Sub-state Units Research Articles

Return-Temperature Reduction at District Heating Systems: Focus on End-User Sites

This review presents a comprehensive examination of recent advancements and findings related to return-temperature reduction in District Heating (DH) systems, with a focus on enhancing overall system efficiency at end-user sites. The review categorizes and clarifies various return-temperature reduction techniques, emphasizing aspects such as building energy performance, heat emitters, thermostatic radiator valves, and substation units. One shall note that return temperature is not a parameter that can be directly controlled within a DH system; instead, it is influenced indirectly by adjusting various system parameters throughout the design, commissioning, operation, and control phases. Key insights include the direct impact of heat demand on return temperatures; the pivotal role of indoor heating systems in optimizing thermal energy use in relation to heat demand; the significance of thermostatic radiator valves in regulating heat output and maintaining low return temperatures; the advantages of ventilation radiators and add-on fans in enhancing radiator efficiency; the necessity for effective substation operation to improve system cooling capacity; and the critical role of operational control strategies in achieving optimal system performance. These findings underscore the need for integrated approaches in DH system design and operation to achieve lower return temperatures and improve overall system efficiency.

Comparison Between Maintenance of Distribution Substations Using the Mobile Substation Unit (UGB) Method and Maintenance of Blackout Distribution Substations regarding Energy Not Served (ENS) which is not distributed to PLN UP3 Serpong

Electricity has become an important part of human life along with technological developments in this modern era. Economic progress, quality of life and the business world are very dependent on the electricity supply supplied by PT. PLN (Persero) UP3 Serpong. Electric power distribution is the final stage in the electric power delivery process. This is the process of distributing electric power from the electricity transmission system to electricity consumers. One of the main components in the electric power distribution system is the distribution substation. A distribution substation is an electrical installation device which contains disconnecting, connecting, safety and distribution transformer equipment to distribute electrical power according to consumer needs. Maintenance at distribution substations is carried out to support services to electricity consumers so that the substation equipment used is in reliable condition. and guaranteed continuity. Regular maintenance on distribution substations is important so that distribution substations do not experience damage and disruption while operating.

The Danish Realm in the Arctic

ABSTRACT Arctic regional development challenges the Danish Realm construction. The geopolitical importance has increased the focus on the two sub-state units, the Faroe Islands and Greenland, which demand more influence and room to conduct paradiplomacy. The Arctic Council is the most important international institution in the region, and this article focuses on different options for the distinct political units within the Realm to seek influence and oversee the development. Previous research has addressed options on the governmental level, but this article emphasizes additional parliamentary-related options. In addition, the article focuses on the strategic level of this type of activity. The investigation shows that Greenland and the Faroe Islands use multiple options, but that the Danish Folketing compared to the Løgting and Inatsisartut is more strategic in the use of options, and that the Folketing allocates central Arctic-related parliamentary seats to North Atlantic MPs to legitimate the Arctic state position.

Key technologies and applications of cloud-edge collaborative integrated low and medium voltage distributed photovoltaic coordination control

The large-scale distributed photovoltaic access leads to overvoltage, equipment overload, and difficulty in on-site consumption, which causes power to be sent back to the high voltage level, posing hidden dangers to the safe operation of the distribution network. This article proposes optimizing the medium-voltage distribution network at the cloud side with the goal of maximum consumption and operating cost, forming a rolling strategy adjustment based on load forecasting within the day. At the edge side, the distributed photovoltaic control in the low-voltage distribution network within the jurisdiction is adjusted based on the daily adjustment strategy issued by the cloud side, completing the optimization and regulation of distributed photovoltaics on a distribution substation unit basis to achieve the control and integration of distributed power sources and consumption, coordination between operation and side, and coordinated control in the integrated medium and low-voltage zoning, achieving autonomous distribution substations and feeder lines. Field applications have proven that this solution solves problems such as line and transformer overload, and voltage quality caused by distributed photovoltaic power generation.

An Intersectional Analysis of Precarity and Exploitation: Women and LGBTQIA+ Workers in Substate Neoliberal Systems

The intersection of gender and ethnicity or race lies at the root of structural discrimination and racist practices for accessing the labor market and in the workplace. This discrimination is particularly evident for women and LGBTQIA+ individuals who either belong to ethnic minorities or are migrants. However, numerous other social drivers (e.g., age, class, origins) and external factors (e.g., prejudices, gender‐based violence) further hinder their participation in the work domain and their attainment of fair labor conditions. This article explores how gender, ethnicity, and race intersect and operate with other conditions and factors to perpetuate the precarity and exploitation of women and LGBTQIA+ individuals who find themselves at the nexus of varied intersectional axes. The discussion centers around two neoliberal substate units in the Global North (South Tyrol, in Italy, and Catalonia, Spain) that register low unemployment rates and high rates of migration and that are home to historical, linguistic, and ethnic minorities. This empirical article provides for an informed debate on the lived experience of precarity and exploitation of women and LGBTQIA+ workers, and an analysis of how neoliberal substate units’ labor and gender policies could be reformed.

