Substation Area Research Articles

Design and research of a monitoring and environmental testing analysis system for substation status

Abstract By testing and analyzing the real substation environment, and analyzing and fitting on-site data, a system that simulates the operating environment of the real substation is designed, and the goal of replicating a typical on-site electricity environment is achieved. Testing and analysis are conducted on the selected substation area, and light and heavy load noise is collected for spectrum analysis and measurement point attenuation analysis. The LMF (Late Multimodal Fusion) algorithm is used and test data are fitted based on the trust region theory. Conducting noise testing and attenuation analysis in the substation area has laid the foundation for research on substation status monitoring and environmental monitoring.

Cooperative energy interaction for neighboring multiple distribution substation areas considering demand response

With the growing integration of renewable energy into medium- and low-voltage distribution networks, the distribution substation area (DSA) has emerged, encompassing energy storage and loads. This paper introduces an energy interaction framework for multiple DSAs aimed at enhancing local renewable energy consumption. The energy interaction issue among various DSAs is modeled as a Nash bargaining problem to encourage energy exchanges. However, the variability in pricing and internal demand response may influence scheduling decisions, necessitating further investigation. To address price forecast errors, scenarios are developed using a stochastic programming approach to represent price uncertainties while adjusting the DSA’s load accordingly. Optimal power flow constraints are integrated into the model to bolster power system operation security. Additionally, the transmission capacity can impact scheduling outcomes and operational costs. The influence of transmission limitations on operational strategies is examined within the allowable capacity. To solve this issue, the bargaining model is divided into two subproblems, and an enhanced alternating direction multiplier method (ADMM) is used to maintain the privacy of DSAs. The simulation results obtained using the IEEE-33 bus system indicate that energy interaction among multiple DSAs significantly lowers operating costs and facilitates the integration of renewable energy.

Research on the identification and detection technology of electricity theft in power distribution areas under a smart grid environment

Abstract With the extensive application of smart meters, power companies can access a wealth of customer electricity usage data, which has not yet been fully utilized. This paper proposes a substation area user identification and electricity theft detection method based on smart meter data, aiming to enhance the level of intelligent management of power grid enterprises and reduce operational costs. By using the grey relational analysis method, analyzing the measurement data collected by smart meters at different time points, it is possible to determine the substation area and phase to which the user belongs and to detect electricity theft behavior. Finally, through simulation, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified.

Design Of A Main Substation Grounding System Based On Variations In Area and Number Of Electrodes

The function of the grounding system is to limit the voltage between equipment and the ground and neutralize the voltage that arises at the ground surface due to fault currents flowing in the ground. An unsafe grounding system can disrupt system reliability and human safety in the substation area. This research aims to simulate the design of a substation grounding system with the influence of variations in location and number of electrodes installed in grids and rods in swampy soil conditions with different soil resistivity values. The impact of these parameters is on the resistance value, touch voltage, and step voltage at a weight of 70 kg by using the CYMGRD application as a medium to see the effectiveness and optimization of whether the substation grounding system with variations in the outside area and variations in the number of electrode rods meets the requirements without exceeding safe limits on systems or humans. This grounding system design is designed for two cases, namely case 1: the maximum touch voltage and maximum step voltage values exceed the permitted touch voltage and maximum step voltage, so conditions like this are included in the criteria for being unsafe and can endanger personnel in the field. Case 2: the touch voltage and step voltage values are smaller than the permitted touch voltage and step voltage values, so this design is included in safe conditions and meets the criteria for a good and safe grounding system.

