Substantive Model Research Articles

How to create a national sport strategy

Purpose: Due to its numerous positive effects on individuals and society as a whole, sport has become an important socio-economic subsystem of the national environment. To regulate, develop, and monitor the impact of sport at national, regional, and local levels, countries often develop and adopt various strategic documents, which can be found under the name of national program or strategy for sport development at the national level. Due to the importance of understanding the substantial comprehensiveness of national sports strategies (NSS) and the precision of the methodological-processual approach, the purpose of the present paper is to present a methodological and substantive view of the process of creating NSS and to develop a comprehensive concept (model) that appropriately places the substantive part in the phases of the process. Method: The methodology of writing conceptual research papers was used. This approach provides a bridge or link between different concepts and scientific disciplines. The methodological approach was the “model paper” which aims to provide a theoretical framework that predicts relationships between concepts. A model paper identifies connections between constructs and introduces new constructs. Findings: The development of the substantive model for the preparation of the NSS revealed that the comprehensive sport system at the national level can be understood within the framework of five substructures (financial, organizational, developmental, material, and program) that contribute significantly to the development and implementation of activities related to sport and physical activity. They are interconnected and interdependent and are surrounded by a so-called integrity framework that protects the sport system from the deviations of modern society. The methodological process model reveals that for the implementation of the process of NSS preparation, the most appropriate is the strategic management methodology, which enables accurate and efficient management of planning, organization, implementation, and control of the NSS. The combination of both perspectives (substantive and methodological) enables the development of a comprehensive concept (model) of NSS preparation. Conclusions: The developed concept (model) of the NSS preparation comprehensively covers the issue of the NSS preparation management and is dialectical, open, flexible, and repeatable, enabling future users to manage the NSS preparation in a substantive-holistic and process-effective manner.

Systematically missing data in distributed data networks: multiple imputation when data cannot be pooled

Systematically missing data in distributed data networks presents practical and methodological challenges. Failure to handle it appropriately can bias statistical inference. Multiple imputations can be used to address systematic missingness. However, when data from different study sites cannot be pooled into a unified file, conventional imputation approaches become unavailable due to the absence of a basis for imputation. To address such challenges, we introduce an imputation method based on conditional quantiles – conditional quantile imputation (CQI) – which involves four steps: (i) estimating 99 quantiles for the systematically missing variable in studies with observed data; (ii) deriving a weighted average of regression coefficients across studies and transmitting it to sites with systematically missing data; (iii) imputing the systematically missing values based on observed data and the set of regression coefficients from step ii; and (iv) combining estimates of the substantive outcome model across imputations using Rubin's rules. We evaluate CQI in different simulation scenarios and illustrate it with an applied data example. We conclude that CQI can be a suitable approach for the imputation of systematically missing data when data from multiple studies cannot be pooled.

PDE4B Missense Variant Increases Susceptibility to Post-traumatic Stress Disorder-Relevant Phenotypes in Mice.

Large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have associated intronic variants in PDE4B, encoding cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase-4B (PDE4B), with increased risk for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as well as schizophrenia and substance use disorders that are often comorbid with it. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms of genetic risk involving PDE4B are poorly understood. To examine the effects of PDE4B variation on phenotypes with translational relevance to psychiatric disorders, we focused on PDE4B missense variant M220T, which is present in the human genome as rare coding variant rs775201287. When expressed in HEK-293 cells, PDE4B1-M220T exhibited an attenuated response to a forskolin-elicited increase in the intracellular cAMP concentration. In behavioral tests, homozygous Pde4b M220T male mice with a C57BL/6JJcl background exhibited increased reactivity to novel environments, startle hyperreactivity, prepulse inhibition deficits, altered cued fear conditioning, and enhanced spatial memory, accompanied by an increase in cAMP signaling pathway-regulated expression of BDNF in the hippocampus. In response to a traumatic event (10 tone-shock pairings), neuronal activity was decreased in the cortex but enhanced in the amygdala and hippocampus of Pde4b M220T mice. At 24 h post-trauma, Pde4b M220T mice exhibited increased startle hyperreactivity and decreased plasma corticosterone levels, similar to phenotypes exhibited by PTSD patients. Trauma-exposed Pde4b M220T mice also exhibited a slower decay in freezing at 15 and 30 d post-trauma, demonstrating enhanced persistence of traumatic memories, similar to that exhibited by PTSD patients. These findings provide substantive mouse model evidence linking PDE4B variation to PTSD-relevant phenotypes and thus highlight how genetic variation of PDE4B may contribute to PTSD risk.