Understanding Sub-State’s Agency in Regionalism: The Case of Yunnan in Bangladesh–China–India–Myanmar Initiative

Regionalism constitutes an essential unit to understanding the nature and evolution of multi-actor-dominated contemporary international relations. The ‘subnational turn’ in the regional interactions recognizes the rising role of sub-state actors such as provinces in the ‘construction’ and ‘performance’ of the ‘regionness’ to access the developmental benefits of regional and globalized capital. This paper further enriches this insight by focusing on the interaction of two components, that is, the sub-regionalism and the agency of sub-state units. It focuses on China’s Yunnan province outreach in the context of Bangladesh–China–India–Myanmar (BCIM) regionalization to critically reflect on the ‘transitioning’ agency of sub-state actors from imagining to implementing regionalism. Utilizing the analytical frameworks within paradiplomacy literature, the article emphasizes that sub-governments are substantive forces, ushering dynamic economic, political, and cultural international interactions. But, simultaneously, their power to invent and (re)define international standing is linked to larger scales of center and national. The sub-national lens on BCIM magnifies the opportunities and limitations at Yunnan’s disposal and identifies its agency as an ‘initiator’ and a ‘channel’ in the BCIM practice.

Współpraca polskich miast z partnerami chińskimi i jej miejsce w polskiej polityce zagranicznej

European cities are becoming more important actors on the global political scene, as they have significant foreign policy competencies. This is the result of a far-reaching process of globalization and the pluralisation of the international relations. The goal of this study is to present a map of partnerships between Polish cities and their Chinese counterparts and to attempt to characterize this cooperation. The authors will present the results of a survey conducted in 68 Polish cities.Partnerships between Polish and Chinese cities are more common form of diplomacy, particularly used by larger cities centers. Their number has been rapidly growing since 2000, reaching a total of 41 partnerships in 2020. Such cooperation is most often initiated by Polish or Chinese local authorities and focuses on culture, education and economy. Nevertheless, despite the benefits of urban cooperation with the Chinese, its potential is not being used by the government. The state’s foreign policy does not seem to consider the growing role of sub-state units and the benefits that city diplomacy offers.

Standing Up for the Nations? Devolution and the Changing Territorial Role of Backbench MPs with Constituencies in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales, 1992–2019

Abstract At UK general elections, parties and candidates standing in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales give prominence to pledges to act on behalf of those territories. This article examines how far and in what ways MPs with constituencies in those parts of the UK actually seek to give representation to these territorial units once elected. A typology of forms of substantive parliamentary representation of sub-state units such as these is outlined, and results of a content analysis of Commons contributions by backbench MPs between 1992 and 2019 are presented. It is found that MPs from the parts of the UK with devolved legislatures focus extensively on the sub-state territorial level and that these MPs have adapted their representational styles to the changed institutional context following devolution. These findings have important implications for how we think about the roles of MPs from Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales in the post-devolution context.

Substation Equipment Monitoring And Controllig Using IoT

This project is based embedded system used for monitoring the voltage, current, and temperature and oil level of a transformer. Furthermore it is capable of recognizing the break downs caused due to overload, high temperature, over voltage and oil level intimation of transformer. The design generally consists of units, one in the substation unit, called as display unit, display units in the substation is where the voltage, current and temperature are monitored continuously by AVR microcontroller and is displayed through the display unit. The ultimate objective is to monitor the electrical parameters continuously and hence to guard the burning of transformer or power transformer due to the constraints such as overload, over temperature, input high voltage and double protection of CB operation by using the Internet of Things (IoT).

ZICOSUR, paradiplomacia y recursos naturales: el litio y la vinculación con China

El presente artículo propone el análisis de los bienes naturales de la Zona de Integración del Centro Oeste de América del Sur (ZICOSUR), específicamente del litio, en relación con su potencial regional en el proceso de vinculación con China. Para tal fin se aborda el estudio de los recursos naturales de la región, que incluye las subregiones del Gran Chaco y del “triángulo del litio”. ZICOSUR se caracteriza por ser un proceso de integración subestatal integrado, mayormente, por unidades subestatales periféricas que persiguen una inserción internacional como región, ampliando sus posibilidades de desarrollo. En este sentido, el trabajo propone el examen de la complementariedad de intereses con el gigante asiático, que puedan conducir a relaciones de cooperación. El marco teórico propuesto parte de los estudios de paradiplomacia para entender el accionar de las unidades subestatales, y de los estudios de integración regional para comprender el fenómeno a nivel subestatal en relación con la gestión de los recursos naturales. La propuesta metodológica es principalmente cualitativa con estudio de caso, y también basada en el análisis de documentos oficiales y fuentes bibliográficas.

