Substantive Processing Research Articles

Consideration of the national communicative behavior features in the public food service when teaching Russian to Chinese students

The article is devoted to the relationship between the linguistic and cultural aspects of communicative behavior and their consideration in the content of teaching Russian as a foreign language. The object of our study is the norms and traditions of everyday behavior of Russian and Chinese culture representatives in the field of public food service. The purpose of the study is to compare Russian and Chinese traditions of communicative behavior in the gastronomic field, to determine the level of ethnocultural and linguistic knowledge of international students in this study area, to identify the relationship between their level of knowledge and the development of the students’ intercultural communicative competence, which is an integral characteristic of the personality. We aim to substantiate the need to take into account the features of the national communicative behavior in the field of public food service in the content of teaching the Russian language to Chinese students. The study was conducted using the methods of the analysis of scientific and educational literature on the research problem, the survey of 962 students from higher educational institutions of China, mathematical processing of the obtained data and a comparative analysis. Quantitative and substantive processing of the survey data showed considerable differences in the norms and traditions of Russian and Chinese culture representatives in this study area, a low level of students’ ethnocultural knowledge, a high level of students’ lexical knowledge in the field of public food service and cultural barriers affecting the level of Chinese students’ intercultural communicative competence development. The article comes to the conclusion about the need to take into account the communicative-behavioral aspect of everyday life culture and the norms and traditions of Russian and Chinese cultures in the field of public food service in teaching Russian as a foreign language. Research prospects are connected with the development of the educational interactive platform “Gastronomic trip through time”.

The importance of basic scientific principles and the consequences of disregarding them

The importance of basic professional-scientific principles and the consequences of disregarding them In the current process of dealing with the Corona crisis, there is a risk of professional and scientific aspects being overlooked, instead apologies or easily understandable mea culpa admissions dominate the discussion (“yes, we were wrong about the children”). Under the maxim „don‘t look back!“, the political responsibility for the deficits that have arisen for certain population groups and economic sectors is to be put into perspective or made completely irrelevant. The thesis paper authors group is therefore once again presenting a compilation of the professional foundations of effective and scientifically proven epidemic management, in order to achieve a form of substantive processing that helps to avoid repeating the mistakes in future crises caused by infectious agents.

CLOTHING OF A DECEASED IN THE CONTEXT OF FUNERAL AND COMMEMORATIVE CUS-TOMS AND RITUALS OF THE CHUVASH

Funeral and commemorative ritualism as a set of magical and religious rituals related to the burial of a deceased, is a rich historical and ethnographic source. These rituals are rooted in the thickness of centuries and reflect the most ancient beliefs and ideas. Despite mass Christianization, funeral and commemorative customs and rituals of the Chuvash people preserved many elements of the pre-Christian (pagan) funeral cult. Household items, including clothing and individual items play an important role in the organization of substantive processing of funeral customs and rites. Being included in the ritual action, they brought in additional information about the essence of the performed actions, enhanced their sensory perception and acted as expressive markers and symbols. In this context, magical perceptions and actions with the clothing of a deceased are of particular interest. Almost at every stage of the funeral rites, the Chuvash performed a number of purposeful actions with the clothes of a deceased that were aimed to accompany step-through the deceased from the profane to the sacred space or to the world of ancestors. In the form of rudiments, they still exist at present time.

