Substation Building Research Articles

Research on BIM Model Identification System for Substation Project Management

In the current construction of the Internet of Things, informational data has become an important technical content. Among them, information classification and coding are the basis of informational data construction. In the BIM (Building Information Modeling, 3-dimension information model) project management, the identification system code is used as the encoding carrier by the BIM model. Through the coding, the corresponding physical model objects can be found, which makes the information database more clear and complete, and helps to apply the life cycle database. At present, the application of BIM technology to substation engineering management is a relatively new field. The corresponding BIM identification system coding research work is not enough, and the traditional KKS identification system shows great defects in the current professional technical rules and application of the project management platform using BIM technology. This paper aims to improve the BMS technology project management by substation BIM technology project based on the existing KKS identification system framework, through unifying coding format, enhancing coding level identification, creating substation building code identification and prominent electrical main professional identification. To form a three-dimensional model identification system and apply it to substation BIM technology project management and carry out practice in actual engineering projects. To realize the accurate delivery and standardization of BIM model information data by the life cycle information management platform.

Research on Vibration Characteristics of Urban Substation Building and Transformer

The problem of vibration of the buildings and transformers in the urban substation has becoming more and more socially concerned. The urban substation and its associated building are taken as the research object. the vibration tests and modal shapes of the building and each floor slab were carried out. The transformer vibration and its noise were transmitted with obvious attenuation in the structural floor slab. The vibration transmission into the lower floor slab was higher than that of into the higher one. The further away from the transformer room, the vibration characteristics are weak, and the attenuation is no longer significant. At last, the finite element model was established for the urban substation. The transformer and floor slab vibration went through the simulated analysis and the consistent analysis results were obtained.

HPEM-Based Risk Assessment of Substations Enabled for the Smart Grid

For extended critical infrastructures such as the power grid, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing of electronic components alone is not sufficient to assess the risk of electromagnetic (EM) attacks. This paper presents results on a methodology for high-power EM based risk assessment of large structures considering the example of smart grid substations. The evaluation involves control, protection, and communication equipment used in substations as part of supervisory control and data acquisition systems and ready for the smart grid. The methodology developed in this paper evaluates the threat, vulnerability, impact, and protective measures as indicators in various scenarios of both conducted and radiated intentional EM interference (IEMI) threats to these systems. In order to assess these indicators, fundamental data on available IEMI sources, generic substation layouts, and their mitigating effects, coupling paths, and IEMI susceptibilities has been gathered in several test campaigns and studies. Electrical field strengths generable by commercially available power sources inside substations have been estimated considering measured shielding characteristics of the buildings and attainable target distances. A comparison with measured susceptibilities of control equipment to IEMI reveals noticeable security issues. In particular, expected field strengths inside substation buildings can be much higher than the immunity levels for control systems as requested in EMC standards.

Research on Path Planning of Substation X-Robot

In this paper, according to the environment of the robot in the substation, firstly, the D-H mathematical modeling of the UR10 manipulator is built and the forward and inverse kinematics of the UR10 manipulator are solved by studying the basic knowledge of the manipulator. Secondly, aiming at the problems existing in the traditional artificial potential field method, the improved artificial potential field method is studied and the principle that the link of the manipulator can not collide with obstacles is studied. The collision detection algorithm is added and the collision detection of cylindrical bounding box is designed. Then according to the starting position of the end of the manipulator and the position of the obstacle, the moving path of the end of the manipulator is determined. Finally, the improved artificial potential field method is used in MATLAB to simulate the moving path of the UR10 manipulator, and field tests are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the improved artificial potential field method and collision detection of cylindrical bounding box in the path planning. These methods can make the robot reach the designated detection position perfectly in the process of walking in the substation and also avoid the collision between the manipulator and the obstacle (substation electrical equipment and building, etc.). The application of X-ray detection equipment in substation becomes more intelligent.

Flow and Heat Dissipation Analysis in Transformer Substation with Minimal Ventilation using CFD

This paper aims to investigate the flow and heat dissipation of a transformer located in substation building with minimal ventilation system. The study is carried out using CFD, which model the flow and conjugate heat transfer in step-up transformer and its surrounding air. Transformer model is generated by considering the extended fins at both side which enhance heat dissipation. Three different substation ventilation designs are proposed in this work. The effect of air outlet positions with fixed inlets are investigated. The primary objective is to investigate transformer surface and surrounding temperatures for different ventilation systems. The result indicated that minimum natural ventilation of a transformer substation is achievable to avoid transformer overheating. This must be achieved by carefully selecting suitable air inlets and outlets positions in a transformer substation.