Creatinine, cystatin C, muscle mass, and mortality: Findings from a primary and replication population-based cohort.

Serum creatinine is used as initial test to derive eGFR and confirmatory testing with serum cystatin C is recommended when creatinine-based eGFR is considered less accurate due to deviant muscle mass. Low muscle mass is associated with increased risk of premature mortality. However, the associations of serum creatinine and cystatin C with muscle mass and mortality remain unclear and require further investigation to better inform clinical decision-making. We included 8437 community-dwelling adults enrolled in the Dutch PREVEND study and 5033 in the US NHANES replication cohort. Associations of serum creatinine and/or cystatin C with muscle mass surrogates and mortality were quantified with linear and Cox proportional hazards regression, respectively. Missing observations in covariates were multiply imputed using Substantive Model Compatible Fully Conditional Specification. Mean (SD) age of PREVEND and NHANES participants (50% and 48% male) were 49.8 (12.6) and 48.7 (18.7) years, respectively. Median (Q1-Q3) serum creatinine and cystatin C were 71 (61-80)and 80 (62-88) μmol/L and 0.87 (0.78-0.98) and 0.91 (0.80-1.10) mg/L, respectively. Higher serum creatinine was associated with greater muscle mass, while serum cystatin C was not associated with muscle mass. Adjusting both markers for each other strengthened the positive relationship between serum creatinine and muscle mass and revealed an inverse association between serum cystatin C and muscle mass. In the PREVEND cohort, 1636 (19%) deaths were registered over a median follow-up of 12.9 (5.8-16.3) years with a 10-year mortality rate (95% CI) of 7.6% (7.1-8.2%). In the NHANES, 1273 (25%) deaths were registered over a median follow-up of 17.9 (17.3-18.5) years with a 10-year mortality rate of 13.8% (12.8-14.7%). Both markers were associated with increased mortality. Notably, when adjusted for each other, higher serum creatinine was associated with decreased mortality, while the association between serum cystatin C and increased mortality strengthened. The shapes of the associations in the PREVEND study and NHANES were almost identical. The strong association between serum creatinine and muscle mass challenges its reliability as GFR marker, necessitating a more cautious approach in its clinical use. The minimal association between serum cystatin C and muscle mass supports its increased use as a more reliable alternative in routine clinical practice.

Языковая компрессия на уровне словообразования в английском экономическом дискурсе

The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the structure and semantics of word-formation compressions in English economic discourse. Clarifying the meaning of the term "linguistic compression" gives the author the opportunity to determine the means of expressing compression at the word-formation level in the economic sphere. The research has a scientific novelty, which consists in the fact that as a result of the first comprehensive analysis of the means of compressive word formation in English economic discourse, productive word-formation models were identified and described, as well as the originality of their structure and content was determined. As a result of the study, the predominance of models of compressive word formation formed by word composition was revealed, among which the uncomplicated N + N model, the substantive conversion model V + Prep (Adv), complex phrasal words (collapsed linguistic units) and compound words. It is noted that abbreviation in English economic discourse is a fairly effective way to implement linguistic compression due to the fact that it is characterized by the highest degree of compression. The predominant are initial three-component abbreviations with a substantial basic component, truncated syllabic type abbreviations (apocopa) and graphic abbreviations, characterized by rich semantic content in combination with a compressed form of expression.

