Substantive Meaning Research Articles

An Introduction to the Study of Impasse Handling Strategies in Business Negotiations

In the protracted business negotiations will often encounter such a situation, the negotiations into a substantive meaning of the consultation stage, the negotiating parties due to the temporary irreconcilable contradictions and the formation of the confrontation seems to have reached the point where the two sides can no longer concessions, and each other to form a serious disagreement and confrontation, the negotiations can not be carried out, the negotiation of such a situation that is referred to as the negotiation of impasse, resulting in situations such as mutual suspicion, differences of opinion, heated arguments, which is more common in the fight for the interests of the competition. This kind of negotiation is called "negotiation impasse", resulting in such situations as mutual suspicion, differences of opinion, heated arguments, which is more common in the fight for the interests of the competition. However, if these issues are not handled properly, the negotiating parties are unable to shorten the distance between them, which will directly hinder the negotiation work. This article mainly focuses on the reasons for the formation of deadlock, the principle of avoiding deadlock, and the methods and techniques of resolving deadlock.

The Correlation of the Concept of «Traditional Spiritual and Moral Values» and the Foundations of the Constitutional System of the Russian Federation as a Semantic Issue of Russian Statehood for Public Discourse

The paper presents the author’s viewpoint and assessment of existing attempts in public discourse to reflect on the current situation of society and the state through the choice of an ideological paradigm, interpretations of the relationship between the concept of «traditional spiritual and moral values» and the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation. The author presents semantic, substantive meaning of this question and a scientifically based answer thereto, including for the discipline «Fundamentals of Russian statehood» that was introduced into the universities curricula. It is concluded that «traditional spiritual and moral values» is essentially a framework. Not being a rigid, once and for all established construct, it experiences a modification of its content, expression, semantic accents as society develops and strives for a meaningful basis, which is the universal, supra-constitutional values of human society, which have found consolidation in the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation. Therefore, at the present stage there are no grounds for contrasting these categories. The author substantiates the viewpoint according to which it is logical to correlate the concepts under consideration based on the idea of constitutional patriotism. Awareness of the potential of the idea of constitutional patriotism as a civic value, its social and personal internalization and transfer to the category of an integral component of the identity of a citizen of the Russian Federation is named as the desired result of social development.

Burnout Phenomenon on Principals: Impact on Behavior and its Mitigation Strategies

Objective: This research was conducted to gain further understanding of the real experiences (life experiences) of private school principals in order to reveal the substantive meaning of the entire process of their experience of the burnout phenomenon through personal interactions with the principals who were the research subjects which were then articulated through a burnout model that explains more about the processes and factors that play a role in the dynamics of the burnout phenomenon that apply specifically to the subject of school principals. Theoretical Framework: Qualitative research conducted using the phenomenological approach. Research validity was obtained through triangulation of data sources and cross perspectives. Research reliability was obtained through data saturation and in-depth-understanding of the subject from the selected informants. Method: 12 school principals that have worked for around 5-17 years are selected through criteria matching for interviews. This research uses narrative analysis of stories obtained from in-depth interviews with research informants. Result and conclusion: This research has presented evidence that although the role of a leader is very important to motivate and improve the performance of the people being led, in fact the same thing also applies vice versa, the more the people being led or managed can be cooperative with the leader, the more positive the performance of a leader, especially for private school principals in Indonesia. On the other hand, educational foundations as the authority to supervise school principals also have a role in creating a conducive situation for school principals to carry out their duties as well as possible. Research Implications: This research point out several potential steps that need to be taken by educational foundations or organizations that manage an educational institution. This is to ensure that anyone who serves as a school principal can play their role appropriately, efficiently, and produce added value to the organization in the long term. Originality/Value: The findings of this research reinforce theories regarding the burnout phenomenon that have existed so far, by enriching and clarifying the understanding of the meaning of the phenomenon by which the burnout phenomenon occurs at the leadership level in education industry nowadays.

Effects of summer schools: Who benefits the most?

This study investigates whether publicly funded summer school programs in secondary education are of substantive meaning for the math performance of students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. More specifically, we explore whether this is the case when the summer programs are not explicitly aimed at low-SES students. In this context, we investigate whether summer schools in the Netherlands can decrease inequalities of opportunities in education. We use administrative data from Dutch secondary schools. To analyse the effect of the intervention we apply a Difference-in-Difference analysis in combination with matching estimation techniques. The results indicate that there is an overall modest effect of participation in a summer school. When analysing the SES groups separately, we observe a positive effect of participation for all three SES groups. However, the effect seems less strong for participants in the lowest and middle SES group compared to the highest SES group.

