Substitution Products Research Articles

CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION THROUGH CARBON STORAGE AND PRODUCT SUBSTITUTION IN THE HUNGARIAN WOOD INDUSTRY

In our study we estimated under two different scenarios the historic and future carbon balance of the Hungarian harvested wood product (HWP) pool using the HWP-RIAL model. We also estimated the effect of product and energy substitution and the magnitude of avoided emissions based on international substitution factors. According to our results in the period 1985–2021 the average of the HWP net emissions plus substitution effects was -3,800 kt CO2. In this period the 49% of the forest industry-related climate benefits was attributable to carbon storage in forests, while 4% was attributable to carbon storage in wood products and 47% to product and energy substitution. According to our projection the HWP net emissions plus substitution effects could reach -14,994 kt CO2 up to 2050 under an intensified domestic wood processing industry. This means that product substitution benefits could be tripled, while the net removals of the HWP pool could be 5 times higher than the historic values.

Exploring optimal outsourcing strategy with and without transfer payment

AbstractThis study investigates an original equipment manufacturer's (OEM's) outsourcing choice between a competing manufacturer (CP) and a non‐competing manufacturer (NP). We develop a benchmark self‐produce strategy and two outsourcing strategies to differentiate two manufacturing service providers, and examine the optimal strategy alongside an analysis of the respective incentives (e.g., a lump‐sum payment) from the two service providers. The optimal strategy depends on the difference in production efficiency, degree of product substitution, and joint effect of the transfer payments. The transfer payments contribute to a greater range of Pareto improvements, increasing the possibility of outsourcing cooperation while highlighting the role of competition intensity on the model and outsourcing cooperation partner. Effect analysis shows that in the absence of transfer payment, the optimal strategy is beneficial to social welfare. With transfer payment, the optimal strategy is changed and the firms will be more profitable, but at the expense of customers' surplus, which may result in worse social welfare. An extended analysis of mixed strategies, in which the OEM produces part of the products and outsources the rest to CP/NP, shows that while the mixed‐CP strategy can be an optimal choice, the mixed‐NP strategy will degenerate to either self‐produce or complete outsourcing to NP under certain conditions.

Holding diverse market beliefs by firms: Information flow, profit performances, and channel structure

We investigate the impact of diverse market beliefs held by supply chain firms on information flow and channel efficiency. In presentative settings, suppliers sell substitutable products through retailers to a market with uncertain demand and market competition is in quantity. Structure B comprises a monopolistic supplier and a monopolistic retailer. With respect to structure B, structure U includes competition between suppliers, structure D includes competition between retailers, while structure SC includes competition between two supply chains. A retailer has access to a demand signal useful for updating the forecast of market uncertainty. A supplier has no signal access but can offer a payment to a retailer, who decides whether to accept the payment and disclose signal to the supplier, termed information sharing. Suppliers and retailers hold diverse beliefs about market conditions. Knowing each other's market beliefs influences firms’ ex-post operations policies and ex-ante profit perception. We demonstrate that holding diverse beliefs about market uncertainty by firms facilitates information sharing except in the presence of only retailer competition, in which case it deters information sharing. Exchanging market beliefs about market uncertainty among firms strengthens their incentive to engage in information sharing, but it exerts mixed effects on their actual profits. By comparison, suppliers and retailers are more likely to benefit from exchanging market beliefs about market size, although it is inconsequential to information sharing. Moreover, we pinpoint the impacts of holding diverse market beliefs by firms on their relative performances across channel structures.

Analisis Persaingan Industri Batik di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This study aims to determine the business competition of the Batik industry in Pelalawan Regency and to determine the competition in increasing sales. The approach method used in this research is descriptive quantitative approach. The types of data used in this study are primary and secondary data. Where primary data is obtained directly from respondents through interviews, questionnaires, documentation. While secondary data is obtained through government agencies such as the Central Bureau of Statistics of Pelalawan Regency and Pelalawan Regency Disperindag. The analysis method used is MS, CR4, IHH, CLR, PCM and Porter Analysis, a population of 5 batik businesses and a sample of 5 batik business units. The results of the analysis show that the market structure of the Batik industry in Pelalawan Regency is an oligopoly market with the highest Market Share (MS) of 29.066%, and the lowest Market Share (MS) of 10.381%, with a CR4 value of 89.613% and an IHH value of 2.262.126. Then the behavioral analysis calculated based on CLR shows that the batik industry in Pelalawan Regency is a capital-intensive industry, and the performance of the batik industry calculated based on PCM shows. The results of porter analysis research can be seen that the business competition of the batik industry in Pelalawan Regency is quite high in terms of supplier variables that are quite strong from outside the region. The variable side of new entrants is a threat because the products produced will cause price competition and product quality. The variable side of the substitute product substitution that threatens the existence of a business is the existence of online goods and ready-made goods with relatively cheap prices and good product quality

УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ЖИЗНЕННЫМ ЦИКЛОМ КЛИЕНТОВ АВТОМОБИЛЬНЫХ ДИЛЕРОВ С ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ ИННОВАЦИОННЫХ IТ-ПЛАТФОРМ

The system of standards used in dealerships for the sale and maintenance of cars is con-sidered. The procedures of the company's interaction with customers at the stage of sale and after-sales service are investigated. Recommendations on the implementation of the process approach in the quality man-agement system of the enterprise, taking into account modern conditions, are given. The possibility of import substitution of soft-ware products for customer service support is considered. It is shown that the introduc-tion of a process approach in the manage-ment of car sales and after-sales service allows you to automate the process of inter-action between the manager and the client, reduce the number of errors in the work and, as a result, improve the quality of customer service.

Suitable organic fertilizer substitution ration stabilizes rainfed maize yields and reduces gaseous nitrogen loss in the Loess Plateau, China

The application of organic fertilizers has become an increasingly popular substitution in maize production to reduce gaseous nitrogen (N) loss and soil degradation caused by inorganic fertilizers. Organic fertilizer plays a key role in improving soil quality and stabilizing maize yields, but studies that refine different substitution rates remain poorly documented. A field study was carried out in 2021 and 2022 based on a long-term trial initiated in 2016. The experiment included five organic fertilizer N substitution rates with equal input of 200 kg N ha–1: 0% organic fertilizer (T1, 100% inorganic fertilizer), 50.0% organic+50.0% inorganic fertilizer (T2), 37.5% organic+62.5% inorganic fertilizer (T3), 25.0% organic+75.0% inorganic fertilizer (T4), 12.5% organic+87.5% inorganic fertilizer (T5), and no fertilizer control (T6). The average result of two years showed that T3 and T1 had the highest grain yield and biomass, respectively, and there was no significant difference between T1 and T3. Compared with T1, 12.5, 25.0, 37.5, and 50.0% substitution rates (T5, T4, T3, and T2) significantly reduced total nitrogen loss (NH3、N2O) by 8.3, 16.1, 18.7, and 27.0%, respectively. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) was higher in T5, T3, and T1, and there was no significant difference among them. The organic fertilizer substitution directly reduced NH3 volatilization and N2O emission from farmland by lowering ammonium nitrogen and alkali-dissolved N content and by increasing soil moisture. These substitution treatments reduced N2O emissions indirectly by regulating the abundance of AOB and nirK-harboring genes by promoting soil moisture. The 37.5% of organic fertilizer substitution reduces NH3 volatilization and N2O emission from farmland by decreasing ammonium nitrogen and alkali-dissolved N content and increasing moisture which negatively regulate the abundance of AOB and nirK-harboring genes to reduce N2O emissions indirectly in rainfed maize fields on the Loess Plateau of China.

КОНКУРЕНТОСПОСОБНОСТЬ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯ, КАК ИНСТРУМЕНТ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ЕГО ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ

The article considers applied research on the analysis of the competitiveness of a par-ticular enterprise in the field of manufacture and sale of sanitary equipment in modern crisis conditions. The authors analyzed the company's activities, on the basis of SWOT and PEST analyses, identified the strengths and weaknesses of the enterprise, identified its main competitors, pointed out the possi-bility of import substitution of products, iden-tified the problems faced by enterprises in modern conditions. All this made it possible to develop recommendations for improving the competitiveness of the company and recommend them to the management of the enterprise.

Climate change substitution factors for Canadian forest-based products and bioenergy

Evaluating the climate change mitigation potential of the forest sector requires a holistic approach based on forest carbon (C) sequestration, C storage in harvested wood products (HWP) and substitution on markets. High uncertainty is associated with substitution factors, that express avoided fossil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the use of forest-based products in replacement of GHG-intensive materials and fossil fuels. Few studies have focused on the development of substitution factors in Canada, resulting in the use of unrepresentative generic data. Here, we provide a framework to reduce uncertainties related to substitution factors for primary wood products in a Canadian context. A life cycle assessment framework is used to quantify fossil GHG emissions for a baseline and a wood-intensive scenario. For solid product substitution, we focused on the construction sector and analyzed a range of innovative wood buildings with steel and reinforced concrete as alternative materials. We found non-weighted averages of 0.80 tC/tC for sawnwood and 0.81 tC/tC for panels. For energy substitution, we analyzed cases with different specifications on biomass product, facility type and alternative fossil fuel source in non-residential heat production and biofuel transportation sectors. We found a non-weighted average of 0.80 tC/tC for non-residential heat production and 0.51 tC/tC for biofuel transportation, that can be interpreted as 0.91 tC/tC for heavy fuel oil, 0.69 tC/tC for light fuel oil and 0.68 tC/tC for natural gas substitution. These results provide a benchmark for substitution factors in Canada, to help guide forest management strategies for climate change mitigation.