Collaborative Planning and Comprehensive Evaluation Method for Energy Storage System and Flexible Interconnection in Distribution Networks Considering Island Operation

Introduction: When the superior power grid fails and loses power, due to the traditional single power supply radial grid structure of low-voltage substation areas, all loads in the lowvoltage substation area will lose power, causing a poor electricity consumption experience for low-voltage users. To enhance the resilience of low-voltage distribution areas against faults and power outages from higher-tier power grids, a collaborative planning and comprehensive evaluation method for grid-forming energy storage systems (GFM-ESS) and flexible interconnection in distribution networks, considering island operation, is proposed. Method: This method integrates GFM-ESS and flexible interconnections, taking islanding operations into account. Firstly, the structure of GFM-ESS and voltage source converters is analyzed. The control modes of GFM-ESS in parallel or off-grid scenarios are also scrutinized. Secondly, minimizing the annual comprehensive cost and the annual power outage load are the objective functions. A bilevel programming model for GFM-ESS and flexible interconnection of lowvoltage distribution networks, considering island operation, has been established. Moreover, a comprehensive evaluation method based on the analytic hierarchy process for proposed lowvoltage distribution network structural schemes is introduced. An evaluation index system is established to assess the rationality of these proposed network structural planning schemes. Finally, the superiority of the proposed collaborative planning method is verified through a comparative analysis of three planning methods. Result: The proposed collaborative planning method can effectively ensure the continuous power supply of low-voltage distribution networks under the fault scenario of the upper power network. Conclusion: Moreover, the rationality of the results obtained from the proposed collaborative planning method is verified through a comprehensive evaluation method of grid structure schemes based on the analytic hierarchy process. The proposed comprehensive evaluation method can determine which two areas are optimal for grid planning. result: The superiority of the proposed collaborative planning method was verified by comparative analysis of three planning methods. And the rationality of the proposed collaborative planning method results was verified by the comprehensive evaluation method of grid structure schemes based on analytic hierarchy process.

Fast Detection Technology of Abnormal Out-of-Tolerance Meters Based on Fit Model Theory

During the use process of electricity meters, natural aging faults or human factors can cause abnormalities in the metering of electricity meters. Some existing detection algorithms for abnormal electricity meters cannot detect abnormal out-of-tolerance electricity meters quickly and timely due to their slow computing speed. To address this issue, a rapid detection technology for abnormal out-of-tolerance electricity meters based on FIT model theory is proposed. Firstly, collect the power data in the power metering device to detect and fill in the missing power metering data. Secondly, according to the demand for power metering error detection, an objective function for error detection is constructed. Finally, genetic algorithms are used to search for the optimal configuration parameters of the model, and filtering strategies are formulated based on residual and other data to reduce the search space. The residual data are smoothed and denoised in the search space, and the power metering error detection is completed by solving the extreme value of the objective function. Compared to previous fit search algorithms, this algorithm can reduce the average detection time of a single substation area to about 30 s and achieve a high hit rate of over 98% and a high-precision out-of-tolerance calculation range within an absolute difference of 0.005 for computable substation areas.

Abnormal User Identification in Substation Area Based on Restricted Ridge Regression Model

The rapid development of the smart grid affects every aspect of people’s lives at all times. Among them, the identification accuracy of power metering anomalies is a serious problem that needs to be solved urgently. To further improve the identification accuracy of power metering anomalies, a user identification method for substation area anomalies is designed based on the restricted ridge regression model. First, a clustering algorithm is designed using high-frequency voltage data of users in the substation area to conduct phase separation and terminal branch identification for each user metering point in the substation area. Then establish a substation area energy conservation model equation set, and merge the end branch users based on genetic algorithm clustering results, thereby reducing the unknown quantity dimension. Then, a line resistance-constrained condition is constructed using the topological structure, and the model equation set is solved using quadratic programming based on the constrained ridge regression method to obtain the measurement point error results of users in the substation area. The experimental results show that this recognition method’s clustering effect and recognition accuracy are high, with a recognition rate of 98.21%. It can be seen that this abnormal user identification method has application value.