Environmental information provision in the mechanism of environmental and information policy of Ukraine

The article analyzes the concepts of information society, environmental information provision, information policy, environmental policy, establishes the importance of environmental information provision in implementing environmental and information safety measures, determines the place and role of environmental information provision in the mechanism of environmental and information policy of Ukraine.
 The development of a high-quality information society is impossible without appropriate legal regulators and should not happen by itself, without state support. At the same time, the formation of a conscious information society is the key to the functioning of a democratic state and its institutions. Also, the developed institute of environmental information provision is the basis of not only environmental, but also informational, and therefore national security.
 In the conditions of growing environmental problems and challenges, which have significantly worsened as a result of the war, it is important to understand the value for citizens of the right to environmental information, its role in guaranteeing environmental safety in the country and the potential of its provision for the further development of the state in any spheres.
 Environmental information provision is a category that can be used not only in environmental, but also in informational and other legal relations. Moreover, the peculiarities of its legal regime are determined by the norms of constitutional, international, informational, administrative, civil law and are regulated in detail by environmental legislation.
 However, despite the fact that the regulation of environmental and informational relations is carried out by the norms of various branches of law and is one of the basic foundations of both environmental and informational policy of Ukraine, it is necessary to distinguish their essence and substantive meaning in the context of certain measures.
 The article concludes that within the framework of environmental policy, environmental information provision is an element of the legal mechanism (tool) for the implementation of this policy. Whereas within the framework of information policy, it is a type of information, access to which is guaranteed by the state, that is, rather, the object to which such a policy is directed.

초등교사의 다문화 인식 및 수용 태도의 실체적 의미에 관한 질적연구

This study explored the substantive meaning of elementary school teachers’ multicultural awareness and acceptance attitudes. To this end, this study began two researchers’ self-report statements. Then, research questions were formulated and multicultural awareness was divided into uncanny, prejudice, discrimination, and hatred. In addition, the researcher conducted in-depth interviews with eight elementary school teachers to collect and analyze relevant data. As a result of the study, it was found that elementary school teachers teach multicultural students and that their self-perception changes as teachers. In this process, elementary school teachers build relationships with multicultural students by going through the pre-meeting stage, the meeting stage, and the post-meeting stage. From this, the elementary teachers reflected on their existing selves. They understand that their self changed from an initial integrated perception to a separate perception, and they experienced the strengthening of their Persona as a teacher. The findings of the study reveal the empirical implications of what elementary teachers experience in multicultural awareness and acceptance and how they are guided in this process. Based on the results of the study, the researcher discussed the need for educational practice and training for pre-service teachers and teachers who have entered the teaching profession to experience multicultural awareness and separation of self, and discussed the direction of teacher education to separate the personal and professional self for the professionalism of the teaching profession and the need to solidify the area of teacher-centered pedagogy.

A Study on the Punishment Day Calculation Method and Related Issues in the “Punishment Day” Section of the Mawangdui Manuscript Yinyang wuxing A

Abstract First, through an analysis of the binary categorization of the heavenly stems and the earthly branches in calculations and arts (shushu 數術) literature in transmitted and excavated texts, this paper argues that the two characters meng 䖟（孟） and zhong 中（仲） next to the branches in the Punishment Day diagram do not connote substantive meaning, but constitute a set of binary categories in the same vein as the binarisms yin/yang, hard/soft, man/woman, female/male, heaven/earth, punishment/virtue, and so on. Next, this paper points out a mistake made in the previous calculation of punishment days in the Changsha Mawangdui Han mu jianbo jicheng before putting forward a new calculation method. Based on the new method, we find that the two columns of stem-branch binomes inscribed on the manuscript should be construed such that the stem-branch binomes in one column represent the punishment days resulting from the movements of a stem and a branch starting from contiguous branch positions, and those in the other column represent the punishment days resulting from the movements of a stem and a branch starting from branch positions six branches apart. The reason for the emphasis on the punishment days resulting from these two cases lies in the fact that the branches of these punishment days are the grave branches (muchen 墓辰) in the Three Unions Scheme of the Five Agents. The meaning of the grave branches as vanishing and decaying resonates with the activities of military display, battling, attacking, killing, imprisonment, and demolishing constructions that may be undertaken on punishment days. Therefore, particular attention is paid to the punishment days identified by the four grave branches. In the end, this paper argues against the view that correlates Punishment Day with Meeting Day. This paper maintains that despite their similarity on the surface, they are in fact two different types of calendar spirits and should not be confused.

