date fruit flours from 1.36-2.57mg/100g, 2.36-3.51mg/100g, 2.14-3.56mg/100g, 1.55-2.22mg/100g, 2.23-4.26mg/100g and 1.02-1.81mg/100g, respectively. The sensory properties of the samples showed that the porridge made from the control sample (Breakfast cereal made with 100% malted millet flour) was the most acceptable to the panelists and also differed significantly (p<0.05) from those prepared from the substituted samples in colour, texture, taste and flavour. The study, however, showed that the nutrient contents and sensory properties of millet based breakfast cereals could be improved by supplementing millet flour with different proportions of soybean and date fruit flours in the preparation of nutrient-dense and acceptable breakfast cereal products.

Exploring the application of Corynebacterium glutamicum single cell protein in the diet of flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus): effects on growth performance, digestive enzymes activity and gut microbiota

The capacity of utilising a single cell protein (SCP) ingredient coming from Corynebacterium glutamicum was assessed on adult grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) reared in captive conditions. The experiment was carried out using triplicate groups of grey mullet of 68 g average initial body weight. Three diets, SCP0, SCP10 and SCP20 with increasing inclusion of SCP (0%, 10% and 20%) in substitution of soybean, poultry and fish meal were formulated to contain 30% protein, 10% fat and 18.5 Mj/kg feed of digestible energy. After 113 days, fish fed SCP diets presented significantly lower growth performance and a significant lower activity of the alkaline proteases and aminopeptidases compared to fish fed diet without SCP inclusion. Gut microbiota appeared modulated by SCP inclusion being dominated at the phylum level by Fusobacteria in fish fed SCP0 (51.1%), while in fish fed SCP10 (67.3%) and SCP20 (53.2%) Proteobacteria was dominant. Data evinces a deficiency in the protein utilisation as a cause of the poor growth performance in fish fed the SCP diets. A hypothesis has been proposed that an incomplete SCP cell-wall lysis accounts for this outcome because of the particular organisation of the digestive system of grey mullet (which lack of an acidic stomach digestion) and the failing in the development of a functional gizzard (no access to sand in captive conditions). Even though the outcomes of this research were quite unexpected, they will improve our knowledge on the digestive system of flathead grey mullet and provide some theoretical basis for an improved development of low FM and SBM aquafeed for the species.

Performance response of broiler chickens fed diets containing dehydrated microalgae meal as partial replacement for soybean until 22 days of age

Microalgae meal (MM) could represent a sustainable alternative to soybean meal as protein ingredient for broiler diets. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the dietary substitution of soybean with MM (Arthrospira spp.) during the first stages of the rearing cycle on the growth performance of broiler chickens. A total of 1 000 one-day-old Ross 308 male chicks were divided into 4 experimental groups (10 replicate pens/group with 25 birds each) receiving, during the starter (0–12 days) and grower (13–22 days) phases, either a conventional soybean-based diet (CON group) or the same diet including MM at low (LM group: 50 g/kg in both phases), intermediate (IM group: 100 and 90 g/kg, respectively), or high dosages (HM group: 150 and 140 g/kg, respectively). From 23 days onwards, all groups received the same conventional soybean-based diet up to slaughter age (47 days). All diets were formulated to be iso-energetic and with a similar amino acid profile. Productive parameters were recorded on a pen basis at housing (0 day), at 22 days, and at slaughter. At 22 days, body weight was linearly reduced and feed conversion ratio significantly worsened as the dietary inclusion of MM increased (931 vs. 850 vs. 709 vs. 462 g, and 1.539 vs. 1.656 vs. 1.783 vs. 2.312 for CON, LM, IM and HM groups, respectively; P < 0.001). CON and LM groups presented similar feed intake from 0 to 22 days, which was significantly higher if compared to IM and HM (1.367 vs. 1.333 vs. 1.184 vs. 0.964 kg/bird, respectively; P < 0.001). At 47 days, CON and LM groups exhibited comparable body weight, while IM and HM showed lower values (3455 vs. 3446 vs. 3221 vs. 2802 g, respectively; P < 0.001). No significant difference in FCR was observed in the overall period of trial (0–47 days). Similarly, liveability was not substantially affected by the treatments. Overall, these results indicate that the dietary administration of MM during the first 22 days of life significantly impaired broiler growth performance regardless of the dosage. However, by re-feeding a conventional soybean-based diet up to slaughter (47 days), broilers receiving 50 g/kg of MM up to 22 days achieved similar growth performance and productive efficiency to those fed a conventional soybean-based diet in all feeding phases.