The Effect of Soil Type on Touch Voltage and Step Voltage in the Grid Grounding System

The grounding system is one of the security systems in substations to channel excess voltage caused by lightning strikes that occur at substations, as well as electrical equipment. To design a grounding system, there are several factors that must be considered, including the type of soil, the configuration of the grounding system, the resistivity of the soil, and the condition of the surrounding environment. The aim of this research is to determine the safe limits in the substation grid grounding system which is influenced by the type of soil and influences the touch voltage and step voltage, which can be dangerous to humans. The method used is simulation with the Finite Element Method (FEM) in the ETAP application. Finite Element Method (FEM) is a method that uses image mediation by assuming that the grounding system is an equipotential structure. The test results were deliberately carried out with larger substation area parameters and different soil types, so that the differences between the influence and appearance of touch voltage and step voltage can be seen clearly.

Enhancing Low-Voltage Distribution Network Safety through Advanced Residual Current Protection Techniques

Residual current protection can detect and isolate the grounding (leakage) fault of low-voltage distribution networks in time, which is an essential technical measure to reduce electric shocks and fire accidents and improve power supply safety. This paper systematically analyzes the operating characteristics of low-voltage distribution networks and proposes a distributed residual current protection method based on closed sections. It utilizes the capabilities of a distribution IoT platform to provide comprehensive measurement information for the entire substation area. A method was introduced to divide the low-voltage distribution substation into different protection closed surfaces, defining the current phasor at the external contact point of the closed surface and the remaining current of the closed surface. A calculation method for the critical current based on the remaining current of the closed surface for fault detection was proposed. Case studies have shown that this method is less affected by the inherent current and can significantly improve the sensitivity of protection. For TN-C and TN-C-S systems, in the selection of closed surfaces, the repeated grounding point of the neutral line is excluded from the closed surface. This method can also overcome the impact of residual current changes when load switching, demonstrating the flexibility of the new principle.

Управление электротяговыми нагрузками на основе взаимодействия с системой электроснабжения железных дорог

Currently, the principles of electric rolling stock management do not involve consideration of the instantaneous load of traction substations and the operating mode parameters of other electric traction loads in the inter-substation zone of an electrified section of railways. The inter-train travel intervals on the section are set based on the preliminary software-based calculation of the traction power supply system for trains with a given range of train weight. The article provides the reasonable approach to managing electric traction loads based on their interaction both with each other and the railway power supply system in real time with instantaneous limitations of the energy infrastructure. The results of experimental synchronized measurements with two trains in the substation area of an electrified AC section are presented. Using a mathematical model of the pilot site and measurement data, the coefficients of the influence of electric traction loads on the voltage in arbitrary nodes and on the loading of the feeders of the contact network are calculated.

Broadband Signal Measurement Method in the Background of Power Electronics in Substation Area of Distribution Network

Broadband Signal Measurement Method in the Background of Power Electronics in Substation Area of Distribution Network

Container-based low-delay microservice data offloading and processing for distribution substation area gateway in smart grid

A large number of source-load-storage devices are connected to the power system in the new power system, which leads to the surge of power service and puts forward new requirements for the operation efficiency of the distribution substation area. Container technology provides computing capacity for microservice of different devices by integrating computing resources of distribution substation area gateway. However, the differentiation of microservice priorities and continuous processing requirements bring new challenges to the optimization of microservice data offloading and processing. In this paper, we propose a container-based low-delay microservice data offloading and processing method for distribution substation area gateway. Firstly, we construct a container-based low-delay microservice data offloading and processing architecture for distribution substation area gateway. Then, an empirical matching-based joint gateway and container selection algorithm for low-delay microservice data offloading and processing is proposed. By introducing empirical performance and microservice priority, realizing the gateway and container selection of microservice data, reducing the microservice data offloading and processing delay. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is superior to the existing algorithm in total delay of microservice data offloading and processing.