Multidisciplinary Post-Earthquake Critique of Masonry Substation Retrofits

The earthquake performance of retrofitted clay brick masonry substation buildings was investigated from a multidisciplinary perspective that included structural, economic, and social considerations. One-hundred-fifteen single-story double-leaf clay-brick masonry substation buildings located within the wider Christchurch, New Zealand, region were investigated in detail. In the mid-1990s, these substation buildings were seismically retrofitted using a system of simple and cost-effective steel elements as part of a natural disaster improvement program, with an overall cost of N.Z. $6 million (approximately U.S. $4 million). Rapid assessment evaluation was conducted following the 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquakes with the determination that 82% of these clay-brick masonry substation buildings sustained minor damage, and 15% had moderate damage. Meanwhile, one substation building suffered significant damage, and two substation buildings experienced heavy damage. Investment in the seismic improvement program resulted in cost savings of approximately N.Z. $60 million (U.S. $44 million) and contributed to heritage building preservation.

Power Transformer Spatial Acoustic Radiation Characteristics Analysis under Multiple Operating Conditions

Spatial acoustic radiation characteristics analysis is the precondition of reducing the noise influence of outdoor power transformer while multi-physical field coupling method can be applied to quantify and reveal these acoustic characteristics of a running power transformer. In this study, based on the theoretical analysis about noise generation and dissemination process, an acoustic radiation model about oil-immersed power transformer was established and verified with field test data in time and frequency domain. Then, far-field analysis and directivity analysis were accomplished to characterize acoustic field of power transformer under multiple operating conditions. Finally, the acoustic radiation influence on potential surrounding buildings were analyzed and discussed. The visual results and conclusion provide acoustic guide for the optimal planning and design about both power substation and ambient buildings.

Dynamic heating and ventilation of transformer substation buildings with adjustable resistance to heat transfer in windows

The article considers issues related to providing dynamic heating and ventilation of transformer substation buildings featuring designed digital voltage transformers demanding particular ambient temperatures. We have shown the efficiency of using heat reflecting screens in windows with lower transmission heat losses from the transformer substation buildings concerned.

Study on Switch Mode of Bus Coupler Protection in 330kV Substation of Zambia

In order to switch line protection to bus coupler protection when bus coupler circuit breaker is in place of by pass state for line bay efficially and reliable, according to experience of Chinese substation building. this paper presents 3 switch modes. At last, reference with the habits of Zambia , this paper presentsone better mode for Zambia substation through comparing the effectiveness and reliability of the 3 switchmodes.

Analysis of Sound Insulation of Substation Barrier

Substation noise pollution as one of the most important environmental problems has been paid more and more attention. A model of substation sound barrier is built in this paper. On the basis of the model, the effects of sound isolation of the barrier with different positions, different heights are analyzed. The setting of the sound barrier that can bring best sound insulation effect will be obtained from the simulation results. Moreover, as the substation control buildings can be seen as barriers, the analysis of the sound barrier attenuation can provide a certain basis for the layout of substation buildings, and the setting of noise reduction barriers for noise controlling.

Performance of Electric Power Systems in the 2010–2011 Christchurch, New Zealand, Earthquake Sequence

From late-2010 to mid-2011, Christchurch suffered a series of earthquakes and aftershocks that affected the city's power supply. The most relevant of these events occurred on 4 September 2010, 22 February 2011, and 13 June 2011. In all these events transmission level power restoration occurred rapidly—within one day. Except for the second event, similar relatively minor damage led to rapid restoration of distribution-level power outages. However, extensive damage to underground cables during the February 2011 earthquake caused some outages that lasted until early March. This damage seems to be amongst the only extensively-documented such failures to date. Despite recorded strong ground shakings, damage to other power infrastructure facilities was moderate to minor. This satisfactory performance of power infrastructure is attributed to a program implemented during the decade prior to this earthquake sequence to seismically upgrade almost all unreinforced masonry substation buildings and reinforce other infrastructure elements.

某工程冲孔灌注桩施工中钻孔偏斜的原因分析及处理措施

本文根据220 kV怀集变电站主控楼冲孔灌注桩施工偏孔的处理经验，总结出冲孔灌注桩施工过程中偏孔的原因主要有孔底土质不均、倾斜岩面、土层中夹有大的孤石或其它硬物及桩机安装就位稳定性差等，并提出预防和处理措施，为冲孔灌注桩施工提供借鉴和参考。Based on the experiences of treatment to partial hole of the filling pile construction in Huaiji main control 220kV substation building, we summarized the main causes of the partial holes in the process of the filling pile construction. These causes include the uneven soil of hole bottom, inclined interface of stratum, large boulders or other hard objects in the soil and poor stability of the pile machine installation. At the same time, we put forward some suggestions on the prevention and treatment measures for avoiding partial hole in filling pile construction.

Flow and heat distribution analysis of different transformer sub-stations

This paper describes CFD investigation on the flow and heat transfer in transformers at different sub-station buildings. The analysis aimed to determine the cooling capability of the existing transformer building employing natural ventilation system to dissipate heat sufficiently when new dry-type transformer operating under full load condition is used. The transformer and building models were developed based on the actual transformer configuration in operation at three different locations in Malaysia. The calculation was carried out on three different types of sub-stations namely stand-alone, attach-to-building and underground. The effect of natural ventilation speed and building volume on the transformer surfaces temperature are also investigated. It was predicted that the existing sub-station configuration is able to dissipate heat produced from the dry type transformer by using its natural ventilation system regardless of the sub-station types. However, the smallest building case shows relatively high surrounding temperature.