Bridging Regionalism and Secessionism: Territorial Autonomy Movements in the Iberian World

AbstractIn comparative works on nationalism, Latin America is usually portrayed as a world region that is devoid of nationalist and separatist movements, while in Europe nationalist movements seeking greater self-determination or separate statehood can be easily observed. This article takes a different perspective. Applying the concept of territorial autonomy movements, it pursues a cross-regional comparison of Santa Cruz in Bolivia, Guayas in Ecuador, and Catalonia in Spain to show that movements strikingly similar with regards to their core claims, diagnostic frames, and tactics do in fact exist across the Iberian world. The chapter then draws on social movement theory to account for the recent intensification of territorial autonomy mobilizations in these cases. We argue that in all three substate units (1) threats of political exclusion emanating from contestations over established power-sharing arrangements triggered territorial grievances; (2) the formation of dense associational networks and new alliances with subnational party and state representatives enhanced the organizational resources of territorial challengers; and (3) broader protest cycles, and their concern with direct democracy and/or multicultural group rights, provided territorial challengers with new framing strategies to justify their demands.

A New Panel Dataset for Studies Using Substate Units of Analysis and Indicators of Drug Activity

This research note reports on the creation of a new panel dataset using multiple waves of substate estimates from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. It also provides identifying information that contains state, place, and/or agency codes for merging additional datasets at levels below the state. The process for creating this dataset and for merging external data is described. This research note ends by providing an example analysis utilizing the panel dataset in combination with law enforcement personnel data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation and forfeiture data from municipalities in Minnesota to analyze the relationship between civil asset forfeiture and crime.

The missing link: cities and soft power of nations

This theory-building research identifies how cities generate soft power for nation-states through their communicative and diplomatic practices. Building on the relatively nascent studies of city diplomacy and city branding, the main objective is to establish a taxonomic categorisation of cities as soft power assets. The reason for conducting a research is three-fold. First, the excitement about the potential of cities to lead in providing solutions to global problems overshadows their role as sub-state units. Second, mega-cities and metropolitan areas dominate the research carried. Third, cities and nations do not have to share the same policy priorities, images, or even landscape. Against this background, the research asks one main question: What are the different ways through which cities generate soft power assets? The answer is presented as a taxonomic categorisation that defines five different roles for cities to generate soft power.

Los desafíos de la agenda transnacional subestatal: la producción de nuevas energías en la provincia de Jujuy (Argentina)

El presente artículo propone el estudio de la gestión transnacional de unidades subestatales y el desarrollo de nuevas. El caso de análisis es la gestión transnacional de provincia de Jujuy (Argentina) en referencia a la producción de carbonato de litio y energía solar, entre los años 2010 y 2017. El recorte temporal parte del primer proyecto de producción de carbonato de litio y finaliza con la construcción del parque solar de Cauchari en 2017.El supuesto de análisis indica que las unidades subestatales emplean la gestión transnacional como estrategia para la persecución de sus objetivos de desarrollo, a través de proyectos energéticos que trabajan en articulación con el Estado y otros actores internacionales.El objetivo es describir las estrategias de Jujuy, respecto del Estado y del sistema internacional, para la gestión de proyectos energéticos que posibiliten el desarrollo local.A tal fin se emplean las teorías de la interdependencia compleja que avalan la existencia de un sistema internacional compuesto por actores de distinta naturaleza, y los estudios de la paradiplomacia para adentrarse en la acción internacional de las unidades subestatales y su vinculación con el desarrollo local.La metodología es cualitativa, empleando entrevistas, análisis de fuentes bibliográficas y documentales.