Middleware Key Technologies Supporting Panoramic Display of Low-voltage Distribution Substation Area Operation

A panoramic display system for low-voltage distribution substation areas is built in this paper to meet the visual monitoring requirements of equipment operation status in low-voltage distribution substation areas. Aiming at the characteristics of complicated data structure, decentralized deployment, and equipment isomerization of power equipment, a middleware for panoramic display system of low-voltage distribution substation area operation is designed. The residual search method realizes the data identification to give a timely warning. Heterogeneous data is clustered by the K-means method. Simulation results verify the better performance of the proposed middleware for low-voltage substation operation.

A review of the different power system architecture at the district level and its analysis

The new power system at the station level is the phased product of the large-scale and high-proportion penetration development of wind and solar new energy. The source network load storage system with the station area as the smallest adjustable unit is constructed by using energy storage +. Different from the traditional substation area system, the architecture of the new power system at the substation area level becomes extremely complex due to the change of access terminal attributes, interaction relationship and various business types. In order to systematically describe the new power system architecture at the station district level, this paper first combs and summarizes the relevant literature at home and abroad, and summarizes the literature related to the current substation District, wind and new energy access and energy storage system regulation. Secondly, from the perspectives of demand differences, common functional requirements and non functional requirements, the requirements of station area level new power system under different application scenarios are classified and analyzed in detail. Then, a new power system for different scenarios is designed, which is divided into local equipment layer, edge control layer, station management layer and centralized control layer from bottom to top, and the functions of each layer are described in detail. Taking Zhangjiajie scenery storage and charging comprehensive energy demonstration project as an example, this paper expounds the ways of terminal data access, transmission and visualization under the framework of Taiwan district level new power system, so as to provide reference for the networking of other similar projects. Finally, the research contents of this paper are summarized, and the contents that need further research in the future are prospected.

Dynamic Load Reactive Power Optimization Based on Convolutional Neural Network VGG16 Model

<p>In reactive power optimization of distribution network, in most cases, the processing of load data is often only for the specific data under a certain operation condition, so it is difficult to classify and process the data of multiple working conditions in a certain operation stage. To solve the above problems, an optimization method basedon convolutional neural network VGG16 (visual geometry group network) is proposed. Firstly, it is classified according to the capacity proportion of transformer in the station area, and three kinds of scenes of light, medium and high are obtained. Then, particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to optimize each kind of scene, and the corresponding optimization strategy is obtained. The effectiveness of this method to solve the problem of dynamic reactive power and voltage in the substation area is verified by simulation.</p>

Desain Pemasangan Sistem Pembumian pada Gardu Induk Baru di Gardu Induk Kota Cane 1 x 30MVA Aceh Tenggara

ABSTRACT The presence of reliable and continuous electrical energy is very important to support modern human life, therefore its necessary to build a transmission network that connect to each other between substations. One of the important components to maintain the availability of reliable electric power in addition to the electric power protection system is the grounding system at the substation. The grounding system is useful for minimizing electric power disturbances due to overvoltage originating from the operation of existing equipment in the substation system as well as due to other factors external is a lightning impulse. In this paper, we will describe how to design and install a grounding system in substations. The type of installation of the grounding system selected is the mesh or grid method. The making of this grounding system refers to the work plan and working contract conditions, formulas commonly use in electric power engineering theory, the applicable rules and regulation of electric power system. The most important standards and variables in this design are the type and resistivity of ground resistance, step voltage, touch voltage and the length of conductor used. The result of this design after working for one month in the new substation area and measured using an Earth tester showed good result of ≤ 0.19 ohm as required by the owner is 0.3 ohm. The result of this measurement mean that the result of the grounding system design has been successfully implemented is 0.19< 0.3 ohm.