Цифровые платформы как драйвер реализации проектов компаний по импортозамещению ИТ-инфраструктуры: опыт экосистемы «Сбер»

The development of digital economy is currently impeded by the complex geopolitical situation, causing negative influence on Russian companies’ IT-infrastructure stability. Given conditions determine the importance of technological products import substitution. The stimulating state policy and digital transformation of business which is based on progressive technologies determine a key role of Russian companies’ digital platforms in the import substitution of technological products. Therefore, the support of technological projects development is provided, the results of which are implemented at micro level or scaled in the form of end-to-end technologies at meso- or macro levels. This article considers approaches to the classification of digital platforms and analyzes the B2B segment services of Sber ecosystem as a platform for the implementation of Russian companies’ technological projects According to the results of the study, the directions of business solutions import substitution have been identified, as well as the development of the architecture model of Sber ecosystem B2B segment which contribute to the successful implementation of companies’ technological projects was developed.

Hydrogen energy vector in the sphere of intellectual property in Russian Federation

Information on the statistics of patenting in the hydrogen energy sector is given in the article. It is demonstrated that a patent is primarily a profit-making tool, and patent research is a mechanism for building long-term forecasts in the technological niche. The article discusses the main mistakes of Russian patent holders in protecting their research and suggests ways to prevent them. Comparative examples of claim drafting are offered. The issues of comprehensive patent protection are considered.The material presented in the article will be most useful for developers and manufacturers of innovative domestic products and technologies; re-engineering centers; development institutes providing support measures for hydrogen energy projects; development institutes implementing the policy of import substitution of hydrogen energy products; investors, organizers of innovation activities; design offices; high-tech startups.

Reselling or dual selling? The role of consumer‐to‐manufacturer e‐commerce platforms' voluntary investment

AbstractRecent years have witnessed e‐commerce platforms that voluntarily invest in new digital technologies to help their suppliers reduce production costs. To examine its impact on channel structure, we develop a supply chain model consisting of a supplier and an e‐commerce platform who purchases products from the supplier at a wholesale price and sells them to end markets. In addition, the supplier has the option to accept the marketplace by paying a commission fee charged by the platform. We show that the presence of voluntary investment on production improvement can overturn some classical insights from prior studies. For example, a higher marketplace commission fee can lead to a lower selling quantity in the marketplace, but a higher order quantity in the reselling channel under certain conditions. This stands in strict contrast to the opposite finding when the platform invests instead on demand enhancement. In addition, previous studies suggest that offering the supplier the marketplace option is beneficial to the supplier but is detrimental to the platform. However, with voluntary investment, the platform can benefit from allowing the supplier to encroach via the marketplace, and in some situations the supplier suffers from having such an option. We find that the commission fee and the production cost are two interacting forces steering equilibrium decisions for supply chain members, and we characterize the concise operating regimes for the channel structure choices on behalves of the supplier and the platform. A number of extensions are discussed, including product substitution level, investment cost structure, whether the quantity decisions are made simultaneously or sequentially, voluntary investment timing, and endogenous commission fee.

Effects of green supplier integration and development in competing supply chains

AbstractThis work develops a Cournot game model to study two competing supply chains, each consisting of one manufacturer and one supplier, producing and selling substitutable green products. The manufacturers decide whether to adopt the green supplier integration (GSI) strategy and the green supplier development (GSD) investment level to improve the product greenness degree. The interaction between the GSD decisions and the GSI strategies are analyzed with different manufacturer GSD capacities and market greenness sensitivity. The results indicate that the manufacturer with a higher GSD capacity will always adopt the GSI strategy to maximize GSD investment level or profit, and the manufacturer with a lower GSD capacity decides whether to adopt the GSI strategy by comparing the GSD capacities of the two manufacturers. The game model is extended from dedicated sourcing to diversified sourcing and hybrid sourcing to obtain optimal sourcing options jointly reached by the two manufacturers. Under these extensions, the GSI strategy always leads to higher GSD investment levels, and adopting the GSI strategies by both manufacturers becomes the only Nash equilibrium strategy combination. Manufacturers choose different sourcing options by judging the difference in their GSD capacities under different criteria, and choose hybrid sourcing when their GSD capacity gap is sufficiently large in a weakly competitive market.