The Impact of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as Feed Supplementation on Productive and Physiological Performance of Broiler Chickens

A total of 450 broiler chicks (Ross 308) were used to evaluate the effect of different inclusion levels of a partially black soldier fly (BSF), BSF Powder (BSFP), BSF Puré (BSFPr), and BSF frozen whole larvae (BSFL) on the growth performance, blood parameters, humoral immune response, and intestinal bacterial count of broiler chickens. The chickens were reared from day 1 to 35 and assigned to the control and 9 dietary groups with different forms of BSF (3 replicates per group with 15 chicks). Black soldier fly was included at levels of 2%, 4%, and 6% for BSFP, BSFPr, and BSFL, respectively, in the starter and growing diets. The results indicated similar body weight, weight gain, and the growth rate in chickens fed 4% BSFP, and 2% BSFPr during the experiment. There was a marked difference in blood parameters due to the different BSF forms and included percentages. The humoral immunity antibody titers against the Newcastle disease virus fluctuated among the experimental groups of different ages. Finally, it could be concluded that the BSF can be incorporated at a level of 4% in the form of powder and Puré in a broiler diet which seemed to be adequate to achieve the favorable results in growth performance, blood parameters, immunity, and bacteriological examination. Keywords: Black soldier fly, Insects, Black solidier fly powder, Humoral immune response, Soybean substitution

Organoleptic analysis of saga seeds (Adenanthera pavonina) fermented for feasibility raw material of making tempe

Indonesia soybean imports reached 1.27 million tons in 2019 due to the low productivity of local soybean production, so that it is unable to keep pace with the public’s demand in terms of making tempe. Based on this fact, other locally produced raw materials are needed for making tempe. This study tested the feasibility of saga seeds as raw materials as substitution of soybean in terms of organoleptic properties. The method used in this research is a literature study and experimental manufacture of tempe saga with 3 variations of yeast (2, 4, and 6 grams) and 3 variations of time (12, 36, and 72 hours). Based on organoleptic analysis that have been done, this study showed the influence of yeast variation and time variation in texture, aroma, color, and millennium formed of tempe from saga seeds. This influence can occur because of the interaction between yeast and the content contained in saga seeds such as contenct of nutritional, antioxidants, and fibre. With the use of saga seeds as a tempe-making product, it is expected to increase the added value of local products to fulfil public demand for tempe.

Pengaruh Substitusi Tepung Kedelai terhadap Kualitas Biskuit

The research entitled The Effect of Substitution of Soybean Flour on Biscuit Quality is a type of research using a quantitative approach with an experimental method. The purpose is to know the effect of quality biscuits with soybean flour substitution with a different percentage that is equal to 50%, 25% and 10% viewed from the aspect of colour, flavour, aroma and texture. The experiments used 3 different types of treatment on the percentage of soy flour used ie, biscuit A with 50% soy flour, biscuit B with 25% soy flour, and C biscuits with 10% soy flour. Methods of data collection using subjective assessment of sensory tests taken from the results of a panellist assessment that includes assessment of colour, aroma, taste and texture on biscuits. The panel of researchers was 30 people taken by random sampling technique with considerations that included panellist knowledge about the sensory properties of biscuits in general. Methods of data analysis to test the hypothesis using the analysis of single classification variables and Tukey test, previously conducted precariat test that is homogeneity test and normality test. The result of the research with Anova test seen from the color aspect shows that (significant value (p-value) &lt;0,05 = 0,000 &lt;0,05) shows that there is significant difference from three substitution biscuit substitution biscuit, while from aroma aspect shows significant (p-value) &lt;0,05 = 0,008 &lt;0,05) indicated that there were significant differences from the three soybean substitution biscuit samples. Seen from the texture aspect showed (significant value (p-value) &lt;0,05 = 0,000 &lt;0,05) indicated that there was significant difference from three sample of soybean substitution biscuit. In terms of taste taste (significant value (p-value) &lt;0.05 = 0.005 &lt;0.05) indicates that there are significant differences from the three soybean substitution biscuit samples.

