Substitution Of Sand Research Articles

Effect of waste marble powder on the properties of concrete

Concrete, the most widely used construction material in the world, consumes a large volume of natural resources. The growing concern for the preservation of the environment has led to the development of new technologies for the valorization of industrial by-products in the construction sector. The objective of this paper is to study the feasibility of using waste marble powder (WMP) as a partial replacement for sand in concrete. A group of five concrete mixtures was prepared with sand substitution levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. Several tests were performed to evaluate workability, density, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and compressive strength. The test results show that increasing the ratios of waste marble powder leads to an increase in the compressive strength of the concrete with an optimum percentage of 15%. Therefore, it has shown that mixtures containing a percentage of WMP lower than 15% have improved the mechanical properties compared to conventional mixtures, which indicates that WMP can replace sand in concrete. Furthermore, the use of WMP is a viable source of raw materials for the construction industry as well as an eco-friendly solution for the disposal of WMP to preserve natural aggregate reservoirs.

“Sustainable self-compacting concrete containing waste ceramic tile aggregates: Fresh, mechanical, durability, and microstructural properties”

In construction industry, the use of ceramic materials is rising continuously in the form of sanitary fittings, ceramic tiles, and electrical insulators etc. The ceramic manufacturing industry necessarily generates wastes, categorical of the newly introduced developments in manufacturing processes. During processing, fixing and transportation, the brittle nature of ceramic materials adds to the waste generation in large amounts. Use of all this waste in making of self-compacting concrete (SCC) can help with waste management along with improving the properties of SCC. Hence, in this study, fresh properties, mechanical strength, durability and microstructure of SCC containing waste ceramic tile (WCT) were examined. Six SCC mixes were prepared using crushed WCT as a substitution of natural river sand (NRS). The use of waste ceramic tile as a partial and full substitution (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%) of NRS of SCC was examined. The fresh SCC properties tests performed were Slump-flow, T500 time, V-funnel, U- box, J-ring and L-box test, while the mechanical and durability properties were assessed by compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength, water absorption, water permeability and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests. The fresh properties of all mixes were found within limits prescribed by EFNARC. The integration of WCT in SCC mixtures found increase in the compressive, flexural and split tensile strength at 60% substitution and further substitution led to reduction in all strength of SCC. The superior ultrasonic pulse velocity values and higher impermeability characteristics of waste ceramic based SCC mixtures were found till 100% incorporation of WCT, when compared to the reference SCC mix. The microstructural study using Fourier transform infrared radiation (FTIR) technique, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was performed on hardened SCC to know in depth behavior of waste ceramic over control mix.

Shape stability of 3D printable concrete with river and manufactured sand characterized by squeeze flow

Without formwork support, shape stability is one of the most critical properties of 3D printable concrete. This study evaluated the influence of the substitution of river sand by manufactured sand (0%, 15%, 25%, 35%, 50%, 75%, and 100% by volume) on the shape stability of freshly printed concrete. Shape stability was measured by squeeze flow tests with two different loading modes including an increasing force mode and a constant force mode. In the increasing force squeeze flow test, the elastic and plastic behaviors of mixtures were analyzed, while in the constant force squeeze flow test, modified yield stress was derived, with the consideration of the strength correction factor. Furthermore, two series of square wall layouts were printed and the failure patterns (either plastic collapse or elastic buckling) were well predicted by the squeeze flow. In addition, results demonstrated that the substitution of river sand by manufactured sand enhanced the shape stability of the 3D printable concrete, which closely related to the packing fraction of aggregate.

Investigation on optimal lightweight expanded clay aggregate concrete at high temperature based on deep neural network

AbstractThis study explores the effects of mixture design parameters on the residual mechanical properties of lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA) concrete exposed to elevated temperatures. A total of 30 lightweight concrete mixtures were cast and exposed to three elevated temperatures, namely 250°C, 500°C, and 700°C. The test variables comprised the LECA percentage used as partial volume substitution for natural sand (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%), silica fume partial replacement for cement by weight (5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, and 15%), cement content (300, 400, 500, 600, and 700 kg/m3), and different water‐to‐cement (W/C) ratios (0.25, 0.313, 0.375, 0.438, and 0.5). The compressive and indirect tensile strengths were measured before and after exposure to elevated temperatures. The results indicate that the lightweight concretes incorporating higher contents of cement and silica fume and made with lower W/C ratio exhibited higher initial mechanical properties yet incurred more significant drop in mechanical properties after exposure to 500°C and 750°C.

