Substantive Theory Research Articles

Social responsibility perspective in public response to the COVID-19 pandemic: a grounded theory approach

BackgroundCombating viral outbreaks extends beyond biomedical and clinical approaches; thus, public health prevention measures are equally important. Public engagement in preventive efforts can be viewed as the social responsibility of individuals in controlling an infectious disease and are subjected to change due to human behaviour. Understanding individuals’ perception of social responsibility is crucial and is not yet explored extensively in the academic literature. We adopted the grounded theory method to develop an explanatory substantive theory to illustrate the process of how individual responded to the outbreak from a social responsibility perspective.MethodsIn-depth interviews were conducted among 23 Malaysians either through telephone or face-to-face depending on the participant’s preference. Both purposive and theoretical sampling were used. Participants were invited to share their understanding, perceptions and activities during the COVID-19 pandemic. They were further probed about their perceptions on complying with the public health interventions imposed by the authorities. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data was analysed via open coding, focus coding and theoretical coding, facilitated by memoing, sketching and modelling.ResultsStudy findings showed that, social responsibility is perceived within its role, the perceived societal role responsibility. In a particular context, an individual assumed only one of the many expected social roles with their perceived circle of responsibility. Individuals negotiated their actions from this perspective, after considering the perceived risk during the outbreak. The four types of behaviour depicted in the matrix diagram facilitate the understanding of the abstract concept of negotiation in the human decision-making process, and provide the spectrum of different behaviour in relation to public response to the COVID-19 pandemic.ConclusionsOur study adopted the grounded theory approach to develop a theoretical model that illustrates how individual response to COVID-19 preventive measures is determined by the negotiation between perceived societal role responsibility and perceived infection risk. This substantive theoretical model is abstract, thus has relevance for adoption within similar context of an outbreak.

Précis: Concern, Respect, and Cooperation

Précis: <i>Concern, Respect, and Cooperation</i>

Doing the Right Something: A Grounded Theory Approach to Understanding Advocacy and Allyship Among College Students

The purpose of this study was to develop a substantive theory using a grounded theory approach to describe the development of advocacy and ally-ship among college students with marginalized identities. Findings support that participation in advocacy and allyship is a continuously evolving and messy process of becoming aware, educating self, exploring beliefs, feeling connected, experiencing affirmation, and navigating viewpoints, which all underscore the core category: Doing the Right Something.

발레리나의 정서표현성 형성 경험에 관한 연구: 근거이론 방법론 접근

This study aimed to examine the formation experience of ballerinas'' emotional expressiveness based on the Grounded Theory, establish a substantive theory about their formation of emotional expressiveness, and propose practical measures accordingly. Ten principal ballerinas participated in the study. Data was collected with an in-depth interview with them and analyzed according to the method proposed by Strauss & Corbin(1998). The findings were as follows: Opening coding resulted in 157 concepts, 31 subcategories, and 9 categories. In axis coding, "formation of expression motivation" was introduced as a causal condition; "formation of ballet" as a contextual condition; and "environmental assistance" and "social perception" as mediating and reinforcing conditions. The central phenomenon was "expression of the meaning of performance." Action/reaction strategies included "technological ability," "cognitive ability," and "affective ability." The outcome was "self-expression." In selective coding, the core category was "self-expression ability to deliver meanings." The process analysis results show that ballerinas formed their emotional expressiveness through the stages of recognition, integration/execution, and control, which were cyclical and sequential.

Sophisticated Statistics Cannot Compensate for Method Effects If Quantifiable Structure Is Compromised.

Researchers rely on psychometric principles when trying to gain understanding of unobservable psychological phenomena disconfounded from the methods used. Psychometric models provide us with tools to support this endeavour, but they are agnostic to the meaning researchers intend to attribute to the data. We define method effects as resulting from actions which weaken the psychometric structure of measurement, and argue that solution to this confounding will ultimately rest on testing whether data collected fit a psychometric model based on a substantive theory, rather than a search for a model that best fits the data. We highlight the importance of taking the notions of fundamental measurement seriously by reviewing distinctions between the Rasch measurement model and more generalised 2PL and 3PL IRT models. We then present two lines of research that highlight considerations of making method effects explicit in experimental designs. First, we contrast the use of experimental manipulations to study measurement reactivity during the assessment of metacognitive processes with factor-analytic research of the same. The former suggests differential performance-facilitating and -inhibiting reactivity as a function of other individual differences, whereas factor-analytic research suggests a ubiquitous monotonically predictive confidence factor. Second, we evaluate differential effects of context and source on within-individual variability indices of personality derived from multiple observations, highlighting again the importance of a structured and theoretically grounded observational framework. We conclude by arguing that substantive variables can act as method effects and should be considered at the time of design rather than after the fact, and without compromising measurement ideals.