Terminal Voltage Prediction of Distribution and Substation Based on Spatial-Temporal Distribution Characteristics of the Station Load

A terminal voltage prediction method based on the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of the load in the substation area is proposed. Considering that the power flow and load belong to the influence factors of the terminal voltage, the power flow analysis method based on the parameters and power distribution of the low-voltage line is used. After the general model of the low-voltage line is built according to the spatial distribution characteristics of the load in the substation area. Combined with the injected power of the parent node of the terminal node in the constructed line model, the terminal node voltage is obtained; After the load information of different time periods in the station area is predicted by the distribution and substation load prediction method based on wavelet-clustering, the voltage analysis results under the change of power flow and load moment are taken as the prediction samples of the terminal voltage prediction method in the station area based on the fusion of power flow calculation and load forecasting. Based on the low-voltage limit, the deep residual network is used to realize the state prediction of whether the terminal voltage is normal or not. The test shows that the prediction result of this method for the terminal voltage of distribution and substation in a certain area is in line with the actual situation and has the ability to predict the terminal voltage of distribution and substation.

Data-driven model for calculating capacity efficiency margins for distribution substations

To solve the problem of the low recovery rate of critical loads in the capacity efficiency margin calculation model of the distribution substation area, a data-driven capacity efficiency margin calculation model for the distribution substation area is designed by identifying the data characteristics of customer-side resources in the distribution substation area, approximating the functional relationship between mechanical and electrical energy using segmentation functions, finding the equipment regulation strategies corresponding to historical load sequences from the database, designing a dynamic optimal tide framework using data-driven technology, discovering the shortcomings that limit the performance of network carrying capacity, and constructing a capacity efficiency margin calculation model. Test results: Under three different simulation scenarios, the average values of key load recovery rates of the distribution substation capacity efficiency margin calculation model and the other two models are 64.946%, 56.223%, and 55.024% respectively, indicating that the designed distribution substation capacity efficiency margin calculation model is more effective when fully combined with data-driven technology.

Analysis Duration of Potential Difference Neutralizer for Substation Grounding System

The grounding system design of the 150 kV substation have resolve affect in lightning strike area. The purpose of this study is to determine the duration of the potential difference penetration that occurs due to direct or indirect lightning strikes. The parameter method grounding system uses a combination of R and L for the grid section and a combination of RLC for the rod section. Simulations due to direct lightning strikes in nearby areas greatly affect the spike in the amount of potential difference. The potential difference in the area closest to the lightning strike with a maximum surge of 57.42 V with a neutralization duration of 0.21 μs. At the furthest distance from a lightning strike, the maximum potential difference spike is only 3.14 V with a neutralization duration of 2 μs. The average duration of neutralization due to lightning strikes is 2 μs. In the simulation of a direct lightning strike striking electrical equipment, it causes a very high potential difference spike in lightning strike area of ​​992.96 V with a spike duration of 0.012 μs. The farthest area point at the location of the lightning strike has a spike of 31.07 V with a spike duration of 0.06 μs. The duration of neutralization at a potential difference below 1 V, has a duration of more than 2 μs depending on the distance from the location of lightning strike. The grounding system design is able to perform good performance with a fast potential difference neutralization duration in the event of a direct or indirect lightning strike. Lightning strikes that occur will not cause dangerous step and touch voltages for personnel in the 150 kV substation area.

Research on Error Correction Model of Transformer-Meter Relationship in Low Voltage Distribution Network Based on Combined Clustering Strategy

At a time when distributed microgrids are gradually becoming the main form of renewable energy access, the distribution network plays an important role in serving the access and consumption of renewable energy, and is a powerful guarantee to promote the realization of the “double carbon” goal. However, due to the complex structure, frequent file changes, untimely governance and maintenance, the distribution station area cannot accurately perceive the ownership of transformer-meter relationship files. This paper presents an error correction method of transformer-meter relationship files in low-voltage substation area based on correlation analysis and clustering. Aiming at the application scenario of transformer-meter relationship file error under different busbars, the error correction is carried out by using the principle that the user voltage sequence curve of the error file has a lower similarity with the transformer voltage curve, and the voltage amplitude difference is larger. The results show that this method has high practicability and effectiveness.