Performance and durability of self-compacting mortar with recycled sand from crushed brick

The demolition of brick masonry structures and the rejected non-conform bricks are generating a great volume of brick residues. The use of recycled sand from brick residues in the production of mortar could decrease the amount of waste going into landfills and reduce the consumption of natural resources. This paper investigated the feasibility of using recycled sand from crushed brick (RBS) in the self-compacting mortar (SCM). The crushed limestone sand was partially replaced with RBS at different levels (0, 5, 10, 25 and 50%). The properties at fresh state, mechanical behavoir, drying shrinkage and durability of SCM were discussed. As the substitution of limestone sand by RBS increased, the compressive strength of mortars slightly reduced at the age of 28 days (3.3% and 16.9% lower than the reference mortar, respectively for 25% RBS and 50% RBS content); however, which is within the compressive strength requirement in European standard EN 998-2 for masonry mortars. The incorporation of RBS in SCM showed better resistance to chloride diffusion, whereas more attention should be paid to carbonation and sulphate attack. The results indicate that it is possible to manufacture SCM by partially replacing the crushed limestone sand with RBS up to 25% replacement level.

Characterization of sustainable mortar containing high-quality recycled manufactured sand crushed from recycled coarse aggregate

The current utilization of low-quality recycled fine aggregate sourced from concrete waste acting as river sand replacement cannot achieve the preparation required for high-quality recycled mortar, due to abundant existence of hardened old mortar in recycled fine aggregate. In this work, an innovative and viable approach is proposed to crush recycled coarse aggregate into recycled manufactured sand, which has high-quality properties similar to the manufactured sand crushed from natural stone, for preparing high-quality recycled mortar with high strength and good durability. The results showed that recycled manufactured sand constituted by large proportion of natural stone particles and small proportion of old mortar, owned higher apparent density and lower water absorption than recycled fine aggregate. Incorporating recycled fine aggregate increased the drying shrinkage and decreased the mechanical strength; however, the substitution of natural river sand by recycled manufactured sand in mortar decreased the drying shrinkage as a result of its irregular shape and coarse surface, meanwhile, first increased and then declined the mechanical strength following the increase of the replacing percentage, amongst which the mortar containing 50% recycled manufactured sand showed the best mechanical strength. The tested mortars with recycled manufactured sand showed a general increment in the water and chloride ingress yet exhibited the water absorption and chloride ingress much lower than the mortar with recycled fine aggregate. Particularly, decreasing the content of hardened old mortar in recycled manufactured sand further improved the properties of recycled mortar.

Effects of Substitution of Fine Aggregate with Recycled Asphalt Pavement on Compressive Strength of Normal Concrete

In this research, the compressive strength of concrete utilizing fine recycled asphalt pavement (fine RAP) as fine aggregate substitution for natural sand is investigated at weight percentages of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 percent. The compressive strengths of concrete were designed according to ACI 211.1 standard for 18 MPa, 25 MPa, 32 MPa and 40 MPa at 28 days of curing. The compressive strengths of the concrete using fine RAP aggregate in this study were compared to the ones that use the natural aggregate in the same proportions. From the results of the tests, it was found that the compressive strength of concrete using fine RAP is dependent on the amount of Fine RAP used in the mix proportions. Test results also indicated that there is a systematic reduction in the compressive strengths with the increase in the weight percentages of the fine RAP. The relationship between the normalized compressive strength and the weight percentages of the fine RAP were proposed. Finally, a suggested strength reduction factor for the concrete using fine RAP as aggregate was also proposed.

