Substantive Conclusions Research Articles

It's about (taking up) space: Discreteness of individuals and the strength of spatial coexistence mechanisms.

One strand of modern coexistence theory (MCT) partitions invader growth rates (IGR) to quantify how different mechanisms contribute to species coexistence, highlighting fluctuation-dependent mechanisms. A general conclusion from the classical analytic MCT theory is that coexistence mechanisms relying on temporal variation (such as the temporal storage effect) are generally less effective at promoting coexistence than mechanisms relying on spatial or spatiotemporal variation (primarily growth-density covariance). However, the analytic theory assumes continuous population density, and IGRs are calculated for infinitesimally rare invaders that have infinite time to find their preferred habitat and regrow, without ever experiencing intraspecific competition. Here we ask if the disparity between spatial and temporal mechanisms persists when individuals are, instead, discrete and occupy finite amounts of space. We present a simulation-based approach to quantifying IGRs in this situation, building on our previous approach for spatially non-varying habitats. As expected, we found that spatial mechanisms are weakened; unexpectedly, the contribution to IGR from growth-density covariance could even become negative, opposing coexistence. We also found shifts in which demographic parameters had the largest effect on the strength of spatial coexistence mechanisms. Our substantive conclusions are statements about one model, across parameter ranges that we subjectively considered realistic. Using the methods developed here, effects of individual discreteness should be explored theoretically across a broader range of conditions, and in models parameterized from empirical data on real communities.

ThP1.1 - Unilateral Nipple Discharge: Contemporary Approaches to Investigation and Management across a Multi-site Trust

Abstract Nipple discharge, in the absence of a palpable breast lump, constitutes 3-9% of referrals to breast services[i],[ii]. While the ABS released updated guidelines on nipple discharge in 2019, a standardised management protocol is yet to be established. This study aims to scrutinize the efficacy of imaging (mammogram, USS, MRI) and nipple discharge cytology in predicting malignancy outcomes in patients with unilateral nipple discharge. Aims Determine the incidence of malignancy in women presenting with unilateral nipple discharge. Assess sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of imaging modalities (mammogram, USS, MRI) and cytology. Methodology 110 patients presenting with unilateral nipple discharge between 11/2022-12/2023 were retrospectively analysed. Data encompassing patient demographics, diagnostic procedures, and outcomes were systematically collected. Results 31.6% underwent surgical intervention, revealing a malignancy rate of 5.6%. Positive predictive values for detecting malignancy were 75% for mammogram, 50% for ultrasound, and 66% for nipple discharge cytology. No patients underwent MRI or ductoscopy as part of investigations. Conclusion This study highlights variable diagnostic accuracy of imaging and cytology and the necessity for large-scale collaborative data to draw substantive conclusions. The National Unilateral Discharge Study is anticipated to provide comprehensive insights and contribute to the establishment of a national investigative framework for patients presenting with unilateral nipple discharge. [i] Vargas HI, Romero L, Chlebowski RT. Management of bloody nipple discharge. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2002; 3: 157–161. [ii] Seltzer MH. Breast complaints, biopsies, and cancer correlated with age in 10,000 consecutive new surgical referrals. Breast J 2004; 10: 111–117.

Another pit, another post-hole: Are we learning anything new from Parramatta’s ‘convict hut’ sites?

This paper explores the archaeology of one of the more recently excavated ‘convict hut’ sites, the structures associated with early convict occupation (c.1788–1818) of the colonised agricultural landscape of what is now Parramatta in New South Wales. The paper primarily examines what substantive conclusions can be drawn from what could be considered repetitious archaeological sites: one hut in a long line of huts. The work focuses on the temporal and spatial constraints of evidence from the Club Parramatta site, building on the legacy of excavations that have occurred over the last 40 years. The results are framed through a conceptual lens of assemblages of practice and make use of comparative artefact analysis of three huts. We argue that New Materialism is particularly helpful for avoiding dualistic interpretations, such as convict/free, and instead allows for more nuanced and active understandings of people in the past.