Employees’ emotions in change: advancing the sensemaking approach

PurposeOrganizational changes are emotionally charged processes, and scholarly research has increasingly emphasized the impact of employee emotions on successful change management. This impact has rarely been considered in light of approaches focussing on employee sensemaking. To address this critical gap, the purpose of this paper is to combine the model of enacted sensemaking with insights from the Affect Infusion Model.Design/methodology/approachTo test the model, the authors surveyed 261 employees with a vignette study and performed structural equation modeling on the results.FindingsThe findings reveal that emotions significantly affect employees’ level of psychological resources, particularly change commitment, efficacy, and expectations. Furthermore, change commitment and efficacy are significant predictors of resistance intention, which confirms (to an extent) the validity of enacted sensemaking, and these factors mediate the relationship between employees’ emotions and their resistance intentions.Research limitations/implicationsThis study focussed on the early stages of a change initiative. Therefore, the authors only considered employee assessment at one point in time.Practical implicationsThis model has managerial utility for explaining how employees’ resistance intention regarding change is influenced by employees’ emotions and their psychological resources.Originality/valueThe results broaden the horizons because they suggest a model of “emotionally primed” enacted sensemaking for employees during organizational change by offering a new theoretical framework (enacted sensemaking and substantive processing) and a new methodological approach (quantitative vignette study).

The influence of induced positive affect and design experience on aesthetic responses to new product designs.

This experiment found that positive affect, induced by a gift of a small bag of candy (not consumed), enhanced ratings of the visual appeal of a set of six digital cameras by male participants untrained and trained in principles of design theory, as compared to control groups who did not receive candy (N=10 per group). The number of participants' reactions to the cameras' features, the affective quality of their reactions (positive, negative, or neutral), and the time taken to evaluate each camera were obtained from participants' think aloud procedure verbalizations recorded as they examined each camera. Analyses of these cognitive process measures revealed that, consistent with the Affect Infusion Model proposed by Forgas (1995), training in design differentially influenced the cognitive processing styles responsible for positive affect's influence on the judgments; design students engaged in substantive processing whereas untrained students employed heuristic processing to arrive at their ratings. Results demonstrate that induced positive affect can influence aesthetic evaluative judgments, a heretofore neglected aspect of cognition in the literature describing the effects of induced mood on behavior.

Hot cognition in investigative judgments: The differential influence of anger and sadness.

The authors predicted that the cognitive appraisal tendencies associated with sadness and anger would exert different influences on investigators' crime-related judgments. Supporting evidence was found in an experiment with 61 experienced criminal investigators. First, when judging the reliability of a witness statement, sad participants relied on their perception of both witness and situational variables, whereas angry participants relied only on their perception of witness variables. This corresponds to the emphasis placed on situational and individual control in the appraisals associated with sadness and anger, respectively. Second, when making judgments of the case, sad participants were sensitive to the consistency of a witness statement with the central hypothesis of the investigation, indicating substantive processing, whereas angry participants were unaffected by statement-hypothesis consistency, indicating heuristic processing. The findings suggest that the process of reliability assessment can be better understood by consulting theories of attribution and information processing.

On undesirable consequences of thinking: framing effects as a function of substantive processing

AbstractThree studies investigate the impact of effortful constructive processing on framing effects. The results replicated previous findings: Participants avoided the risky option when the scenario was framed in terms of gains, but preferred this option when the scenario was framed in terms of losses. Importantly, framing effects were most pronounced when conditions allowed for an effortful constructive processing style (i.e., substantive processing). This impact of decision frames varied when decision time served as an indicator for the elaboration extent (Study 1), and also when processing motivation (accountability; Study 2) and processing ability (decision time; Study 3) were manipulated. Moreover, effortful processing did not increase framing effects when contextual cues reduced the necessity for constructive thinking (Study 1). We suggest that decision frames may take on very different roles as a function of the ambiguity of the decision problem, and the degree and style of processing. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Effects of mood and emotion on juror processing and judgments.

This study explored the influence of mood and emotion on mock-jurors' processing of testimonial inconsistencies, perceptions of witness credibility and offender culpability, and verdicts. Jurors' mood and testimonial consistency were manipulated using a simulated trial with a 2 (mood: sad/neutral) x 2 (testimonial consistency: consistent/inconsistent) between-groups design. Sad mood resulted in more accurate reporting of testimonial inconsistencies, a finding consistent with previous research indicating more substantive processing in association with sad mood. Direct relationships between veridicality and number of inconsistencies detected and mock-juror judgments were also observed. Although anger was not experimentally manipulated, the data suggest that trial circumstances which arouse anger in jurors may impair processing and also bias their judgments of witnesses and defendants. Possible directions for research on mood and emotion in the courtroom context are suggested.