Starch supplementation improves the reproductive performance of sows in different glucose tolerance status.

This study was to evaluate the effects of glucose tolerance status, maternal starch supplementation and soybean substitution in diets on the performance of dams and their offspring. Eighty-eight pregnant sows (Landrace × Large White) were selected from an initial total of 120 sows, based on blood glucose test values, and assigned to 4 experimental treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design. The factors were glucose tolerance status (glucose intolerant [GIT] vs. normal glucose tolerant [NGT]) or dietary treatments (corn starch diet [CS] vs. soybean substitution diet [SS]). A higher area under the curve (AUC) for post-meal glucose was observed (P < 0.05) in the GIT group than in the NGT group on d 109 of gestation. The CS group had a lower value of homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance than the SS group (P < 0.05) on d 109 of gestation. Corn starch supplementation for sows decreased the stillbirth rate (P < 0.05), regardless of the sows' glucose tolerance status. The villus height of the jejunum and the villus height to crypt depth ratio of the ileum were greater in normal birth weight piglets from the CS group than from the SS group (P < 0.01), and so was the activity of sucrase in the jejunum and ileum (P < 0.01). Compared with the SS group, the CS group showed a reduction in pre-weaning mortality rate, an increase in the number of high-birth-weight piglets, and a decrease in the number of low-birth-weight piglets (P < 0.05) under GIT status. In conclusion, sows fed CS decreased stillbirth rate and improved insulin resistance, as well as improving the intestinal morphology and digestive enzyme activities of their progeny, regardless of glucose tolerance status. Additionally, the CS group improved birth weight distribution and decreased pre-weaning mortality rate of piglets under GIT status.

EVALUATION OF PROTEIN AND IRON ABSORPTION OF MOCAF-BASED WEANING FOOD

Weaning food biscuit based on mocaf (modified cassava flour) with substitution of soybean, mung bean and red kidney bean flour is expected increasing protein of the product. However, in the legumes flour there are anti-nutritional agent that can affect the absorption of other nutrient such as protein and iron. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the absorption of protein and iron from mocaf based-weaning food. Protein and iron absorption were determined from weaning food (biscuit) using Sprague-Dawley rats, 3 weeks old, weight 70-80 g for 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. The treatments of this study were mocaf biscuits (as a control), biscuits with substitution of soybean flour (MSF), mung bean flour (MMF), red kidney bean flour (MRF) and commercial biscuits (CB). The highest protein absorption of control, MSF and MRF were at 120 minutes with absorption percentages 27.76, 38.94, and 9.35%, respectively. Samples MMF and CB had the highest protein absorption at 60 and 90 minutes, with absorption percentages 15.58 and 37.57%. Meanwhile, the highest iron absorption of control, MSF and MMF were at 90 minutes with absorption percentages 53.86, 4.71, and 54.29%. Samples MRF and CB had highest iron absorption at 60 minutes with absorption percentages 7.97 and 69.76%, respectively. The MSF sample had highest protein absorption than other samples. Meanwhile, the MMF sample had an iron absorption value that approached to commercial biscuit.

Nutritional properties of indigenous fermented condiment (ogiri) produced from partial substitution of castor oil bean (Ricinus communis) with soybean (Glycine max) seeds

Recently, in Nigeria, there has been a series of controversial publications and debates over the use of seasoning cubes and monosodium glutamate as cancer inducing agents. With this, the use of local condiments like Ogiri has become an option. Ogiri is traditionally produced from castor oil beans which is scarce in some communities. This study therefore explored the possibility of substituting castor oil bean with soybean to obtain an acceptable Ogiri. Proximate, mineral and vitamin composition and sensory characteristics of the substituted Ogiri samples produced were evaluated using standard methods. With increase in soybean substitution levels, proximate analysis showed an increase in crude protein (17.33%-31.68%), crude fibre (0.47-1.71%) and fat (13.76-20.23%) contents while ash (3.63-3.21%) and carbohydrate (48.13%-23.55%) contents decreased. Mineral contents increased from 46.11 - 80.21, 60.25 - 73.83, 80.33 - 99.42, 118.10 - 794.38, 1.63 - 6.32 and 0.49 - 1.48 mg/100g for calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, potassium, iron and zinc, respectively. Potassium was the most abundant mineral in the samples. Also, retinol (11.63-16.26 mg/100g), vitamin B1 (0.10-0.21 mg/100g), vitamin B2 (10.37-14.79 mg/100g), vitamin B3 (9.21-9.91 mg/100g), vitamin C (2.43-5.85 mg/100g) and vitamin E (6.43-11.25 mg/100g) increased significantly. Sensory analysis revealed that the Ogiri sample with 50% soybean inclusion and the control had the best organoleptic properties. Therefore, soybean substitution of up to 50% gave a better acceptable Ogiri with improved nutrient contents.&#x0D; Keywords: “ogiri”, castor oil bean, soybean