How Gap Measures Determine Results: The Case of Proportional Systems and the Gender Mobilization Gap

Abstract How scholars conceptualize and measure the gender gap in mobilization can have profound consequences for substantive conclusions. Scholars typically refer to a difference between women and men's turnout (difference-in-proportions measure) or a fraction of women voters among all voters (proportion measure). Using the case of proportional representation (PR) reform in Norway, I demonstrate that, in the context of low men's turnout, the proportion measure indicates that PR narrows the gap, while the difference-in-proportion measure indicates that it widens the gap. This is because mobilizing fewer women than men widens the difference between women and men's turnout, but may constitute a greater proportional increase in women's mobilization compared to men when only a few men (and even fewer women) vote. These findings bring together seemingly opposing arguments in the PR-gap debate and have wide implications for the study of ‘gaps’ within and beyond gender scholarship.

Allostatic Load in Childhood, Adolescence, and Young Adulthood: Are Assumptions of Measurement Invariance Warranted?

Allostatic load represents the cumulative toll of chronic mobilization of the body's stress response systems, as indexed by biomarkers. Higher levels of stress and disadvantage predict higher levels of allostatic load, which, in turn, predict poorer physical and mental health outcomes. To maximize the efficacy of prevention efforts, screening for stress- and disadvantage-associated health conditions must occur before middle age-that is, during childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood. However, this requires that models of allostatic load display properties of measurement invariance across age groups. Because most research on allostatic load has featured older adults, it is unclear if these requirements can be met. To address this question, we fit a series of exploratory and confirmatory analytic models to data on eight biomarkers using a nationally representative sample of N = 4260 children, adolescents, and young adults drawn from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey dataset. Exploratory and confirmatory models indicated that, consistent with allostatic load theory, a unidimensional model was a good fit to the data. However, this model did not display properties of measurement invariance; post-hoc analyses suggested that the biomarkers included in the final confirmatory model were most strongly intercorrelated among young adults and most weakly intercorrelated among adolescents. These results underscore the importance of testing assumptions about measurement invariance in allostatic load before drawing substantive conclusions about stress, disadvantage, and health by directly comparing levels of allostatic load across different stages of development, while underscoring the need to expand investigations of measurement invariance to samples of longitudinal data.

Прогноз мировых цен нефти на основе монетарной политики Соединённых Штатов Америки

This study explores the critical realm of forecasting oil prices within the global energy resources market. The research is particularly timely as it provides new insights into the future growth prospects of Brent crude oil prices, which are increasingly influenced by the indicators of the monetary policy set forth by the USA Federal Reserve. The primary objective of this scientific endeavor is to predict Brent crude oil prices in response to shifts in the indicators of the US Federal Reserve's monetary policy. To fulfill this objective, the study systematically tackled several key tasks. These tasks encompassed a thorough examination of the theoretical foundations underpinning oil price forecasting, the meticulous compilation of statistical data related to the target indicators, and the application of specialized economic methodologies. Mul[1]tiple linear regression equations were formulated to establish the relationship be[1]tween Brent crude oil prices and the indicators of the US Federal Reserve's monetary policy. Furthermore, the study ventured into the prediction of these Federal Reserve indicators and arrived at substantive conclusions. The research methodology employed a range of general and specialized scientific techniques, encompassing analysis, synthesis, and statistical analysis. Notably, the scientific innovation of this study lies in the construction of multiple linear regres[1]sion equations to forecast Brent crude oil prices, hinging on key indicators of the USA Federal Reserve's monetary policy, including the effective federal funds rate, the M2 monetary aggregate, the US dollar index, the core personal consumption expenditure price index, and the US unemployment rate. Additionally, this study cal[1]culated an increasing trend equation for the M2 monetary aggregate in the United States. The practical implications of this research are profound, offering valuable insights for investors looking to craft effective trading strategies within the global energy resources market.

What toleration is not

ABSTRACT Following Andrew Jason Cohen, Lucia Rafanelli construes toleration to consist in not merely limiting one’s interference with others’ behaviour, but doing so because of a principled commitment to respecting others’ independent choices. I argue that this conflates toleration with distinctly liberal ideals such as freedom of conscience or autonomy. This conflation not only impoverishes our conceptual vocabulary by using ‘toleration’ to label concepts or phenomena for which there are already perfectly good words, it also renders non-liberal conceptions or theories of toleration nonsensical by definitional fiat. This in turn risks making the historical emergence of theories and practices of toleration on purely prudential grounds – namely, reasons of state – unintelligible. Even though this does not, I think, compromise Rafanelli’s substantive normative conclusions about interference, it does raise important questions about the proper relation between contemporary political theory and the history of political thought.