Stabilization nature and unified strength characterization for cement-based stabilized soils

Although extensive studies have been conducted on cement-based stabilized soils (CBS), there is limited research focusing on the effect of water content, sand/silt fraction and particle size distribution of the original clays on the unconfined compression strength (UCS) of CBS. In this study, experimental results were combined with the available data collected from the literatures to clarify the effect of the water content, sand/silt fraction and size distribution on the CBS strength and to develop a generalized predictive strength equation for clays with various gradations, water contents and cement contents. The findings suggest that at a constant cement mass, original dry clay and water, the addition of sand (<80% in this case) has no influence on the UCS. However, at the same cement mass, water, and total soil (e.g., original clay with incorporated sands), the UCS decreases because of less absorbed water and more available water with sand substitution. It can be concluded by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), that sand acts as hard inclusions within the CBS matrix. Based on the nature of the sand function within the CBS, a modified binder/water ratio (new indicator) was proposed to characterize the UCS by combining the traditional binder/water ratio and the mass ratio of the clay fraction to water. Using the modified binder/water ratio, the strength predictive equation was developed, which is useful as a tool for mix design to attain a target strength. The powerfulness of the equation is confirmed by the prediction results of the available CBS data collected from the literatures. The slope of the equation is found to be dependent on the cement hydration and pozzolanic reaction with clay minerals.

Development of masonry mortar with discarded sururu shells from the Mundaú-Manguaba lagoon estuary complex, Brazil

Located in the state of Alagoas in Brazil, the Mundaú-Manguaba lagoon estuary complex - MMLEC 2 has great socioeconomic importance, since in all its extension; there is reproduction of fish, crustaceans and mollusks, which guarantee income for fishermen and shellfish catchers in the region. Among mollusks, sururu ( Mytella falcata ) is among the most important due to its value in the Alagoas cuisine. After caught, these mollusks are cooked and removed from their shells, which are usually discarded in vacant lots, public roads and even at the banks of lagoons, generating several environmental impacts. Studies with shells of bivalve mollusks indicate that they are basically composed of calcium carbonate, chemical substance used on a large scale in various branches and industrial activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the technical feasibility of producing masonry mortar with the incorporation of sururu shell in partial sand substitution. Specimens were produced in the following substitution percentages: 0% 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. Subsequently, mechanical compressive strength, water absorption, consistency index and Scanning Electron Microscopy - SEM tests were performed. It was observed that the incorporation of sururu shell in the mortar resulted in decrease in the mechanical compressive strength and increase in consistency and water absorption. The results indicated that all the mortars produced presented mechanical resistance to compression above the minimum predicted for this use, however, a correction of water dosage must be carried out during the preparation of the mortars to adapt to the standardized consistency index. In relation to the capillary water absorption test, the mortars with substitution of up to 20%, presented coefficients of water absorption similar to the conventional mortar. Therefore, the mortar developed in this research is an important alternative to the environmental imbalance of the sururu production chain in the Mundaú-Manguaba lagoon estuary complex - MMLEC.

Effect of fine and coarse recycled aggregates on high-temperature behaviour and residual properties of concrete

This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the effect of recycled aggregates on concrete subjected to high temperatures. Concretes with natural aggregates (0S-0G), 30 % substitution of recycled concrete coarse aggregates and sand (30S-30G), and 100 % substitution of recycled gravel (0S-100G) were studied. The influence of recycled aggregates on the evolution of the thermophysical properties of concrete as a function of temperature when heated to 600 °C and then cooled, as well as on the temperature distribution within a cylindrical specimen was investigated. Thermal deformation measurements from 20 °C to 800 °C showed the favourable influence of the substitution of siliceous sand by recycled sand. For all concretes, residuals compressive strength and elastic modulus decrease and porosity increases with the temperature.