Rights of Nature? Shifting Patterns in Environmental Constitutionalism1

Abstract The article outlines improvements in environment and climate protection in constitutional law and practice all over the world, examining constitutional texts, case law and constitution-like legislation. A legal standing of individuals to defend the environment is increasingly added to programmatic provisions addressed to public authorities. In some cases Nature is granted legal personality. The latter innovation connects well to traditions established in the global South, where it was introduced first, but not so to legal systems of the Occident, where it was recently introduced for the first time. In strictly legal terms the effects of this innovation can also be achieved by classical legal instruments, while its metaphoric dimension promises a change in people’s attitudes towards nature. A second innovation concerns the shift from an anthropocentric to a bio-cultural or ecocentric approach. This would render constitutional law on the environment fully effective and convey a substantive meaning to a personalised concept of Nature. Such a development is, however, uncertain. The rights of Nature risk remaining trapped in anthropocentric categories of subject and object of law when transposed to Occidental legal thinking and practice. To avoid such inadvertent contradictions, the article pleads for reconciling both approaches by seeking more equilibrium in the Human-Nature relationship.

Separation of Traits and Extreme Response Style in IRTree Models: The Role of Mimicry Effects for the Meaningful Interpretation of Estimates.

Item response tree (IRTree) models are a flexible framework to control self-reported trait measurements for response styles. To this end, IRTree models decompose the responses to rating items into sub-decisions, which are assumed to be made on the basis of either the trait being measured or a response style, whereby the effects of such person parameters can be separated from each other. Here we investigate conditions under which the substantive meanings of estimated extreme response style parameters are potentially invalid and do not correspond to the meanings attributed to them, that is, content-unrelated category preferences. Rather, the response style factor may mimic the trait and capture part of the trait-induced variance in item responding, thus impairing the meaningful separation of the person parameters. Such a mimicry effect is manifested in a biased estimation of the covariance of response style and trait, as well as in an overestimation of the response style variance. Both can lead to severely misleading conclusions drawn from IRTree analyses. A series of simulation studies reveals that mimicry effects depend on the distribution of observed responses and that the estimation biases are stronger the more asymmetrically the responses are distributed across the rating scale. It is further demonstrated that extending the commonly used IRTree model with unidimensional sub-decisions by multidimensional parameterizations counteracts mimicry effects and facilitates the meaningful separation of parameters. An empirical example of the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) background questionnaire illustrates the threat of mimicry effects in real data. The implications of applying IRTree models for empirical research questions are discussed.

Typology of Substantives Motivating Denominal Verbs

The article addresses substantives, from which denominal verbs are derived. The research focuses on derivational patterns of denominal verbs. The phenomenon under analysis has been approached in a variety of comparative, contrastive, and typological studies. While most of the works deal with denominal
 verbs structure and semantics, the dependence of the verbs meaning on their motivating substantives’ semantics remains understudied, which makes the present research relevant.
 The research objective is to identify correlations between the denominal verb meaning and its motivating substantive, and to infer the verb meaning on the basis of the motivating substantive semantics.
 The analysis of a number of substanive lexical features such as concrete / abstract / animate / inanimate, nomination by profession, instrument, time interval, etc., enables to suggest the nature of denominal verb and the motivating substantive meaning dependence.
 The conclusion can be made that the meaning of denominal verbs is likely to depend on the semantics of the motivating substantives. The probabilistic nature of this dependence is due to both extralinguistic factors, which influence the choice of a
 nomination feature (i.e. an action associated with a motivating substantive), and linguistic causes, among which are a set of word-formation patterns, their productivity, availability of potential derivatives’ synonyms and homonyms.

Mathematical Modeling Using Multiple and Fully-Connected Linear Regressions

This article is devoted to the synthesis of traditional multiple linear regression models with fully connected linear regression models. It has been noted that these models, in a certain sense, complement each other — the disadvantages of multiple regression are compensated by the fully connected one, and the disadvantages of the fully connected one are compensated by the multiple one. Multiple regression estimates with partial multicollinearity of factors are unstable, and with complete multicollinearity they do not exist at all. There are no obstacles to the use of fully connected regression in such conditions, and its estimates, on the contrary, do not exist in the complete absence of linear dependence between factors. The estimated fully connected regression is an equation of a line in space, as opposed to a multiple regression, which is a hyperplane in space, so you can find estimates of a fully connected regression with only two observations at your disposal. An algorithm for estimating fully connected regressions using the maximum likelihood method is considered. Based on a sample size of 21, a multiple and fully connected linear regression of passenger rail traffic in the Irkutsk region was constructed, containing 23 input variables. During the construction process, it was possible to cope with multicollinearity and ensure protection of all input variables in the model. The constructed multiple and fully connected regression is adequate and fully satisfies the substantive meaning of the problem being solved, therefore its interpretation is given. Based on the results of the study, we can conclude that a combination of multiple and fully connected regressions can be very effective in solving data analysis problems.