A Developmentally-Informative Genome-wide Association Study of Alcohol Use Frequency.

Contemporary genome-wide association study (GWAS) methods typically do not account for variability in genetic effects throughout development. We applied genomic structural equation modeling to combine developmentally-informative phenotype data and GWAS to create polygenic scores (PGS) for alcohol use frequency that are specific to developmental stage. Longitudinal cohort studies targeted for gene-identification analyses include the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (adolescence n = 1,118, early adulthood n = 2,762, adulthood n = 5,255), the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (adolescence n = 3,089, early adulthood n = 3,993, adulthood n = 5,149), and the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC; adolescence n = 5,382, early adulthood n = 3,613). PGS validation analyses were conducted in the COGA sample using an alternate version of the discovery analysis with COGA removed. Results suggest that genetic liability for alcohol use frequency in adolescence may be distinct from genetic liability for alcohol use frequency later in developmental periods. The age-specific PGS predicts an increase of 4 drinking days per year per PGS standard deviation when modeled separately from the common factor PGS in adulthood. The current work was underpowered at all steps of the analysis plan. Though small sample sizes and low statistical power limit the substantive conclusions that can be drawn regarding these research questions, this work provides a foundation for future genetic studies of developmental variability in the genetic underpinnings of alcohol use behaviors and genetically-informed, age-matched phenotype prediction.

Beyond linear regression: Modeling COVID-19 clinical cases with wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 for the city of Athens and Ohio University campus

Wastewater-based surveillance has emerged as a detection tool for population-wide infectious diseases, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Infected individuals shed the virus, which can be detected in wastewater using molecular techniques such as reverse transcription-digital polymerase chain reaction (RT-dPCR). This study examined the association between the number of clinical cases and the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater beyond linear regression and for various normalizations of viral loads. Viral loads were measured in a total of 446 wastewater samples during the period from August 2021 to April 2022. These samples were collected from nine different locations, with 220 samples taken from four specific sites within the city of Athens and 226 samples from five sites within Ohio University. The correlation between COVID-19 cases and wastewater viral concentrations, which was estimated using the Pearson correlation coefficient, was statistically significant and ranged from 0.6 to 0.9. In addition, time-lagged cross correlation was applied to identify the lag time between clinical and wastewater data, estimated 4 to 7 days. While we also explored the effect on the correlation coefficients of various normalizations of viral loads accounting for procedural loss or amount of fecal material and of estimated lag times, these alternative specifications did not change our substantive conclusions. Additionally, several linear and non-linear regression models were applied to predict the COVID-19 cases given wastewater data as input. The non-linear approach was found to yield the highest R-squared and Pearson correlation and lowest Mean Absolute Error values between the predicted and actual number of COVID-19 cases for both aggregated OHIO Campus and city data. Our results provide support for previous studies on correlation and time lag and new evidence that non-linear models, approximated with artificial neural networks, should be implemented for WBS of contagious diseases.

“Singers of the Miracle”: Musical Boosterism and the Marketing of Patriotic Authoritarianism in Dictatorial Brazil

Abstract: Over twenty-one years in power, the Brazilian military dictatorship sought to secure a degree of popular legitimacy outside of competitive electoral politics. One of the ways it did so was by cultivating a demonstrative, uncomplicated sense of patriotism. This article examines that strategy by focusing on the trajectory of Dom and Ravel, a musical duo that became synonymous with the regime’s flag-waving boosterism before fading when they no longer served official interests. I seek to understand the group as a short-lived media sensation, drawing on newspaper and magazine coverage to situate them within the broader context of the regime’s patriotic authoritarianism. The duo’s fate allows us to draw some substantive conclusions about the dictatorship’s efforts to legitimize itself through patriotic propaganda. First, I argue that artistic output explicitly backed by the regime failed to escape association with the military government. Second, that the group’s success was ultimately short-lived because the type of patriotism the regime sought to inculcate in the population held limited lasting appeal in a nation that remained woefully unequal and politically divided throughout the period of military rule.