Effect of varying dietary levels of Aspilia africana on performance, egg quality and microbial load of pullet chickens

Abstract The use of Aspilia africana as a nonconventional feedstuff to reduce the cost of feed has not been fully explored in poultry production. Therefore, an experiment was conducted on one hundred and ninety-two (192) twelve weeks old birds to determine the effect of Aspilia africana leaf meal (ALM) diet on the performance, egg quality and faecal microbial load. The birds were divided into four groups, each consisting of forty-eight birds. After a two-week acclimatisation, experimental diets that consisted of 0% (Diet 1), 10% (Diet 2), 20% (Diet 3) and 30% (Diet 4) ALM substitution of soybean were fed to the birds. Data on growth performance were collected in the first phase, whereas egg quality, laying performance and faecal count was examined in phase two of the experiment. The data collected were subjected to one-way analysis of variance and significant means were separated via Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The obtained results identified best (p &lt; 0.05) outcome for growth performance and faecal bacterial load at 30% ALM inclusion in the diet. ALM offered at 20% was optimal for overall egg quality, though egg weight at first lay was superior in pullets fed 10% ALM diet. When consumer attraction to yolk colour is the criterion for purchase, preference for eggs from birds supplied 30% dietary ALM is expected.

Вплив заміни соєвого шроту на соняшниковий у раціоні курчат-бройлерів на їх ріст і розвиток

Goal. To analyze the influence of replacement of soy with protein sunflower concentrate in the diets for broiler chickens and to evaluate the effect of this ingredient on the growth and development of poultry. Methods. The experiment was conducted on broiler chickens of cross Cobb 500 for fattening from 1-day age to 42-days age. 3 groups of 50 chickens were formed, which were fed with rations where soy components were replaced with protein sunflower concentrate at the levels: 0% (control group), 45% (experimental group 1), and 70% (experimental group 2). Feed consumption and bird death were recorded daily, and the live weight of the bird was monitored weekly. At the end of the experiment, the slaughter qualities of broilers were evaluated. Results. The addition of protein sunflower concentrate to the diets of broiler chickens (crude protein level — 44.4%) did not negatively influence their growth and development, but on the contrary, increased the final live weight by 20.3% (experimental group 2). Replacement of soybeans with this ingredient at the level of 45% (experimental group 1) did not significantly affect feed conversion, live weight dynamics, and slaughter qualities of chickens. Increasing the level of replacement to 70% (experimental group 2) contributed to the improvement of poultry productivity — the average daily increase in live weight exceeded this index in other groups by 19.4–20.9%. The yield of the gutted carcass in the group with 70% soybean substitution for sunflower was 5.5% higher than in the control (without sunflower) and in the experimental group 1 (45% soybean replacement with sunflower) — 73.1%, against 67.6–67.7%. Feed costs per 1 kg of growth in the experimental group 2 were lower by 14.8–15.3% (1.61 kg). The meat productivity index for the diet with a 70% replacement of soy with sunflower protein concentrate was 322.5. Conclusions. Taking into account productivity indicators (increase in live weight and intensity of its growth, improved feed conversion, increased gut carcass yield) and technological efficiency of fattening, it is recommended to replace up to 70% of soy components with protein sunflower concentrate in broiler diets.