Economic Scheduling of the Electric Transmission/ Distribution Substations in Jeddah City with Parametric Results

This paper is devoted to economically scheduling the number of electric transmission/ distribution substations for long-term time horizon (2011 – 2020). The schedule aims at minimizing the total costs while maintaining the problem constraints based on a dynamic programming model. There are many parameters affecting the solution of the problem, these parameters are: initial value of the substation building cost, percentage of yearly increase in the substation building cost, percentage of discount for buying more than one substation, and present and future values of the operation cost. The proposed dynamic programming model will provide Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) with a systematic procedure to arrive at the best decision based on the optimal combination of the number of substations to be built in each year during the planning time horizon. It gives also an overview for the sensitivity range of parameter changes for the same optimal solution, and gives other optimal solution ranges for more changes in the parameters.

Don't get lost in GOST standards

This work presents the electrical distribution equipment for the pipeline project and marine terminal installation in prefabricated buildings. The difficulties that occurred during the project and the solutions implemented when applying local regulations and in obtaining GOST-R and GOST-K certification from the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan are described in this article. The marine terminal substation buildings were selected to illustrate the concepts used and the problems encountered during the design, construction, commission, and operation phases.

Behaviour and Analysis of A Large-Scale Cylindrical Earth Retaining Structure

A cylindrical earth retaining wall 144 m in diameter was adopted for the excavation works of a 500 kV large-scale underground substation building. Various in-situ measurements, which comprised approximately 1,100 measuring points, were carried out throughout the excavation works. Following the examination of the measured data, it was ascertained that the retaining wall behaviour was largely influenced by wall temperature variations in addition to lateral pressures. This paper presents the earth retaining wall behaviours based on the measurement results and the practical analysis methods by introducing the retaining wall temperature variations.

Foam Rubber Modeling of the El Centro Terminal Substation Building

Results from a layered foam rubber model of soil and the structure (3-D) of the El Centro Terminal Substation building, site of the well known recording of the 1940 El Centro earthquake, indicate that the response of the foundation for frequencies above 4 Hz is as much as a factor of 3 lower than the free-field response amplitude. To validate the modeling technique with sample structure, we use the formulation for calculating theoretical responses of Wong and Luco (1977). Two-dimensional computer model results by Shannon and Wilson, Inc. and Agbabian Associates (1980), gave a response amplitude in the building about a factor of 2 lower than the response amplitude of the free-field for frequencies above 1.5 Hz. Foam rubber modeling shows that at higher frequencies most of the reduction in response is due to the energy being scattered by the shape of the rigid foundation rather than its inertial mass. Under the assumption that most of the energy was vertically incident SH, the free-field peak acceleration during the May 18, 1940 El Centro earthquake was about 50% higher than recorded on the 1940 accelerogram. The transfer function is very similar in shape to the weighting function used by Munguia and Brune (1984), to match synthetic accelerograms with the 1940 El Centro earthquake, suggesting that much of the relative deficit in high frequency energy was a result of soil-structure interaction rather than a source effect.

Finite- and infinite-element approaches for low-frequency noise field in a thermal power plant

The finite- and infinite-element methods are applied in order to analyze the diffraction effects of low-frequency noise radiated from a boiler wall surface around a turbine house and an obstacle such as a water tank. The method used in this study is called a hybrid-type infinite-element method in which the elements are combined with the finite elements. The building and the other obstacles treated as a calculation model are situated in a finite domain, which is divided into many isoparametric cubic elements with 20 nodes, and an infinite domain which is divided into many hybrid-type infinite elements with eight nodes and has no noise source or obstacle. The illustrative numerical result of this method is compared with an experimental result that was obtained for a low-frequency noise field around a turbine house, substation buildings, and water tanks radiated from the noise source of the boiler of a thermal power plant, and the results obtained are in good agreement with each other. Prom these studies, it must be pointed out that the hybrid-type infinite-element technique is well adapted to the prediction of a low-frequency noise field around large-scale buildings.

Calculation of pressure waves in substation buildings due to arcing faults

The method presented to determine pressure stress of transient phenomena is able to eliminate some uncertainties in the design of substation buildings. Pressure stress from internal arcing includes static and dynamic phenomena. These phenomena can be distinguished with the help of the pulsation factor. The ray-tracing technique presented allows three-dimensional calculation of pressure stresses (including transient effects), thereby making improvements in the design of substation buildings possible. Two examples demonstrating the importance of pressure waves on the stress of rooms are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

400 kV transmission system aspects and problems

The background and routing of the 400 kV transmission system and its sequence of construction are given. A section giving the technical features of substations, overhead lines, cable circuits, 400 kV switchgear and protection, transformers and reactors follows, with emphasis on the special features required by the Hong Kong territory. The project management organisation responsible for the work is described and the physical problems encountered during the construction and erection of the plant are discussed. This is followed by some of the design problems which were encountered on the switchgear, protection, substation erection and substation building. The paper concludes by listing some of the lessons which can be learned from these experiances