Efek Curing Air Laut Terhadap Kuat Tekan Beton Mutu Tinggi Yang Menggunakan Fly Ash Sebagai Subtitusi Pasir

Fly ash waste accumulates from year to year at PLTU in South Sulawesi. The potential of fly ash as an environmentally friendly material to be used as a cement substitute is significant, either partially or entirely. This research aims to analyze the corelation between fly ash substitution as sand substitution and the compressive strength of high-strength concrete treated in seawater and freshwater. Researchers made samples of high-strength concrete with variations in the percentage of fly ash and variations in treatment. Variations in the percentage of fly ash as substitution of sand are 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%, and variations in curing using fresh water and seawater. Sample treatment was carried out for up to 28 days, after which the compressive strength test according to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) was carried out. The study results show that the relationship between fly ash substitution and a sand substitution on the compressive strength has a significant correlation. The higher the percentage of fly ash, the higher the compressive strength of the concrete, both fresh and seawater curing. Besides that, the compressive strength of high-strength concrete with freshwater curing treatment is greater than the seawater curing treatment.

Reuse and stabilization of sulphide mine tailings as fine aggregate for construction mortar

The processing of low-grade sulphide gold ores generates a significant volume of tailings which impacts the environment. The reuse of sulphide mine tailings as a substitute for sand in construction mortar offers the advantages of reducing costly tailings management whilst promoting sustainable construction. However, the acceptance of mine tailings as alternative sand for construction depends on its effective stabilization during use. In this study, hardened mortar cubes have been prepared by varying the substitution of river sand with sulphide mine tailings. The stabilization effects of cement, cement-lime and cement-pozzolana on sulphide mine tailings have been investigated. The water demand, slump behaviour, bulk density, water absorption, compressive strength, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were examined to observe the physical and mechanical properties of the mortars. The water demand and bulk density decreased whilst the slump value and water absorption increased with increased tailings replacement. The highest 28-day compressive strength of 12.2 MPa was achieved at 25% tailing replacement with a cement binder. Cement proved to be the best binder for the stabilization of the tailings which was followed by cement-pozzolana and cement-lime respectively.

Effect of pore modulating additives-sepiolite and colloidal nano silica-on physical, mechanical and durability properties of lime-based renders

In hot-humid climates, porous external surfaces of the buildings with high water sorption capabilities could contribute to the surface temperatures reduction through the release of latent heat by evaporative cooling. On the other hand, compact and low permeable finishing materials could have mechanical and durability benefits respect to the underlying supports, for example reducing the permeability to degrading agents. In this paper, the properties of lime base coat renders with pore modulating additives (sepiolite and colloidal nano silica) have been surveyed to evaluate their effectiveness in water absorption, thermal performance, and the fulfilment of mechanical requirements for the application on the external side of the walls. A traditional lime–sand formulation was taken as reference. After preliminary tests on workability and shrinkage, the optimal mix designs were selected and the samples were subjected to several mechanical and thermo-hygrometric tests, before and after accelerated aging. The results allowed demonstrating that the use of sepiolite in substitution of sand, enhances the render ductility, thermal resistance and water uptake but worsens its mechanical stability, increasing the shrinkage effects and slightly reducing the ultimate strength values. The addition of colloidal nano silica, either to lime–sepiolite or to lime–sand renders, fails to produce any improvement in their either physical or mechanical behavior. Mixed formulations (lime–sand with sepiolite and nano silica) behave as simple lime–sand solutions, showing optimal compressive and flexural strength but reduced water uptake capabilities. This demonstrates that the presence of sand prevails in the performance of the render, and that the adoption of other additives doesn’t worth the cost for the benefit presented.

Production of gold mine tailings based concrete pavers by substitution of natural river sand in Misisi, Eastern Congo