Robust optimization for a steel production planning problem with uncertain demand and product substitution

This paper addresses a production planning problem in the steel industry, specifically focusing on determining production quantities and product-to-order assignment considering uncertain demand and product substitution. For the deterministic scenario, we formulate the problem as a mixed integer programming model to effectively represent its combinatorial nature. For uncertain scenarios, we develop a two-stage robust optimization model. This model represents demand values as a box uncertainty set and separates production quantities decision and product-to-order assignment decision into two stages to handle uncertainty effectively. To tackle the model, we propose an enhanced Benders decomposition algorithm that incorporates a problem-specific method for generating valid inequalities to strengthen the master problem, and a hybrid strategy that combines approximate and exact methods to solve the non-convex slave problem. We have performed a large number of computational experiments on synthetic examples to verify the performance of the proposed robust optimization method, and the results demonstrate its efficiency and effectiveness.

Retailer- vs. Vendor-managed inventory in the presence of consumer response to retail stockouts

Mishra and Raghunathan (2004) and Kim (2008) conducted a study on the same model but reached conflicting results on under what circumstances vendor-managed inventory (VMI) benefits the retailer as opposed to retailer-managed inventory (RMI) in a setting where two products are partially substitutable. However, we note that their conflicting results were due to different assumptions about unmet demand after product substitution, which is influenced by consumers response to retail stockouts. This paper then extends their studies by incorporating consumer response to retail stockouts and re-examining the impacts of VMI on the retailer’s performance as well as on each manufacturer’s. Therefore, this paper reconciles the conflicts in the existing scholarly work and provides a more complete understanding of when each supply chain member is better off with VMI than RMI in a two-product setting. Additionally, the incorporation of consumer response to retail stockouts sheds light on how product substitution and consumers’ store loyalty affect the value of VMI to each supply chain member.

Disruption Risk Analysis of Substitutable Dual Product Supply Chain: A System Dynamics Framework

Uncertain events such as earthquakes, epidemics, and wars have increased the risk of supply chain disruption. Due to the needs of carbon reduction policies and environmental protection, a large number of enterprises have started to produce both traditional and green products. Studying the issue of supply chain disruption for such enterprises has significant practical significance. We have developed a system dynamics model for a substitutable dual product supply chain with two levels of supply sources. Through simulation analysis, we found that (1) supply chain disruption can cause fluctuations in the manufacturer’s inventory, and disruptions from second tier suppliers have a higher impact on the manufacturer’s inventory than that from primary suppliers. In addition, the disruption of traditional products will cause consumers to flow to the green product market, resulting in a sudden increase in order for green products and components in a short period of time, causing a delayed impact on the inventory of suppliers and manufacturers of green products. (2) The disruption of upstream suppliers in traditional products causes the highest profit losses for all traditional product suppliers, while the disruption of downstream suppliers in green products causes the highest profit losses for the manufacturer and all green product suppliers. (3) From the perspective of the service level, compared to other components, the disruption of critical components in traditional products poses the highest risk of out of stock in the supply chain, while the risk of out-of-stock in the intermediate component of green product is the smallest. (4) Common sense may suggest that the more the suppliers disrupt, the higher the damage of the supply chain. However, due to the ripple effect, this article finds that from the perspectives of profit, inventory, and service level, multisupplier disruption is not necessarily inferior to single supplier disruption.

ELECTRONICS OF RUSSIA – 2023

A brief description of the next (second) exhibition of electronic products only of Russian production is given. The purpose of the exhibition is to accelerate the development of our own technologies for the production of elements and products of modern electronics and import substitution. Leading Russian manufacturers, their main specialization and examples of modern electronic and radio-electronic products are presented.

Adverse drug reactions attributed to generic substitution of antiretroviral medications among HIV treatment and pre-exposure prophylaxis clients in British Columbia, Canada.