Multicultural Citizenship and the Status of ‘Others’ in the Post 1991 Ethiopia: A Study on Membership and Self-Governing Status of Amhara People in Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State

Following the regime change in 1991, the Ethiopian government sought to institutionalize inclusive multicultural citizenship in the country. Membership status and selfgoverning rights are crucial entitlements in the multiculturalists’ notion of citizenship. Though citizenship is considered to be part of domestic affairs of a state, it is also influenced by the policies of sub-state political units. Hence, this paper examines the membership and self-governing status of Amhara and analyzes how the citizenship status is affected at sub-state units, with a focus on Benishangul Gumuz Regional State. Concurrent embedded mixed approach was employed and data were collected through interviews and document analysis. Interview data were obtained from 29 respondents, chosen by means of an intensity sampling method. Quantitative data were also acquired from Ethiopian Central Statistical Agency. The data were analyzed qualitatively with some quantitative backup. Though Amhara People of BGRS have the legal status of Ethiopian citizenship, BGRS has failed to fully integrate these people to the mainstream political community. Particularly, the exclusionary politics of recognition (as only selected nationalities receive the so-called ownership of the region ) and the prohibition of Amhara from exercising selfgovernment rights (this right is exclusively given to the ‘owner’ nationalities by the regional constitution) demonstrate the hierarchy of citizenship, where Amhara people are treated as secondclass citizens in BGRS, which is contradictory to the notion of multicultural citizenship.

Spare Assessment of Distribution Power Transformers Considering the Issues of Redundancy and MUS Capability

Probabilistic methods based on Markov models were developed in the last few years to determine the optimal number of spare transformers (regular spare units and mobile substation units) for a group of similar distribution power transformers. These methods accounted for a number of factors that affected the number of spare transformers. The two issues that would have an impact on the number of spare units are transformer redundancy and whether or not the station has a mobile unit substation capability. These two issues were not fully investigated in the earlier spare assessment work and need to be studied in more detail. This paper describes the recent reliability study performed at Hydro One to address the two issues. The study includes a review of three spare assessment methods, two existing and one new, and a detailed analysis of how each method handles the two issues. Examples are provided to illustrate and compare the various assessment methods and to draw some recommendations with regard to the use of these methods.

Kin States in Sub-state Diplomacy Conflict Dynamics

Abstract How and why do diplomatic activities by sub-state units produce conflict with the central government? To answer this question, scholars have focused on multinational states in which at least one administrative unit—Catalonia, for instance—has an identity that is different from the rest of the country. Such noncentral governments (NCGs), the argument goes, are more likely to engage in uncoordinated bypassing activities and in the international projection of their specific identity in a manner that antagonizes central decision makers. That is especially the case if local elites are dissatisfied with the amount of local autonomy and the institutional tools available for identity protection. This article uses insights from the ethnic conflict and nationalism literature to advance sub-state diplomacy scholarship by adding a transnational dimension to the analysis. Three illustrative case studies—France-Canada-Quebec, Austria-Italy–South Tyrol, and Sweden-Finland–the Åland Islands—reveal that kin states can play a variety of roles in the triangular relationship with the kin NCG and the host state and can either exacerbate or dampen conflictual paradiplomacy. More broadly, the article is an effort to conceptualize the role of sovereign states in sub-state diplomacy.

Shvatanje spoljnih odnosa federativnih jedinica i regiona

This paper examines in detail the major themes that have emerged in the academic study of external relations of substate entities. It begins by exploring definitions of the external relations and international activities of federated units and regions and presents a brief history of when and how sub-state units emerged at the international scene; in other words, it considers the groundwork for their international presence and displays how changes in international relations create room for new actors. The paper then considers why federated units and regions engage in external relations, including their motivations, incentives, and strategies. The paper also examines the role of nationalism and separatism in the international activities of federated units and regions, how central authorities react, and what measures they may take against their sub-state units. The participation of regions and federated units in international organisations is also analysed here.

面向室内变电站机组吊装的穿线装置研制

面向室内变电站机组吊装的穿线装置研制

Partnerstwa transgraniczne w sieciach społecznych na przykładzie euroregionów

Celem artykułu jest analiza charakteru relacji i powiązań przeprowadzona dwuetapowo. Pierwszy dotyczy sieci dwumodalnych, w których węzłami są jednostki subpaństwowe, zlokalizowane na pograniczach Polski i wchodzące w skład euroregionów. Drugi, przeprowadzony również przy wykorzystaniu sieci dwumodalnych, odnosi się do partycypacji euroregionów w projektach realizowanych od 2004 roku, zgodnie z bazą danych portalu „Mapa Dotacji UE” i wykazem projektów z funduszy europejskich, realizowanych na obszarze Polski. Zaprezentowana na łamach artykułu analiza ma być próbą odpowiedzi na pytania dotyczące realnego udziału obszarów euroregionalnych we współpracy transgranicznej, zakresu i stopnia aktywności poszczególnych euroregionów, siły i zakresu oddziaływania granicy (zamkniętej, otwartej) na charakter współpracy, itd.