Makanan Tambahan untuk Balita dari Variasi Kacang Kedelai (Glycinemax (L) Merril) dan Kacang Merah (Vigna Angularis)

Malnutrition is a health problem that is a problem that must be resolved and needs special treatment. Handling malnutrition cases one which is by providing additional food in the form soy oat snack bars and kidney beans. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of developing soybean and red bean oat snack bar. This research is an experimental research that is research with the substitution of soybeans and kidney beans then the effect is seen on the organoleptic quality with the SPSS test anova and seen its nutrient content in the laboratory of Unand. Research Results: 1) The highest organoleptic test is treatment A. 2) The oat snack bar produced the highest carbohydrate content in treatment A as much as 58.48%, protein content 5.8%, and calories 38.98 kcal, the highest fat content in treatment B is 22.75%, the highest water content in treatment C is 32.9%. 3) The best formulation on oat soybean and red bean oat snack bars with several binding ingredients for color, taste, aroma, and texture as well as nutrients is treatment A (30 g soybeans: 50 g kidney beans). Development of Snack Bar Oat soybeans and kidney beans at Treatment A is an Oat Snack Bar has a high nutrient content and good color, taste, aroma, and texture.

Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of goat cheese production in Brazil: a path towards sustainability

This study aims to analyse the environmental impacts of goat milk and goat cheese production using the Life Cycle Assessment - LCA methodology based on the International Organization for Standardization ISO 14040:2006 and ISO 14044:2006 (ISO 2006a, b). A cradle to gate LCA study was performed in a dairy industry, located at São Gonçalo municipality, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. The modelling software used was Simapro® 8.3.0.0 with Ecoinvent 3.2 database, employing the methodology ILCD 2011 Midpoint for impact assessment. The results showed that the most relevant impacts were associated with goat milk production, specifically soybean, which is the main ingredient of goat feed. The partial substitution of soybean by hay and grass in goat feed is recommended, as lower environmental impacts were observed especially for the impact categories climate change (57.6%), freshwater ecotoxicity (41.8%), land use (47.1%) and mineral, fossil and renewable resources depletion (40.4%). However, further studies are needed to determine the potential environmental and economic trade-offs from different diet strategies.

Does the gradual replacement of spent silkworm (Bombyx mori) pupae affect the performance, blood metabolites and gut functions in White Leghorn laying hens?

Spent silkworm pupa is a valuable source of alternative protein in poultry production. Usually the spent silkworm pupae are wasted and may cause environmental pollution and off smell. This feeding experiment was performed to determine the gradual increase of silkworm substitution of soybean on the egg production performance, serum biochemistry and intestinal histological features of White Leghorns laying hens. For this purpose, a total of 250 White Leghorn laying hens were allocated to five experimental treatments. Rations were prepared in which soybean meal was replaced with 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% substitution with silkworm meal. The outcomes of the study indicated that performance was not significantly (P < .05) different among the experimental groups. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotrasferase (ALT), uric acid and creatinin concentration did not significantly (P > .05) alter among the groups during the experimental period. Similarly, height and thickness of intestinal villi, surface of intestinal villi, number of goblet cells did not change between the control and experimental groups. It was concluded that substitution of silkworm meal with soybean meal had no hostile effect on production performance, intestinal histomorphology and blood biochemical functions of liver and kidney in White Leghorn hens.

Field Pea can be Included in Fattening Concentrate without Deleterious Effects on the Digestibility and Performance of Lambs.

Simple SummaryThe partial substitution of soybean by field pea (Pisum sativum), a local source of protein, has been encouraged to reduce the dependency of Europe on soybean imports. However, only up to 15% of field pea inclusion in the fattening concentrate of light lambs is recommended. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of the inclusion of field pea in the fattening concentrate on the apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance, animal performance and carcass characteristics of lambs. For that, four isoenergetic and isoproteic concentrates with different proportions of field pea (0%, 10%, 20% and 30%) were compared. The main results were that the in vivo apparent digestibility of the nutrients and retained nitrogen were not affected by field pea inclusion. The performance traits were similar among concentrates, but carcass weight and dressing percentage changed cubically with the inclusion of field pea. Therefore, inclusion of field pea in fattening concentrates above current recommendations could be advisable depending on the prices and availability of the feedstuffs.The inclusion of different proportions of field pea (0%, 10%, 20% and 30%) for partially replacing soybean in the fattening concentrate of lambs was studied for its impact on apparent digestibility and performance during fattening. In the in vivo digestibility trial, 12 lambs (33 kg body weight) were placed in metabolic crates for two periods and received restricted amounts of concentrate and straw. The performance trial involved 54 lambs (13.4 kg body weight) that received concentrate plus straw ad libitum from weaning to slaughter. The intake of crude protein was higher in the 0% pea group than in the other groups (p < 0.05). The inclusion of field pea did not affect the digestibility, N retained or blood metabolites. In the performance trial, most traits were not affected, although a cubic effect of field pea inclusion on hot carcass weight and dressing percentage was observed (p < 0.05). The inclusion of field pea did not affect total protein, urea or β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations but it affected creatinine and cholesterol concentrations (p < 0.05). In conclusion, field pea can constitute up to 30% of the fattening concentrate of lambs without deleterious effects on the digestibility and performance during fattening, and with minor effects on carcass characteristics.