‘Truth’, ‘justice’, and the American wave… function: comments on Alexander Wendt's Quantum Mind and Social Science

AbstractThis paper examines several aspects of Alexander Wendt's Quantum Mind and Social Science. The paper questions the nature of the task, as ontologies are debated in a scientific field once there is a widely accepted substantive theory that stands in need of interpretation, as with Newtonian physics or quantum mechanics; doing this job for international relations (IR) is highly questionable give that there is no widely accepted substantive theory of IR that needs an interpretation. Second, the paper questions Wendt's view of the consequences for ontology of quantum theory being replaced in the future; Wendt the interpretation of the history of science maintains that in the physical sciences a new theory subsumes the older theory, including its ontology. But, this seems to misread history, while the empirical content of classical physics is subsumed by relativity theory, it is far from true that the former's ontology was subsumed. The ontologies are in sharp contrast. The paper raises questions also about the notion of ‘truth’ and of the meaningfulness of evaluative concepts like ‘justice’.

Factors Affecting Payment Compliance of the Indonesia National Health Insurance Participants.

BackgroundThe study aims to explore factors that affect the compliance of Indonesia National Health Insurance (INHI) in paying the premiums.MethodsThe study design was qualitative with grounded theory research approach and constructivism paradigm. The study was conducted in 2018 and carried out for 3 months. We recruited 22 respondents from four different cities/districts. Triangulation was carried out through 26 informants from various stakeholders. Data were analyzed through coding, categorizing and pattern matching to obtain substantive theory.ResultsThe resulting substantive theory consists of 6 constructs and 14 categories. Compliance with paying insurance premium depends on the intention to pay for contribution. Meanwhile, the intention to pay is related to internal and external factors of INHI participants. To improve payment contribution of independent participants, INHI program has to pay attention for factors originating internally from the participants themselves (understanding of INHI program, financial ability and self-attitude) and also externally such as operational system and the quality of health care.ConclusionCompliance of paying insurance premium is related to internal and external factors of participants. Thus, interventions to improve compliance to pay premium should take these factors into account, and not merely on increasing the knowledge of participants.

Political realism and the quest for political progress

Political realism and the quest for political progress

Initiating a district-based public\u2013private mix to overcome tuberculosis missing cases in Indonesia: readiness to engage

BackgroundDistrict-based public–private mix (DPPM) is a variant of a relatively new PPM strategy of addressing missing cases in the tuberculosis (TB) care cascade in Indonesia. We aimed to determine the readiness of various stakeholders to engage in implementing the DPPM strategy.MethodsThe research design was sequential exploratory mixed methods. A qualitative study in the first stage was carried out through in-depth interviews, FGD and study documents. Data were analyzed through coding, categorizing, pattern matching and theorizing. The second stage was a survey conducted using instruments built in the first stage. Data were analyzed using Rasch modeling and logistic regression.ResultsDistrict TB case detection rate (CDR) has improved from 35% (2018) to 104% (2019). The contribution of private hospitals has increased considerably. However, there were almost none from the private primary healthcare facilities. The substantive theory generated indicates that awareness and concern of the TB problem, TB program comprehension and involvement, and institutional support are behind the readiness of facilities to engage the TB program (the readiness to engage). The measurement results indicate the significant correlation of all dimensions on readiness to engage. Concern of the TB problem and institutional support are variables that influence readiness to engage (p < 0.05).ConclusionsEngaging private and public facility stakeholders is a challenge for local government. Intervention is through a personalized approach, encourages institutional support of health facilities for the TB program and system approach.

The Global Governance of Artificial Intelligence: Some Normative Concerns

Abstract The creation of increasingly complex artificial intelligence (AI) systems raises urgent questions about their ethical and social impact on society. Since this impact ultimately depends on political decisions about normative issues, political philosophers can make valuable contributions by addressing such questions. Currently, AI development and application are to a large extent regulated through non-binding ethics guidelines penned by transnational entities. Assuming that the global governance of AI should be at least minimally democratic and fair, this paper sets out three desiderata that an account should satisfy when theorizing about what this means. We argue, first, that an analysis of democratic values, political entities and decision-making should be done in a holistic way; second, that fairness is not only about how AI systems treat individuals, but also about how the benefits and burdens of transformative AI are distributed; and finally, that justice requires that governance mechanisms are not limited to AI technology, but are incorporated into a range of basic institutions. Thus, rather than offering a substantive theory of democratic and fair AI governance, our contribution is metatheoretical: we propose a theoretical framework that sets up certain normative boundary conditions for a satisfactory account.