For nearly a decade, the artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) in Misisi, eastern Congo, has been storing piles of gold mining tailings (GMT) from cyanide leaching. These tailings are stored carelessly in the nature without respect for environmental and sanitary standards, leading to soil and underground pollution risks. In order to valorize the GMT of Misisi, they were incorporated in concrete and from this concrete, pavers were produced. In addition to GMT, these pavers are made of gravel, cement and water. The compressive strength of the GMT-based pavers was compared with that of the natural river sand (NRS)-based pavers made up of NRS, gravel, cement and water. Both types of pavers were produced under the same drying conditions (7 days) with different dosages of gravels, cement and water for each type. More gravel and water were used for the GMT-based pavers with the same amount of cement for both types of pavers. The compressive strength was similar between GMT and NRS pavers with a breaking stress of 27 N/mm2. It was found that the use of a specific dosage for GMT-based pavers that differs from the dosage of NRS-based pavers had a positive impact on their compressive strength, specifically due to the larger amount of gravel used for GMT-based pavers. This paper shows that the production process of pavers also had an impact on their compressive strength. The particle size, elemental chemical characteristics and organic content were favorable for GMT to substitute NRS. The GMT consist of 75% sandy aggregate with an organic matter content of 4.49% and 52% of silica. This study consists of a first global vision of the possibility of total substitution of NRS by GMT in concrete pavers. The study's aims is to provide a perspective of the substitution of NRS by GMT in concrete paver production. Further studies of mechanical properties and durability will be necessary before considering a large scale adoption.

Partial Replacement of Sand in Concrete with Available Natural Pozzolan in KSA

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the effect of the partial replacement of fine aggregates in concrete with available local Natural Pozzolan (NP) in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The utilization of NP has reduced the density of concrete and improved its mechanical properties. The Saudi Building Code has recommended using pozzolan with a special type of cement in the case of concrete exposed to high percentages of sulfate. 48 concrete cylinders with dimensions of 150×300 mm have been prepared. The cylinders have been divided into two groups according to the level of cement replacement with Silica Fume (SF). The first group consists of 24 concrete cylinders with Natural Sand (NS) substitution with NP by volume at replacement levels of 20%, 50% and 100% without SF. The second group consists of 24 concrete cylinders with sand substitution with NP by volume at replacement levels of 20%, 50% and 100% in addition to the presence of 5% cement replacement by weight with SF. The concrete cylinders have been tested after 28 days. The utilization of NP and SF has showed a noticeable influence on the mechanical properties of concrete. Therefore, based on the results, the replacement of 20% of fine aggregate and 5% of cement in concrete with NP and SF, respectively has increased the compressive and tensile strength of concrete.

Maximum Utilization of Cocopeat Waste as a Substitute Material for Fine Aggregates On Paving Blocks Was Engineered

Waste utilization can be done in various ways, one of the wastes used in this study is cocopeat waste. Cocopeat is a coconut pulp powder commonly used to cultivate plants. But this time, this waste is processed into a paving block mixture. The goal is to find out the strong press and quality resulting from the utilization of cocopeat in the manufacture of paving blocks. The method used refers to SNI 03-0691-1996. The first step of coconut pulp is destroyed, then used as a paving block mixture as a sand substitution. Cocopeat substitution paving block testing with percentages of 0.6%, 0.8%, 1%, 1.2%, 1.4%, 1.6%, 1.8%, 2%, and 2.2%. The total compressed strong test sample conducted amounted to 90 pieces with a test object size of 150x100x60 mm. The average compressive force generated by each percentage is 0.6% of the 14.71 MPa, 0.8% of 13.56 MPa, 1% of 13.76 MPa, 1.2% of 14.74 MPa, 1.4% of 14.13 MPa, 1.6% of 13.08 MPa, 1.8% of 12.43 MPa, 2% of 13.22 MPa, and 2.2% of 10.33 MPa. In conclusion from the test results, cocopeat substitution paving blocks have an average grade C quality that can be used for pedestrians, so this mixture can be recommended.

Accelerated Curing for Glass-Based Mortars Using Water at 80 °C.

The substitution of river sand with glass aggregate (GA) and cement with glass powder (GP) is a mainstream method to recycle waste glass. Traditionally, standard curing was widely used for glass-based mortars. However, it is time-consuming and cannot address low mechanical strengths of the early-age mortars. Therefore, the effect of water curing at 80 °C on the properties of GA mortars is investigated. Furthermore, the effect of the GP size is also considered. Results show that compared with the expansion of alkali-silica reaction (ASR), water curing at 80 °C has a negligible effect on the volume change. Moreover, the compressive strength of GA mortars under 1-day water curing at 80 °C is comparable with that under 28-day water curing at 20 °C. Therefore, the 1-day water curing at 80 °C is proposed as an accelerated curing method for GA mortars. On the other hand, the addition of GP with the mean size of 28.3 and 47.9 μm can effectively mitigate the ASR expansion of GA mortars. Compared with the size of 28.3 μm, GA mortars containing GP (47.9 μm) always obtain higher compressive strength. In particular, when applying the 1-day water curing at 80 °C, GA mortars containing GP (47.9 μm) can even gain higher strength than those containing fly ash.