In British Columbia, antiretrovirals (ARVs) for HIV treatment (HIV-Tx) and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) are free-of-charge through publicly-funded Drug Treatment Programs (DTPs). When available, less costly generics are substituted for brand-name ARVs. We describe the incidence and type of product substitution issue (PSI) adverse drug reactions (ADRs) attributed to generic ARVs. Cohorts included DTP clients ≥19years who received generic ARVs for HIV-Tx (abacavir-lamivudine, emtricitabine-tenofovir DF, efavirenz-emtricitabine-tenofovir DF, atazanavir or darunavir between 01 Jun 2017 and 30 Jun 2022) or PrEP (emtricitabine-tenofovir DF, 01 Apr 2018 to 30 Jun 2022). Demographic, ARV and ADR data were extracted from DTP databases and summarized by descriptive statistics. PSI incidence was calculated for each product during the year following brand-to-generic and generic-to-generic transitions (first-year-post-rollout), and compared between generic versions using generalized estimating equations. For context, incidence of any ARV product-related ADR was calculated in the same 1-year periods. During first-year-post-rollout periods, 5339 HIV-Tx (83% male, median age 52years) and 8095 PrEP (99% male, median 33years) clients received generic ARVs, and reported 78 and 23 generic PSIs, respectively. PSI incidence was <1% for most generic ARVs, with mild-moderate symptoms including gastrointestinal upset, headache, dizziness, fatigue/malaise and skin rash. In HIV-Tx clients, the efavirenz-containing product had higher PSI incidence than other ARVs (2.2%, p = .004), due to more neuropsychiatric adverse reactions. Any ADR incidence was stable across measurement periods, and generic PSIs represented less than one third of all product-related ADRs. Generic substitution of antiretrovirals for HIV-Tx and PrEP was well tolerated, with ≤2% incidence of mild-moderate PSI ADRs.

Внешнеэкономическая деятельность в агропромышленном комплексе России: проблемы и перспективы организации и осуществления общественного контроля

The article is devoted to the analysis of modern problems and prospects of the organization and implementa-tion of public control over foreign economic activity in the agro-industrial complex in the Russian Federation. The work substantiates the importance of this institution of civil society in ensuring food security in our country, increasing the efficiency of foreign economic activity in the agro-industrial complex, and implementing the pol-icy of import substitution of agricultural products. At the same time, the aim of this scientific research is not only the formalization and analysis of the above-mentioned problems of formation and functioning of public control over foreign economic activity in the agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation, but also the develop-ment and justification of a system of measures to resolve them, which will optimize the work of this institution of civil society, providing it with new development prospects.

Microplastic Pollution in Water Systems: Characteristics and Control Methods

Microplastics have been widely detected in the natural water environment, which brings inevitable risks to the water ecosystem and human health. However, the understanding of the potential impact of microplastics on aquatic animals, plants, and human health is still limited, and technical methods to control microplastic pollution in natural water are still rare. Hence, this paper summarizes the progress of research on microplastic pollution in water systems in terms of microplastic source, attributes, distribution characteristics, environmental effects, and prevention and control methods according to the relevant research reports on water microplastic pollution. It also expounds the basic ways for the prevention, control, and treatment of water microplastics, and looks forward to the research direction of water microplastic pollution in the future. The results show that the abundance of fresh water microplastics in China is higher than that in other regions, but the pollution level of marine microplastics is at the middle level. Compared with other countries, the pollution degree of microplastics in aquatic organisms in China is at the middle and lower level, but the spatial heterogeneity is more obvious. Through hydraulic control and the substitution of degradable plastic products, water microplastic pollution can be greatly reduced. This paper can provide a reference basis for the formulation of microplastic pollution prevention and control in China.

Production mode selection for automakers considering product substitution under the dual-credit policy

Purpose This paper aims to compare and analyze the effect of the dual-credit policy and product substitution rate on the automakers’ operational strategies under different production modes (e.g. centralized and independent), and further illustrate which production mode is more conducive to improving new energy vehicle (NEV) development.Design/methodology/approach The decision-making models for a centralized production mode where an integrated automaker produces both NEVs and fuel vehicles (FVs) and for independent production mode where an NEV automaker faces competition from a traditional FV automaker were formulated. The equilibrium solutions of each production mode were obtained by extreme value and game theory methods. The conclusions of the theoretical analysis were further verified with numerical analyses using IBM-MATLAB R2019a. Some management insights could be obtained by comparison analysis.Findings Under the dual-credit policy, an increase in the NEV credit trading price will always raise production quantity of NEVs, but only in an independent production mode where a higher trading price will also bring higher total profits to NEV automakers. In addition, only when the NEV credit trading price is high enough, a rising product substitution rate will be more favorable to NEV production and restrain FV production. Furthermore, an independent production mode is more favorable for the initial production of NEVs, but as each of the two vehicle types captures a certain amount of market share, a centralized production mode will be more conducive to the full replacement of FVs by NEVs.Originality/value The main contributions of this study include the formulation of decision-making models for FVs and NEVs in not only a centralized production mode but also an independent production mode. Moreover, this paper comprehensively analyzes how the dual-credit policy and product substitution relationship affect automakers’ production and pricing decisions. Then, the specific conditions under which each production mode is more conducive to NEV production and sales are summarized. The results proposed in this study provide scientific managerial insights for automakers and policy makers.