Construction of a conceptual model of comprehensive care for Indonesian children with human immunodeficiency virus

PurposeTo construct a conceptual model of comprehensive care for Indonesian children with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Design and MethodsA qualitative constructivist grounded theory design. Purposive sampling was used to interview 12 children with Human Immunodeficiency Virus and 8 family members with the age of the children ranged from 9 to 18 years, and 23 health professionals, including general practitioners, paediatric specialists, nurses, midwife, and nutritionist from public health centres and provincial hospitals in East Java, Indonesia. Data was analysed using constant comparative coding methods, theoretical sensitivity, memo writing, and diagramming to facilitate the development of the substantive theory. ResultsExploring the perspectives of the participants has revealed the need to enhance the delivery of comprehensive care across the continuum, because HIV care and services for children was sub-optimal. Understanding children's needs and preferences forms the foundation of the development of a framework for the comprehensive care of children with HIV consisting of child-centred care and social support, delivered by integration and coordination of care through a healthcare service. ConclusionsThe conceptual model provides new knowledge and has the capacity to bring together optimal care across the continuum addressing the challenges of fragmentation of care for children and their families. Practice implicationsThe model informs that children with HIV not only need pharmacotherapy, but also other care interventions depending on their individual needs, preferences, and age. Implementing the model may help to resolve such problems, to improve collaborative practice and enhance children's participation, thereby promoting children's health outcomes.

‘That teacher really likes me’ - Student-teacher interactions that initiate teacher expectation effects by developing caring relationships

Teacher expectations are associated with student academic achievement, but no research has generated new theory that explains how teacher expectation effects occur from students' perspectives. A substantive theory explaining the process through which students reconcile with their teachers' expectations is presented in this paper, emphasising the role of caring student-teacher relationships in teacher expectation effects on academic achievement. The theory was constructed with 25 grade 10 participants across three Western Australian secondary schools, with data including 100 interviews and 175 classroom observations. The analysis and synthesis of the data confirmed that the students acted in ways that they reflected improved their academic attainment when their teachers communicated high expectations of them. Noddings' enduring philosophy of the ‘ethic of care’ is used as a discussion framework, emphasising implications for how teachers practise and learn to interact with their students so that they can initiate positive teacher expectation effects on student learning.

Nurses' and midwives' experiences and views about responding to out of work emergencies: A constructivist grounded theory study.

To explore nurses' and midwives' experiences, views, perceptions and impact on their responses to out of work emergencies where first aid may be required. A constructivist grounded theory study was conducted between 2012 and 2019. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 16 nurses and midwives. Participants were recruited via a participant referral process with registered nurses and midwives being accessed from three NHS organizations. Data were analysed and coded using constant comparative analysis with the support of Nvivo 10software leading to the construction of a substantive grounded theory. A core enduring in vivo theme, 'The Right Thing to Do', emerged as a central conceptual reality constructed via three key in vivo themes; 'Something I've Heard', 'Am I Covered?' and 'Just Who I Am', each with several sub-themes. A pervading anxiety about responding at off-duty situations requiring first aid was persistently evident across these themes. The study showed a strong sense of moral agency among nurses and midwives, despite a powerful underlying feeling of anxiety surrounding broader issues of urban myth, protection and personal and professional identity. The substantive theory emerged as 'doing "The Right Thing" in a climate of anxiety'. The study illuminates an area that has previously been the subject of anecdotal debate. The substantive theory, 'doing "The Right Thing" in a climate of anxiety' illustrates the issues and tensions that exist surrounding the off-duty response. Implications and recommendations for practice and education focus on the fostering of knowledge and understanding of professional identity, position in law and scope of practice, together with potential future research directions. This work provides the first in-depth qualitative study contributing a significant new perspective both nationally and globally.