Schrödinger's Cat-Parallel experiences: exploring the underlying mechanisms of undergraduates' engagement and perception in online learning.

The emergence of e-learning had an intense, immediate, and disruptive transformation in the education system. While education aims to seek more interactions and learning engagement between teachers and students, it turns out that it takes lots of work to achieve the goal in the online classroom. This study aims to explore the underlying mechanisms and implications that emerge from the influence of the new features of online learning, drawing on students' real-life experiences, to construct a comprehensive theoretical model. From July 2023 to October 2023, 56 undergraduates, including 18 male and 38 female, participated in the data collection process either face-to-face or online. The study constructs a substantive theoretical model by employing the approaches of The Grounded Theory, three level-coding constant comparative method, theoretical sampling, core category distillation and storyline collation. (1) The elements involved in the process of online learning exhibit underlying logical correlations, driven by profound underlying factors, ultimately resulting in a parallel experience akin to Schrödinger's Cat. (2) Online features lead to students' motivation mainly depending on whether they are self-regulated. (3) Teacher-student interactions and self-regulation shape different learning contexts and types by being moderated by internal and external effects. Students had a parallel experience similar to that of Schrödinger's Cat: they were constantly dissatisfied with "rational" learning and "perceptually" satisfied with online learning. The variation in the satisfaction of the three basic psychological needs necessities college students in online learning leads to parallel experiences.

Multiple imputation with competing risk outcomes

AbstractIn time-to-event analyses, a competing risk is an event whose occurrence precludes the occurrence of the event of interest. Settings with competing risks occur frequently in clinical research. Missing data, which is a common problem in research, occurs when the value of a variable is recorded for some, but not all, records in the dataset. Multiple Imputation (MI) is a popular method to address the presence of missing data. MI uses an imputation model to generate M (M > 1) values for each variable that is missing, resulting in the creation of M complete datasets. A popular algorithm for imputing missing data is multivariate imputation using chained equations (MICE). We used a complex simulation design with covariates and missing data patterns reflective of patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) to compare three strategies for imputing missing predictor variables when the analysis model is a cause-specific hazard when there were three different event types. We compared two MICE-based strategies that differed according to which cause-specific cumulative hazard functions were included in the imputation models (the three cause-specific cumulative hazard functions vs. only the cause-specific cumulative hazard function for the primary outcome) with the use of the substantive model compatible fully conditional specification (SMCFCS) algorithm. While no strategy had consistently superior performance compared to the other strategies, SMCFCS may be the preferred strategy. We illustrated the application of the strategies using a case study of patients hospitalized with AMI.

The role of weighting adjustment for attrition in longitudinal trajectory modeling: a simulation study

Most longitudinal surveys construct weights and release wave-specific weights to adjust for attrition. However, there is no clear consensus in the literature on whether or how to apply weights in longitudinal trajectory modeling. We present a simulation study, motivated by a real-life longitudinal study of substance use, and consider different missing data mechanisms, weight construction processes, and specifications of substantive models of interest. Based on the results of the simulation study, we provide practical recommendations for analysts of longitudinal survey data with respect to weighting approaches that should be considered in alternative scenarios.

#2370 Creatinine, cystatin C, muscle mass, and mortality: findings from a primary and replication population-based cohort