A Nutritional Evaluation of Insect Meal as a Sustainable Protein Source for Jumbo Quails: Physiological and Meat Quality Responses

The use of insect meals in place of soybean meal in diets is critical for sustainable intensification of poultry production, but the utility of this alternative dietary protein source is unknown for the Jumbo quail. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of partial substitution of soybean with black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) meal on feed intake, physiological, and meat quality parameters of Jumbo quails. Three hundred and fifteen mixed-gender quails (53.8 ± 5.19 g live-weight) were reared on five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic experimental diets formulated by replacing soybean products with BSFL meal at 0 (BSFL0), 25 (BSFL25), 50 (BSFL50), 75 (BSFL75), and 100 (BSFL100) g/kg. Feed intake, body weight gain, gain-to-feed ratio (G:F), blood parameters, and carcass and meat quality traits were determined. Quadratic trends were observed for overall feed intake (y = 605 (±17.56) + 2.1 (±0.82)x − 0.02 (±0.008)x2; R2 = 0.20; p = 0.023) and overall body weight gain (y = 155 (±4.70) + 0.57 (±0.22)x − 0.005 (±0.002)x2; R2 = 0.22; p = 0.026) in response to BSFL levels. However, there were neither linear nor quadratic trends for meat quality and blood parameters, except for albumin-to-globulin ratio. Only gizzard size linearly increased (y = 0.05 (±0.004)x + 2.3 (±0.09); R2 = 0.18; p = 0.04) with BSFL levels. We concluded that BSFL meal could replace soybean products in Jumbo quail diets at 54 g/kg without compromising weight gain and meat quality.

Economic Impacts of Soybean Substitution by Guarkorma in Tilapia Ration

Economic Impacts of Soybean Substitution by Guarkorma in Tilapia Ration

Utilization of Nannochloropsis oceanica alga for biodiesel production and the de-lipidated biomass for improving Red tilapia aquaculture

This work was carried out, firstly for investigating the different effects of various organic carbon sources [fructose (A), lactose (B), glucose (C)], and nitrogen sources [poultry manure extract (PM) and rumen liquor (RL)] which used at ratio 50:50% F/2 medium on maximizing production of biodiesel from the marine microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica. Secondly, we apply the residual lipid-free biomass as feed additives in Red tilapia aquaculture. In phase1, the biomass (DW), biodiesel contents and biochemical compositions of N. oceanica were determined. The results showed varied biomass and biochemical analysis in DW bases between treatments. However, A was achieved significantly the maximum DW for the algal biomass and protein percentage, whereas lipid accumulation was the most in RL as well as achieving the highest biodiesel content. In phase 2, algal biomass by-product (lipid-free) from the superior treatments A and RL were applied at 4 rates (1,2,3 and 4) for concentrations 25,50,75&100%, respectively that substituting soybean for feeding red tilapia larvae as compared with control CO. The initial weight and length of the larvae were 0.32g and 1.9 cm, respectively continued for a duration of 30 days of the experiment. After the end of the experimental period , growth performance, survival percentage (SR%) and biochemical analysis were estimated. The results revealed that SR% was higher significantly for RL2 than A1 (93% & 90%) as compared to control (86.7%). Accordingly, red tilapia carcass attained maximum protein contents for diets A1 & RL2 in whereas lipid content was maximum in control. Finally, authors suggesting the use of Roman liquor as a novel treatment for cost-effective promoting biodiesel content and the remained biomass with 50% substitution of soybean in the diet (RL2)achieved also good results for improving red tilapia aquaculture.