True and error analysis instead of test of correlated proportions: Can we save lexicographic semiorder models with error theory?

This article criticizes conclusions drawn from the standard test of correlated proportions when the dependent measure contains error. It presents a tutorial on a new method of analysis based on the true and error (TE) theory. This method allows the investigator to separate measurement of error from substantive conclusions about the effects of the independent variable, but it requires replicated measures of the dependent variable. The method is illustrated with hypothetical examples and with empirical data from tests of lexicographic semiorder (LS) models proposed as descriptive theories of risky decision making. LS models imply a property known as interactive independence. Data from two previous studies are reanalyzed to test interactive independence. The new analyses yielded clear answers: interactive independence can be rejected; therefore, LSs can be rejected as descriptive, even when the most flexible error model is allowed. The new methods of analysis can be applied to situations in which the test of correlated proportions would be applied, where it is possible to obtain repeated measures. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Integration of Historical Data for the Analysis of Multiple Assessment Studies

ABSTRACT Integrative data analyses have recently been shown to be an effective tool for researchers interested in synthesizing datasets from multiple studies in order to draw statistical or substantive conclusions. The actual process of integrating the different datasets depends on the availability of some common measures or items reflecting the same studied constructs. However, exactly how many common items are needed to effectively integrate multiple datasets has to date not been determined. This study evaluated the effect of using different numbers of common items in integrative data analysis applications. The study used simulations based on realistic data integration settings in which the number of common item sets was varied. The results provided insight concerning the optimal numbers of common items sets to safeguard estimation precision. The practical implications of these findings in view of past research in the psychometric literature concerning the necessary number of common item sets are also discussed.

Surprising implications of differences in locations versus differences in means

Social science researchers depend on differences in means between experimental and control conditions to draw substantive conclusions. However, an alternative is to use differences in locations. For normal distributions, means and locations are the same, but for skew normal distributions, means and locations are different. If a difference in means and locations are similar, and in the same direction, the resulting substantive story may be similar. However, if a difference in means and locations are dissimilar, especially if they oppose directionally, the resulting substantive story may differ dramatically. We collected 51 data sets from online data repositories to check how often the differences in means versus locations are substantially different or are in different directions. Although the values depend on what one counts, the overall conclusion is that the two types of differences have a larger than trivial chance of disagreeing substantially. We suggest that when researchers report normal statistics (mean and standard deviation), they should report skew normal statistics (location, scale, and shape) too, against the nontrivial chance that the skew normal statistics imply a substantive story in opposition to that implied by the normal statistics.

Early initiation of second-line therapy in primary immune thrombocytopenia: insights from real-world evidence

To compare patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) prescribed early (within 3 months of initial ITP treatment) second-line treatment (eltrombopag, romiplostim, rituximab, immunosuppressive agents, splenectomy) with or without concomitant first-line therapy to those who received only first-line therapy. This real-world retrospective cohort study of 8268 patients with primary ITP from a large US-based database (Optum® de-identified Electronic Health Record [EHR] dataset) combined electronic claims and EHR data. Outcomes included platelet count, bleeding events, and corticosteroid exposure 3 to 6 months after initial treatment. Baseline platelet counts were lower in patients receiving early second-line therapy (10‒28 × 109/L) versus those who did not (67 × 109/L). Counts improved and bleeding events decreased from baseline in all treatment groups 3 to 6 months after the start of therapy. Among the very few patients for whom follow-up treatment data were available (n = 94), corticosteroid use was reduced during the 3- to 6-month follow-up period in patients who received early second-line therapy versus those who did not (39% vs 87%, p < 0.001). Early second-line treatment was prescribed for more severe cases of ITP and appeared to be associated with improved platelet counts and bleeding outcomes 3 to 6 months after initial therapy. Early second-line therapy also appeared to reduce corticosteroid use after 3 months, although the small number of patients with follow-up data on treatment precludes any substantive conclusions. Further research is needed to determine whether early second-line therapy has an effect on the long-term course of ITP.