Abstract Background and Aims Creatinine measures are used as initial test to derive eGFR and confirmatory testing with circulating cystatin C is recommended when creatinine-based eGFR is considered less accurate due to deviant muscle mass. Low muscle mass is associated with increased risk of premature mortality. However, the associations of circulating creatinine and cystatin C with muscle mass and mortality remain unclear and require further investigation to better inform clinical decision-making. This study aimed to disentangle these complex relationships and better inform clinical decisions on marker reliability in varying settings by investigating whether cystatin C adjustment could clarify the associations of circulating creatinine with muscle mass and mortality. Method We conducted a prospective, observational cohort study including 8, 437 community-dwelling adults enrolled in the Dutch PREVEND study and 5, 033 in the U.S. NHANES. Associations of serum creatinine and/or cystatin C with muscle mass surrogates and mortality were quantified with linear and Cox proportional-hazards regression, respectively. Missing observations in covariates were multiply imputed using Substantive Model Compatible Fully Conditional Specification. Results Mean (SD) age of PREVEND and NHANES participants (50% and 48% male) were 49.8 (12.6) and 48.7 (18.7) years, respectively. Median (Q1-Q3) serum creatinine and cystatin C were 0.79 (0.69-0.90) and 0.90 (0.70-1.00) mg/dl and 0.87 (0.78-0.98) and 0.91 (0.80-1.10) mg/l, respectively. Higher serum creatinine was associated to greater muscle mass, while serum cystatin C was not associated with muscle mass. Adjusting both markers for each other strengthened the positive relationship between serum creatinine and muscle mass and revealed an inverse association between serum cystatin C and muscle mass. In the PREVEND cohort, 1, 636 (19%) deaths were registered over a median follow-up of 12.9 (5.8-16.3) years with a 10-year mortality rate (95% CI) of 7.6% (7.1-8.2%). In the NHANES, 1, 273 (25%) deaths were registered over a median follow-up of 17.9 (17.3-18.5) years with a 10-year mortality rate of 13.8% (12.8-14.7%). Both markers were associated with increased mortality (Fig. panels A and B). Notably, when adjusted for each other, higher serum creatinine was associated with decreased mortality (Fig. panel C), while the association between serum cystatin C and increased mortality strengthened (Fig. panel D). The shapes of the associations in the PREVEND study and NHANES were almost identical. Conclusion The strong association between serum creatinine and muscle mass challenges its reliability as GFR marker, necessitating a more cautious approach in its clinical use. The minimal association between serum cystatin C and muscle mass supports its increased use as a more reliable alternative in routine clinical practice.

A grounded theory of youth athlete concussion under-reporting decisions

BackgroundSport-related concussions leave youth vulnerable to significant health, physical, social, and educational disruptions. Many youth athletes under-report concussions, but the scope of the issue for this population is not well understood, nor are the underlying motivations for (under)reporting. It is necessary to examine the relationship between sport-related concussion knowledge and reporting and invite athletes to share their decision-making processes. The purpose of the research was to understand how athletes’ attitudes, experiences and beliefs regarding concussions influence their under-reporting decisions and behaviours. MethodsWe conducted semi-structured interviews with 17 elite athletes, aged 16–18 years, from individual and team sports. Data were analyzed using constructivist grounded theory and a substantive theoretical model of sport-related concussion under-reporting was developed. ResultsThe model demonstrates personal, social, cultural, and biophysical processes that contribute to under-reporting decisions and identifies multiple interconnected processes that contribute to ‘high-risk’ situations of under-reporting. Youth athletes navigate various barriers and facilitators to under-reporting, including their own desire to play, perceived stigma, concussion sense-making, and social influences. Results suggest that under-reporting by youth athletes implicates a collective, rather than individual, responsibility. ConclusionsA theoretical grounded model for youth sport-related concussion under-reporting highlights the complexity of the decision-making process. This study offers a new framework for understanding why youth athletes may hide concussion symptoms. The model offers potential to be used to develop concussion interventions and tools for improved decision-making, and to address issues of risk and responsibility concerning concussion reporting.

Perceptions and Experiences of Psychotherapy Among Forced Migrants With Limited English Proficiency

This qualitative study focused on the perspectives of forced migrants’ and their pursuit of mental health services, specifically as they relate to language use in therapy. Semistructured interviews were held during two face-to-face focus groups consisting of 16 adult participants identifying as forced migrants. Analysis of translated and transcribed interviews was conducted by a research team utilizing a constructivist approach to grounded theory. A substantive theoretical model on engagement in therapy emerged, with the core category of culture, which influences forced migrants’ level of trust and mistrust in psychotherapy. Multiple factors, including perceptions of therapy and English language facility, impacted forced migrants’ willingness to engage in psychotherapy. Findings supported language as a barrier to psychotherapy, even when an interpreter was utilized. Consistencies and inconsistencies of findings between the present study and existing literature were offered. Clinical, training, advocacy, and research implications of this study were explored.