Modelling the Direct and Indirect Effects of Positive Emotional and Cognitive Traits and States on Social Judgements

It was hypothesised that positive affective states and situational information-processing demands would differentially influence the favourability of social judgements of a target social group. These hypothesised direct effects on social judgements were subsequently incorporated into a broader statetrait model of the social judgement process, whereby direct and indirect effects of personality and cognitive traits, along with positive affective states and information-processing demands (i.e. cognitive state), were also hypothesised to influence social judgements. Three hundred and eight subjects reported their trait levels of introversion-extraversion and need for cognition, and were subsequently induced into an affective state (content, happy, surprise, or neutral) and a cognitive state (heuristic or substantive information processing). Results indicated that study participants who were manipulated into either a content or a happy affect state made more positive judgements about the target group than study participants who were manipulated into either a surprised or a neutral state. Moreover, when the cognitive demands of the situation were low, a cognitive trait (need for cognition) and the affective state directly influenced the social judgement. H owever, when the cognitive demands of the situation were high, only an indirect effect of affective state through a cognitive state influenced the social judgement. Discussion focused on the components of the state-trait model of the social judgement process as it applies to positive affective states.

Asking Nicely? The Effects of Mood on Responding to More or Less Polite Requests

Receiving requests presents people with complex strategic choices. How does mood influence reactions to more or less polite requests? Based on the affect infusion model (AIM), it was predicted and found that (a) reactions to requests show a significant mood-congruent bias that (b) is greater for impolite requests that recruit more substantive processing. In an unobtrusive procedure, library readers saw pictures or text eliciting positive or negative moods. Their subsequent responses to more or less polite unobtrusive requests showed that negative mood produced more critical reactions and less compliance than did positive mood, and this effect was accentuated for impolite, unconventional requests. Superior memory for impolite requests confirmed the more substantive processing of these messages. The results support the AIM and confirm that different processing strategies mediate mood effects on language use. The implications of the findings for interpersonal behavior and for contemporary theories of affect and cognition are considered.

Mood and judgment: The affect infusion model (AIM).

Evidence for the role of affective states in social judgments is reviewed, and a new integrative theory, the affect infusion model (AIM), is proposed as a comprehensive explanation of these effects. The AIM, based on a multiprocess approach to social judgments, identifies 4 alternative judgmental strategies: (a) direct access, (b) motivated, (c) heuristic, and (d) substantive processing. The model predicts that the degree of affect infusion into judgments varies along a processing continuum, such that judgments requiring heuristic or substantive processing are more likely to be infused by affect than are direct access or motivated judgments. The role of target, judge, and situational variables in recruiting high- or low-infusion judgmental strategies is considered, and empirical support for the model is reviewed. The relationship between the AIM and other affect-cognition theories is discussed, and implications for future research are outlined.

The role of emotion in social judgments: An introductory review and an Affect Infusion Model (AIM)

AbstractThis paper presents an overview of current evidence for the role of affect in social judgments, and the work represented in this Special Issue in particular A new integrative theory, the Affect Infusion Model (AIM) IS outlined as a comprehensive and parsimonious explanation of these effects. The model assumes that the degree of affect infusion into judgments varies along a processing continuum, and identifies four alternative processing strategies: (a) direct access, (b) motivated, (c) heuristic, and (d) substantive processing. Consistent with the empirical material reviewed here, the AIM predicts that judgments requiring constructive, generative processing (heuristic and substantive strategies) are more likely to be infused' by affect than are simple, reconstructive judgments (direct access and motivated processing). The role of target, judge and situational features in recruiting different processing strategies is considered, and evidence supporting the model is reviewed.