Measuring the Natural Interest Rate for the Macedonian Economy: A Multi-Model Approach

Abstract This paper identifies the natural interest rate for the Macedonian economy using quarterly data for 2001Q4-2019Q3. To this end, the estimation is made by using different types of models, such as the Holston, Laubach, and Williams model and the full-fledged country-specific structural MAKPAM model. The empirical results show that the natural rate of interest in the Macedonian economy has declined over time, which is similar to the findings for other countries. The decomposition of the natural rate suggests that the main driver for the decline is the slowdown of the Macedonian potential GDP growth in the period after the global economic crisis, although there are signs of its recovery at the end of the sample period. In addition, the results indicate that the monetary policy conditions in the Macedonian economy have been broadly accommodative from 2011Q4 onwards. The substantive conclusions are unchanged across the multiple models used in this study.

Scaling bias in pooled exponential random graph models

Researchers often use pooled exponential random graph models (ERGM) to analyze samples of networks. However, pooled ERGM—here, understood to include both meta-regression and combined estimation on a stacked adjacency matrix—may be biased if there is heterogeneity in the latent error variance (‘scaling’) of each lower-level model. This study explores the implications of scaling for pooled ERGM analysis. We illustrate that scaling can produce bias in pooled ERGM coefficients that is more severe than in single-network ERGM and we introduce two methods for reducing this bias. Simulations suggest that scaling bias can be large enough to alter conclusions about pooled ERGM coefficient size, significance, and direction, but can be substantially reduced by estimating the marginal effect within a block diagonal or random effects meta-regression framework. We illustrate each method in an empirical example using Add Health data on 15 in-school friendship networks. Results from the application illustrate that many substantive conclusions vary depending on choice of pooling method and interpretational quantity.

Дослідження впливу конструктивної надійності і безпечності транспортного засобу для здійснення перевезень та пристосованості до технічного обслуговування

Road transport is the most popular industry for providing passenger transportation services and delivering goods on time, which is achieved not only by increasing the speed and efficiency of transportation, but also by a high level of safety and reliability of vehicles. A vehicle structure is a set of interconnected components and systems designed and integrated to create a functional and efficient technical unit that meets the specific needs and objectives of the transportation process. The design features and technical condition of a vehicle directly determine its ability to withstand various loads and operating conditions. After all, the health and safety of passengers or transported cargo, as well as the efficiency of vehicle operation, are key factors that are directly characterized by its design and technical condition. A detailed analysis of the relationship between vehicle design and functionality can help improve the quality of transportation, as well as increase the service life and durability of vehicles. However, there are a number of challenges, including the difficulty of selecting studies to provide consistent, substantive conclusions on the impact of vehicle design on transportation efficiency, integration into the road environment, and maintenance adaptability. This article is devoted to a thorough analysis of the impact of the structural reliability and safety of a vehicle used for transportation in dense traffic flow and its adaptability to maintenance. The results can be of great importance to designers, manufacturers and operators of transportation systems, contributing to improved safety and efficiency in transportation and maintenance. The results obtained may open new perspectives for the development and improvement of transportation systems designed to provide modern society with reliable and safe vehicles.

Interinfluence of various types of trust in Russian society

The article is devoted to assessing the level of various types of trust in modern Russian society. The study is based on a sociological survey. As trust largely determines the ability of the socio-economic system to be resilient and adapt to shocks; so its influence can have an ambiguous effect on the state of the community, the relevance of the work is evident. The aim of the study is to analyze the level of four types of trust (interpersonal, generalized, institutional and political) in modern Russian society and to study the relationship between them. The authors analyzed the respondents&amp;apos; answers to four groups of questions corresponding to four types of trust and made conclusions about the presence or absence of a general trend in the distribution of answers. It was found that within the sample, high level of interpersonal trust demonstrated by respondents is combined with a relatively low level of generalized trust and low levels of political and institutional trust. The assumptions concerning the factors that influenced respondents’ perceptions of various types of questions and the distribution of the responses were made. Finally, the authors made substantive and technical conclusions about the results of the sociological survey. The research does not provide the grounds for the final conclusions concerning the level of various types of trust in the Russian society. However, it clearly demonstrates a significant differentiation between them as well as contradictions in the respondents’ assessment of hypothetical and real situations.