The Pathways to the war in Europe | Os caminhos da guerra na Europa

War broke out in Europe when Europeans were convinced of their lasting peace, based more on ideas than reality. Pacifism, the dream of Europeans in the 60s and 70s, was replaced by the violence of conflict. Analysts, historians, militaries, sociologists and other commentators on war have found it difficult to deal with the novelty of a nationalist war of defense in a global world. The global turn in political theory has been put to the test. In its analytical capacity, in the normative projection of the desired world in the face of the strategic and political reality of resources, multilateralism and the emergence of new global actors. The Wider West or the Global South are examples of emerging concepts whose substantive meaning has yet to be clarified. This issue of Political Observer aims to contribute to the debate, and provide a historical record of the emergence of the present of the war, sometimes contextualizing the past in order to clarify some of the vectors of the analyses that will follow in a future perceived as uncertain, for which this opening paper provides a first viewpoint sustained by some further readings mentioned at the end, which are essential to understanding the conflict.

WHAT WE TALK ABOUT WHEN WE TALK ABOUT FASCISM

ABSTRACTBruce Kuklick's Fascism Comes to America: A Century of Obsession in Politics and Culture offers a compact, accessible, and broad‐reaching survey of “the linguistic career of fascism” in the United States. The book charts the widespread use of the term “fascism” across US political, cultural, and intellectual discourse from the early 1920s up through the present, arguing that rampant, uncritical overuse, outright abuse, and other hyperbolic deployments of the term have purged “fascism” of its analytic value and effectively negated its meaningful critical capacities. Moreover, Kuklick contends that this US “addiction to fascism” as a way to malign ideological and political enemies and express anxieties about the fragility of US democracy impedes accurate assessment of legitimate problems with the country's political system and traditions. This review essay offers a critical assessment of Kuklick's approach, interrogating what his narrow analytic focus on rhetoric and ideas misses and what nuance gets lost in declaring “fascism” a “political swear word” and little else. This thoroughly researched accounting of fascist invectives succeeds in showing that the term has consistently lacked reliable and substantive meaning, but as a survey, the book falters in collapsing its contexts, treating each and every usage of the term as equal and equally meaningless. Engaging with new scholarship on fascism, antifascism, and the modern US Right, as well as with Black radical political thought on fascism since the 1930s, this review essay challenges Kuklick's conclusion that the term “fascism” should be purged from public and intellectual discourse. In turn, it proposes a set of approaches for how we might continue our engagement with greater precision and analytic care.

Модели косвенного дополнения в языке древнетюркских рунических памятников

The aim of our research is to identify the indirect object models that can be attributed to the original Turkic language features, using the language of the oldest written monuments that have survived to the present day as the material for analysis. We attempted to classify the discovered syntactic models, using the type of relationship between the components of the construction as the main criterion and their classifying grammatical meaning as a more specific criterion. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that during the study, we determined that the indirect object construction in the language of the Old Turkic runic script is expressed through various means: case forms of substantive parts of speech and verbal-nominal forms; through postpositions within word combinations; pronouns with substantive meaning; nominal phrases – izafet; substantive-adjective forms. As a result of the research, indirect object constructions have been identified and examples of their usage in the language of the Old Turkic runic script have been provided.

Legal certainty in automated decision-making in welfare services

Within the context of digital automation and profiling in the public sector, the rule of law and its inherent principle of legal certainty are highly debated concepts in relation to the desirable values and norms of equal treatment, transparency, and impartiality. However, scholars and policymakers disagree over whether automated decision-making (ADM) is beneficial for legal certainty. This debate highlights the ambiguity embedded in the substantive meaning of legal certainty. This article aims to analyze how the principle of legal certainty is interpreted and defined during the practical application of ADM in welfare services and to discuss the theoretical prerequisites for these definitions to be realized in ADM processes. The empirical case is the Swedish Public Employment Service, which makes extensive use of a statistical ADM tool for decision-making about whether or not to provide support to jobseekers. While the implementation of ADM by welfare institutions has been encouraged due to the assumption that it strengthens public and democratic principles, the study shows that, in practice, ADM processes are perceived as non-transparent and generate a relatively large proportion of incorrect decisions. This may be specifically disadvantageous for vulnerable individuals, who run the risk of being incorrectly denied the right kind of support while at the same time having a greater need for welfare support. The widespread future use of ADM in welfare services may affect how welfare rights and obligations and public principles are met in a new technological era.