The “case to theory transformation method” for initiating is theory: the process and an illustration using is integration following mergers and acquisitions

PurposeThis to show how critical success factors (CSFs) from practitioner-oriented research can be tested and used to generate new theory.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses an extended example regarding the integration of IT departments following organizational mergers and acquisitions to illustrate in proof of concept that such practitioner-oriented research can generate new substantive theory and be used to begin a cycle of representation-testing leading to enhancing domain knowledge. The method used consists of the identification of an exemplary practitioner-oriented research article, restatement of CSFs into testable propositions, gathering data through interviews with phenomenon participants, analyzing and interpreting data relative to these CSFs, then presenting the results pertaining to these CSFs and observations from examining them holistically.FindingsNo CSFs were affirmed in all cases, neither were they rejected in all cases. The pattern of answers reveals a significant difference between factors representing general management best practices and technical practices. The higher frequency among management factors shows a relative universality to these items, whereas the technical issues are noted less frequently as they each apply to smaller subsets of all post mergers and acquisitions integrations but remain critical when they do apply. This set of responses suggests that the frequency of responses does not indicate the importance of any given factor across settings.Research limitations/implicationsThis study suggests (1) CSFs, while generally helpful, can also be misleading when applied such that, where of potential importance, they can be brought into a theorizing mode for refinement and extraction of additional knowledge; (2) that CSFs can be sorted into those tending toward general management principles that apply most frequently in contrast to those of critical importance but applicable across fewer situations; and (3) that as a proof of concept the case to theory transformation method can work to introduce heuristic knowledge into a process-initiating theorizing, raising prospects for subsequent continued improvement.Practical implicationsAssuming robust reporting of CSFs in well-conducted cases, this study knows that at least in one setting these factors were important in achieving particular results. However, this study does not know, without subsequent testing and theorizing, whether the factor applies across circumstances and whether it requires particular handling (e.g. timing may be critical but relies on varied conditions to indicate when actions need be taken). By theorizing based upon CSFs for important IS phenomena, the authors create a bridge between knowledge as used in practice and the scientific tools for increasing its value over time.Originality/valueAlthough the authors know of case and multiple case studies surfacing best practices in post mergers and acquisitions integrations, they know of no broad studies across numerous organizations; they also know of no studies demonstrating the relationship of management and technical CSFs in an IS phenomenon. Further, although there are other techniques advocated for theory initiation and building, the authors know of none that transforms heuristic or anecdotal knowledge for subsequent theorizing and continual improvement at a more detailed level than mid-range theory.

Global Justice and the Motivation to Give

Cosmopolitans, statists and liberal nationalists disagree over the relevance of regulating substantive inequalities at the global level. This paper aims to resolve the dispute among these three schools of thought. I show firstly that cosmopolitans, statists, and liberal nationalists all aim to motivate people to give in support of distributive justice at the global level. However, cosmopolitans lack a substantive theory of how to develop sufficient motivation to give globally. Secondly, the statists’ account of the motivation to give is deficient because it fails to recognise the motivational force of a common national identity among people. Thirdly, Miller’s account is more plausible than the statists’ but fails to facilitate a dynamic process whereby people’s national identities could be extended to the global level in order to support the cosmopolitan project. This needs to be supplemented by the statists’ understanding of democratic process—one which incorporates the principles of Habermas’s communicative action as a mechanism for developing social solidarity among people. I endorse an account that recognises the motivational force of national identity and the possibility of extending it beyond nation state through democratic participation at the global level.

Sentido y trascendencia de la evaluación formativa: desafíos de la práctica evaluativa en la Educación Básica Regular

This article seeks to reflect on the meaning and transcendence of formative assessment and the main challenges of assessment practices in Regular Basic Education (EBR by its Spanish initials). A paradigm shift is required that stops peddling traditional teaching and an result-focused culture of evaluation. The documentary analysis of various sources that involved heuristics and hermeneutics of the state of the art made it possible to review representative regulations of global and local educational policy, as well as contemporary and recent research contributions of some significant fundamentals of general and substantive theory. It highlights that in Peru there are several regulations to implement this approach. However, this would not have an impact on international evaluations or on teachers’ pedagogical practice. Likewise, there are still several challenges regarding the development of a culture of evaluation requiring to stop conceiving it as a threat. Teachers are the key factor to achieve an effective implementation of formative assessment, but they need to be recognized in their professional role and consolidate a reflective practice that contributes to the change and transformation process in their pedagogical practice.

Compassion Fatigue among Nurses Assigned to COVID-19 Facilities: A Constructivist Grounded Theory.

The Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic significantly disrupted regular health care services, mainly in the hospitals. Nurses soldiering on the battlefront of care of disaster response in the Philippines during the disease outbreak are at high risk of developing rapid-onset compassion fatigue. Notably, research is still needed to investigate the impact of compassion fatigue on various clinical areas and further develop a theory of compassion fatigue within the nursing context. The study explored the concept of compassion as experienced by nurses directly caring for COVID-19 patients. The study further explored the experiences of nurses on compassion fatigue. This study employed qualitative methodology, specifically the constructivist grounded theory. Thirty-four participants were included in the study. The narratives and voices of the nurses unfolded the following themes: (1) Acts of Compassion, (2) COVID-19 Pandemic: Nursing Challenges and Detours, (3) Nurses' Compassion Fatigue, (4) Narratives of Opportunities: Thriving at the outset of COVID-19. All four concepts are linked to the multidimensional concept of compassion fatigue. A substantive theory, "Remon's CF Theory in Nursing," is proposed based on the grounded experiences of nurses caring for COVID-19 patients related to compassion fatigue. Compassion Fatigue (CF) is a psycho-social phenomenon and occupational hazard affecting nurses directly caring for or in contact with COVID-19 patients. CF is a process that develops over time brought by prolonged enactment of compassion, the experience of empathic distress, and concurrence of organizational, contextual, and psychosocial factors. Nurses' CF can potentially affect safety and lead to poor nursing care, compromised work relations, and burnout. Nurse leaders' organizational and leadership commitment and support through up-to-date policies and continuous research on the topic are necessary to regain compassion among nurses. Likewise, reframing nurse compassion fatigue as an organizational and collective problem provides the larger perspective to further improve clinical practice and nurses' welfare. Nurse leaders, hospital and COVID-19 facility administrators must ensure specific policies and priorities that address issues causing and fueling nurse compassion fatigue, including frequency of exposure to traumatic events, lack of resources, and inadequate support system. The study further suggests conducting quantitative research to test the proposed theory and explore the relationship between organizational, psychosocial, and environmental context, compassion fatigue, and compassion-driven factors.

Continuity of care for children with chronic conditions after discharge: a constructivist grounded theory.

to understand the meaning of continuity of care for children with chronic conditions through transitional care from hospital to home. this is a qualitative study, conducted from a Constructivist Grounded Theory perspective. Purposive and theoretical sampling were used to recruit 35 participants, including nurses, professionals from the interprofessional hospital team, and actors responsible for healthcare in the home context. The research was conducted at two large hospitals, between March and September 2019. Semi-structured interviews were conducted. Data analysis was carried out using initial and focused coding, according to constructivist grounded theory. the substantive theory that emerged from this study was named "Postponing the next hospitalization". Eight categories-concepts and 18 elements were derived from the data to support the substantive theory. transitional care from hospital to home acts as a reminder for the resumption of continuity of care after discharge.

Seeking Choice to Fulfill Health Literacy Needs: Health Literacy Opportunities for Consumers in Hospital Waiting Areas.

In this research, we explore and theorize on the potential of hospital outpatient rehabilitation waiting areas to respond and contribute to the health literacy needs of consumers. Constructivist grounded theory informed the sampling and analytical procedures. Thirty-three consumers attending outpatient rehabilitation for a range of health conditions were recruited to this multi-site study. Semi-structured interview and participant observation data were collected and analyzed concurrently using the constant comparison method. The substantive theory of "seeking choice to fulfill health literacy needs" and five interdependent categories were developed. Results indicated that consumers sought choice reflective of their needs; however, the waiting area offered limited choice. Consumers shared ideas to address the lack of choice. Results provide insight into the health literacy needs of consumers in hospital outpatient waiting areas and how health services can appropriately respond to these needs. Future research should investigate the effect of health service environments on health outcomes.

Grounded Theory and Its Applications

Grounded Theory is a qualitative research method. Its main purpose is to establish a theory based on empirical data, emphasizing the understanding of social interaction, social processes and social changes from the perspective of actors. Generally, there is no theoretical hypothesis before the start of the research. It starts from actual observation, summarizes experience from the original data, and then rises to the system theory. This is a method of establishing a substantive theory from the bottom up. On the basis of systematically collecting data, it seeks the core concepts that reflect the essence of things, and then constructs relevant social theories through the links between these concepts. Based on the literature analysis method and referring to the previous research results, this paper constructs the overall framework of Grounded Theory, and explains the steps of theoretical sampling, open coding, axial coding, selective coding and theoretical saturation test, which lays a foundation for the application of Grounded Theory in practice.