Comparison of common multiple imputation approaches: An application of logistic regression with an interaction

Background Multiple imputation is often used to reduce bias and gain efficiency when there is missing data. The most appropriate imputation method depends on the model the analyst is interested in fitting. We consolidate and compare the performance and ease of use for several commonly implemented imputation approaches. Methods Using 1000 simulations, each with 10,000 observations, under six data-generating mechanisms (DGM), we investigate the performance of four methods: (i) ’passive imputation’, (ii) ’just another variable’ (JAV), (iii) ’stratify-impute-append’ (SIA), and (iv) ’substantive model compatible fully conditional specification’ (SMCFCS). The application of each method is shown in an empirical example using England-based cancer registry data. Results SMCFCS and SIA showed the least biased estimate of the coefficients for the fully, and partially, observed variable and the interaction term. SMCFCS and SIA showed good coverage and low relative error for all DGMs. SMCFCS had a large bias when there was a low prevalence of the fully observed variable in the interaction. SIA performed poorly when the fully observed variable in the interaction had a continuous underlying form. Conclusion SMCFCS and SIA give consistent estimation and either can be used in most analyses. SMCFCS performed better than SIA when the fully observed variable in the interaction had an underlying continuous form. Researchers should be cautious when using SMCFCS when there is a low prevalence of the fully observed variable in the interaction.

Deconstructing Attributes of Constitutional Legitimacy: A Case Study of Indian Constitution

This study aims to critically investigate the common perception of constitutional adherence and trace it to the Constitution's legitimacy. However, the existing literature on the subject highlight lacunae in the predominant approaches to legitimacy. Concretizing a theoretical framework to address such lacunas, the authors claim that constitutional legitimacy is a dimensional non-constant and cannot be restricted to one principle or theory. The study adopts a doctrinal research methodology. The study results show that constitutional legitimacy should be understood holistically and not just through the instrumentalities of the 'We the People' paradigm of the Indian Constitution. The representative legitimacy or the idea of 'We the people' is an aspirational ideal; hence, dynamic and aspiration may become a reality as more and more citizens get socialized into the institutions created by constitutional democracy. In this context, the study argues that the legitimacy of the Indian Constitution cannot be put strictly within the brackets of representational legitimacy because it may safely claim legitimacy under reason-based, substantive, negligible, and motivated-consent models.

The resonance approach for non-alienated relationships: beyond slowness in higher education

ABSTRACT Critical studies in higher education often embrace the ideas of the slowness movement to address time pressure. However, this desirable horizon presents some limitations. On the one hand, by emphasizing solutions at the individual level, boosting slowness may promote tactics incapable of producing changes to the underlying structural dynamics of time pressure. On the other hand, approaches based on slowness may also inadvertently foster a form of ethical paternalism within the context of ethical pluralism by prescribing substantive models of practice ultimately based on ‘do this quickly or do it slowly.’ This theoretical research moves away from the temporal paradigm to that of the way of relating. Building upon the ethical concept of resonance, the approach focuses on a formal critique of the current socioeconomic and ethical dynamics of social acceleration, growth, and innovation that can contribute to projecting non-alienated relationships in higher education.