Rubber Influence on the Performance of Thermal Insulating Quarry Sand Mortars-A Statistical Analysis

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework for managing wastes resulting from the tire rubber valorization waste of quarry sand mortar. A research methodology was developed to achieve the abovementioned main objective. To create a framework for use of crumb rubber in the production of quarry sand mortars, with adequate physical and mechanical properties to be used in a variety of construction applications. Testing included strength and thermal conductivity properties of the various mixture composition subjected to varying by 5%. 10%. 15% and 20% by quarry sand substitution. The internal microstructure, and phase composition of all mixture mortars, were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). The results show that increasing incorporation rate of additives significantly improves thermophysical properties of based materials, the hardened properties of the various mortars made are analyzed and compared, the experimental results revealed that; the addition of crumb rubber waste in the quarry sand mortar is beneficial for physical properties (Mv) mass loss, The results of mechanics strength of the rubber based quarry mortar studied are also significantly reduced.The addition of 5% to 20% rubber crumb in matrix and the replacement of sand by 20% of rubber in quarry mortar record the low thermal conductivity properties including that appropriate QS and CR levels may change the pattern of quarry sand mortar. witch explain by a Larger pore and higher porosity produce a less rigid and uniform matrix, meaning that the sonic pulses must travel through longer and more miscellaneous paths which improvement of insulation. The good performance of new materials encourages us to integrate them into the building envelope.

Environmental assessment, microstructural behaviour, stress-strain characteristics, and effect of exposure to extreme temperature on sustainable concrete made with dolomite mining residues.

Mining and extraction of stones and minerals play a significant role in many countries economic growth in the world. The production of dolomite minerals in various industries in India and other countries produces vast amounts of waste in different fractions. Disposal of these types of industrial wastes in an immense quantity causes environmental pollution. The performance of dolomite mining residues on concrete properties as a fine aggregate substitute was examined. The microstructural analysis was conducted on the concrete samples to find the effect of dolomite mining residues in concrete. The stress-strain behaviour of the dolomite mining residues concrete was studied. The effect of exposure to elevated temperature and freeze-thaw on concrete properties containing dolomite mining residues was found up to 100% at 10% incremental order. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermogravimetry (DTG) tests were conducted on the dolomite mining residues and concrete samples. As a test result, concrete properties influence with the incorporation of the dolomite mining residues as a substitution of river sand, but no significant effect is observed in the concrete properties containing 10% dolomite mining residues. Up to 10% of dolomite production waste can be used as a sand substitute in concrete and other applications for sustainable development.

Impact of elevated temperature on strength and micro-structural properties of concrete containing water-cooled ferrochrome slag as fine aggregate

A basic issue throughout the world is the disposal of waste substances. This study is performed to investigate the feasibility of utilizing water-cooled granulated ferrochrome slag (WCFS), a by-product of the ferrochrome plant as a partial substitution of river bed sand in concrete production and the effect of high temperature on its strength. Tests were conducted to determine the compressive strength and weight loss after exposure up to 1000 °C temperatures. The present work also involves the investigation of the thermal behavior of hydration products in concrete using thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The outcomes of DSC and TGA were compared with X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis was carried out for concrete samples subjected to temperatures of 500–800 °C. The test results obtained from the said analyses of concrete with WCFS were compared with the reference concrete and thereby ample utilization of WCFS for production concrete was substantiated. The outcomes revealed that the inclusion of WCFS up to 30% as a partial substitution of sand reduced the compressive strength by 10% only but its heat resistance performance measured in terms of residual compressive strength and mass is found better than normal concrete. There is reduction in voids and cracks of WCFS concrete in comparison to normal concrete after exposure to high temperature that observed in SEM investigation.