What Constitutes Well-being? Five Views Among Adult People from the Netherlands on what is Important for a Good Life

Well-being has gained interest as object of study in the social sciences and as an outcome measure for policy evaluation. However, little agreement exists with respect to the substantive meaning of well-being, the dimensions of well-being that should be considered in a multi-dimensional approach, and the variety of well-being conceptions people have for their own lives. This study explored conceptions of “a good life for you” among 1,477 adult people from the Netherlands by means of Q-methodology, based on a theoretical framework synthesizing the main theories of well-being. We find five distinct views on what people consider to be a good life for themselves: “Health and feeling well”, “Hearth and home”, “Freedom and autonomy”, “Social relations and purpose” and “Individualism and independence”. While there is strong agreement with respect to the importance of feeling both physically and mentally well, the views diverge considerably regarding aspects such as social relations, autonomy, spirituality, and material welfare. Associations between viewpoints and respondent characteristics had face validity. The findings of this study have significant implications for the development of measures of well-being and policies aimed to improve population well-being. Further research is required into the prevalence of these views on well-being in the population, their relation to respondent characteristics and into differences in views over time and between countries with different socio-economic, political and cultural environments.

The concept and nature of the occurrence of doctrinal legal errors

The concept and nature of the occurrence of doctrinal legal errors

Studying item-effect variables and their correlation patterns with multi-construct multi-state models.

Method effects on the item level can be modeled as latent difference variables in longitudinal data. These item-effect variables represent interindividual differences associated with responses to a specific item when assessing a common construct with multi-item scales. In latent variable analyses, their inclusion substantially improves model fits in comparison to classical unidimensional measurement models. More importantly, covariations between different item-effect variables and with other constructs can provide valuable insights, for example, into the structure of the studied instrument or the response process. Therefore, we introduce a multi-construct multi-state model with item-effect variables for systematic investigations of these correlation patterns within and between constructs. The implementation of this model is demonstrated using a sample of N = 2,529 Dutch respondents that provided measures of life satisfaction and positive affect at five measurement occasions. Our results confirm non-negligible item effects in two ostensibly unidimensional scales, indicating the importance of modeling interindividual differences on the item level. The correlation pattern between constructs indicated rather specific effects for individual items and no common causes, but the correlations within a construct align with the item content and support a substantive meaning. These analyses exemplify how multi-construct multi-state models allow the systematic examination of item effects to improve substantive and psychometric research.

TRANSLATION INCONSISTENCIES OF EDUCATIONAL TERMS

The article by means of extended literature review draws attention to the most common translation inconsistencies that arise in the rendering of word combinations with the concepts education and learning from English into Latvian and vice versa. The novelty and topicality of the article is related to the need to highlight the transformation of the understanding of concepts in connection with the modernization and changes in the field of education. The study was implemented as an interdisciplinary research analysing Latvia’s education policy documents, dissertations, monographs, encyclopaedias, dictionaries and glossaries using induction, deduction and comparison methods. The research findings allow to emphasize the following major translation inconsistencies: superficiality in distinguishing the substantive meaning of the concepts “education” and “learning”, incorporation of the substantive meaning of two terms into one term, direct adoption of Anglicisms into Latvian, lack of equivalents in Latvian language, use of several similar concepts to render one English term into Latvian that embarrasses the perception of the terms’ meaning.

The Research on the Happiness Brought by Chinese Short Video Software Douyin to Chinese College Students

Douyin is now a popular short video app for Chinese college students. Most Chinese college students watch Douyin for entertainment. So how Douyin brings happiness to college students is worth studying. A questionnaire was made for college students to fill out to help with the study. Through data analysis of the questionnaire results, the conclusions are showed that first Chinese college students are attracted by entertaining videos on Douyin, and they like livestream function of Douyin most, which also brings them happiness. Douyin had become a form of entertainment among college students during the quarantine as well. Furthermore, fragmented video information transmission mode on Douyin makes some students think the joy they get is continuous, while others think it is transient. In addition, most students agree that Douyin is a vulgar way of entertainment, mainly due to the uneven quality of the videos on this platform. Overall, this study presented that Douyin does bring happiness to Chines college students. However, this kind of video content that brings students happiness is tacky to some extent and has no substantive meaning.