A cross-cultural look at the role of rumination in the relationship between trait anxiety and romantic breakup distress

Romantic breakups are considered ”normative” events because of their high prevalence, but they can also be stressful, and even traumatic experiences. Although there is an increasing interest in studying romantic breakups, there are few studies proposing mechanisms that turn a romantic breakup into a health problem. Based upon existing literature, we chose rumination as a mediator between trait anxiety and breakup distress. In addition, given that culture plays a significant role in both grief response and the process of rumination, we expected rumination plays a differential role in mediating the relationship between trait anxiety and breakup distress across Argentinian and North American samples, although we did not specify a moderation hypothesis due to absence of previous antecedents in the literature. To set a firm measurement foundation, we initially evaluated measurement invariance prior to testing substantive models. 415 Argentinians (78% female) and 383 USA (66% female) students who experienced a romantic breakup were recruited. Several measurement adjustments were needed to support metric invariance for the items. The indirect effect involving brooding rumination between the trait anxiety and breakup distress was significant in both countries, and not significantly different between the countries. Rumination thinking was shown as a full cross-cultural mediator of the relationship between trait anxiety and breakup distress in both countries. Our results could point at a starting point to think of rumination as a cross-culturally invariant mechanism explaining why insecure individuals (i.e., high trait anxiety) tend to suffer more during a breakup compared to less anxious individuals.

Risk-taking in consumers’ online purchases of health supplements and natural products: a grounded theory approach

BackgroundHealth supplements and natural products are widely used by the general public to support physical function and prevent disease. Additionally, with the advent of e-commerce, these products have become easily accessible to the general public. Although several theoretical models have been used to explain the use of health supplements and natural products, empirical evidence on how consumers make decisions to purchase online health supplements and natural products remains limited.MethodsIn this study, a grounded theory approach was used to develop a substantive theoretical model with the aim of investigating the decision-making process of consumers when purchasing health supplements and natural products online. Malaysian adult consumers who had purchased these products via the Internet were either purposively or theoretically sampled. A total of 18 virtual in-depth interviews (IDIs) were conducted to elicit participants’ experiences and priorities in relation to this activity. All the IDIs were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data were analysed using open coding, focus coding and theoretical coding. The analytical interpretations and theoretical concepts were recorded in research memos.ResultsConsumers’ decisions to purchase a health supplement or natural product over the Internet are based on a series of assessments regarding the perceived benefits and risks of this activity, which may be related to the product or the process. In the online marketplace, consumers attempt to choose products, online sellers, sales platforms and/or purchase mechanisms with lower perceived risk, which ultimately enhances their confidence in five elements related to the purchase: (1) product effectiveness, (2) product safety, (3) purchase convenience, (4) fair purchase and (5) online security. Consumers take an acceptable level of risk to purchase these products online, and this acceptable level is unique to each individual and is based on their perception of having control over the potential consequences if the worst-case scenario occurs.ConclusionsIn this study, a substantive theoretical model is developed to demonstrate how consumers decide to purchase online health supplements and natural products by accepting an acceptable level of risk associated with the product or process. The emerging model is potentially transferable to other populations in similar contexts.

Health Resilience in Arabic-speaking Adult Refugees With Type 2 Diabetes: A Grounded Theory Study During the COVID-19 Pandemic

ObjectivesThis qualitative study aimed to describe the lived experiences of Arabic-speaking refugees in managing their type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) while resettling during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to generate a grounded theory of how resilience is used to facilitate living well while facing multiple health stressors. MethodsA grounded theory approach was used to conceptualize the dynamic process of resilience in living well with diabetes. Five recently resettled adult refugees with T2DM (2 women and 3 men) participated in unstructured individual interviews in Arabic in New Brunswick, Canada, during the pandemic’s second wave (October 2020 to March 2021). Interview data were transcribed and analyzed thematically using open, axial, and core category coding followed by member checking. ResultsParticipants identified self-reliance as the core driver for decision-making, actions, and interpretations in health management while experiencing unplanned instability. The process was found to be facilitated by 4 distinct constructs: knowledge seeking, positive outlook, self-care, and creativity. ConclusionsThe substantive model derived from this study supports a strengths-based approach to clinical assessment and care of refugees with T2DM, notably during disrupted access to primary and preventive services due to forced resettlement and pandemic mitigation measures. More research is needed to increase understanding of how self-reliance can be optimized in resilience-promoting interventions to facilitate diabetes management among populations in posttraumatic circumstances.

TWO-COMPONENT TERMS-PHRASES IN THE UKRAINIAN TERMINOLOGY OF SUGAR PRODUCTION

The article is devoted to the linguistic description of the modern Ukrainian terminology of sugar production in the aspect of term formation. Terms and phrases of sugar production are analyzed according to such a criterion as the number of components. Models of two-component terms-phrases are considered. Based on the results of a sample of two-component terms-phrases, it was found that in the texts on sugar production, these terms constitute the most numerous group and are the most productive. This structural type is represented by the following models: "adjective + noun in the nominative case" (Adj + N n. c.); " participle + noun in the nominative case" (Part + N n. c.); "noun in the nominative case + noun in the genitive case" (N n. c. + N g. c.); "numeral + noun in the nominative case" (Num + N n. c.); "noun in the nominative case + preposition in + noun in the local case" (N n. c. + in + N l.c.); "noun in the nominative case + preposition with + noun in the genitive case" (N n. c. + with + N g. c.); "noun in the nominative case + preposition with + noun in the instrumental case" (N n. c. + with + N i. c.); "noun in the nominative case + preposition from + noun in the genitive case" (N n. c. + from + N g. c.); "noun in the nominative case + preposition in + noun in the accusative case" (N n. c. + in + N a.c.); "noun in the nominative case + adjective" (N n. c. + Adj); "noun in the nominative case + numeral" (N n. c. + Num); "noun in the nominative case + preposition on + noun in the local case" (N n. c. + on + N l. c.); "noun in the nominative case + noun in the dative case" (N n. c. + N d. c.); "a noun in the nominative case + a noun in the instrumental case" (N n. c. + N i. c.). The most productively used is attributive model «adjective + noun in the nominative case" (Adj + N n. c.), which is formed on the basis of the genus-species relationship, i.e., a definition is added to the term, which is a generic concept, representing types of the concept and specifies the generic. The terms of this model serve as expressions of lexical paradigmatic relations in the term system, in particular antonyms. Substantive two-component models "noun in the nominative case + noun in the genitive case" (N + N g. c.), "participle + noun in the nominative case" are also productive. A small number of terms are presented by models of prepositional and prepositional structures. Two-component syntactic constructions can be replaced by single words, most often composites, as a result of linguistic economy. So, among the analyzed two-component structural models, the models "adjective + noun in the nominative case" and "noun in the nominative case + noun in the genitive case" and "participle + noun in the nominative case" dominate. Other structural models are less productive.

International comovement of [formula omitted]: A case study of the G7 countries

The natural rate of interest, r∗, is an important input to determine the appropriate monetary policy stance. Commonly, the measurement is estimated on a single-country basis, which ignores the international factors that may affect r∗. However, expanding to a multiple-country model adds substantive model complexity. In this paper, I exploit a Bayesian method to build a multi-country state space model, which is an extension of Holston et al. (2017), to jointly estimate r∗ for the G7 countries. Furthermore, in the process of estimating the model, I decompose the country level r∗ into common, regional, and idiosyncratic components and identify the dynamics of each component. I find that across the G7 countries r∗ has been declining since the 1990s and is driven by the common component. I also find the contribution of the idiosyncratic components to r∗ is minor. These results suggest a synchronization of the natural rate of interest across countries since the 1990s, supporting the idea posited in Del Negro et al. (2019) that the low natural rate is due to a rise in the demand for safe and liquid assets.

Circular Causation

Circular causation epistemic outlook and model to address the interactively integrated and ever-learning sustainability perspectives in every issue and problem of socio-scientific extensiveness is a novel abstracto-empirical field in contrast to economic and econometric theory in all these aspects. The ensuing episteme and the substantive model of circular causation are introduced. The episteme of unity of knowledge is shown to be the centerpiece of all socio-scientific problems and outlook that methodologically unify by complementarities the otherwise differentiated areas of investigation in the exogenous approach to ethics in economic and econometric theory. Yet this is an introductory paper. The theme of circular causation being distinct from economic and econometric theory is of a vastly methodological nature.