How (Not) to Use Risk Ratios in Sociological Research

A small but growing literature uses the risk ratio as an association or effect measure. Unlike odds ratios, risk ratios are unaffected by rescaling or noncollapsibility bias and are straightforward to interpret. However, the risk ratio has one unattractive property that researchers need to be aware of: it is not symmetric with respect to the outcome definition. The ratio between two groups’ probability of success does not equal the inverse of the ratio between the two groups’ probability of failure. Choosing the category of a binary outcome to use as the “success” category can significantly affect substantive conclusions, particularly in research comparing risk ratios with highly different base rates of the “success” outcome. The authors give examples from discrimination and social mobility studies that illustrate this point and present rules of thumb for the use of the risk ratio depending on the base rate of the outcome.

Risk of Intracranial Hemorrhage in US Patients with Hemophilia a: Real-World Retrospective Cohort Study Using the Athndataset

Background Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), a serious complication of hemophilia A (HA), causes high rates of mortality and morbidity (Zanon. Blood Transfus. 2019). The risk of developing ICH is 10 to 20 times higher in patients with HA (PWHA) than in individuals without (Zanon. 2019). Patient data from 1998 through 2008 identified several risk factors for ICH, including presence of an inhibitor and prior ICH (Witmer. Br J Haematol. 2010). However, standard of care and the treatment landscape have evolved (Srivastava. Haemophilia. 2020). This study leverages clinical information from the ATHNdataset to assess the incidence of ICH in non-neonate (≥2 years of age) PWHA and determine the association between ICH risk and key characteristics. Methods This retrospective cohort study used data from PWHA (male, aged >2 and <75 years) who had visit information from January 1, 2010, through September 30, 2020, as identified in the ATHNdataset. The American Thrombosis & Hemostasis Network (ATHN) is the steward of the ATHNdataset, a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant, de-identified patient health dataset containing data from individuals with bleeding disorders receiving care through ATHN affiliates who opt in to contribute. The unadjusted incidence rate (IR) and incidence rate ratio (IRR) were evaluated by inhibitor and prophylaxis status. Association between patient characteristics and risk of ICH (HR) was evaluated by time-to-event analysis using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional-hazards (CoxPH) models. Stratified bootstrap analysis and penalty-based ridge regression sensitivity analyses were done to account for the rarity of ICH and small sample bias. Results In over 10 years and 9 months of collected data, 135 of 7837 PWHA (1.7%) had an ICH, with a median follow-up time of 10.7 patient-years. The incidence of ICH by demographic, clinical, and treatment characteristics is described in Table 1. In the unadjusted analysis, stratification by inhibitor status had an IRR (IR+/IR-) of 1.76 (95% CI: 0.97-3.20; P=0.059). IRR (IR+/IR-) by prophylaxis status in the unadjusted analysis was 0.63 (95% CI: 0.43-0.94; P=0.02). Univariate CoxPH modeling and multivariate CoxPH modeling with interaction, with associated bootstrap and ridge regression analyses, identified factors associated with differential risk of developing ICH (Table 2). Characteristics associated with a greater risk of developing ICH include being between the ages of 2 and 12 years, having ever been on Medicaid, having had HIV, hepatitis C (HCV), or hypertension (HTN) comorbidities, and never having received factor VIII (FVIII) or prophylactic treatment. In the multivariate population analysis, the estimated HR for patients never receiving prophylaxis was 7.67 (95% CI: 0.81-3.27). This HR estimate shrunk to 2.03 (95% CI: 0.26-2.21) in the associated bootstrapping analysis and 3.09 in the associated highest penalty ridge regression analysis but was still found to be statistically significant. Inhibitor status was not found to be statistically associated with ICH. Results related to an interaction between prophylaxis and inhibitor status (Table 2) could not be interpreted because of the small sample size. Discussion ICH is a serious, life-threatening complication for PWHA, hence the need to identify factors associated with increased risk of ICH. This is the first study in a decade evaluating key demographic, clinical, and HA treatment characteristics for associated risk of PWHA developing ICH. These results demonstrate that risk factors for ICH include age (greatest risk in children between the ages of 2 and 12 years), having ever been on Medicaid, having had HIV, HCV, or HTN comorbidities, and never having received FVIII or prophylactic treatment. It was previously shown that prophylaxis confers a protective effect against ICH in instances of severe disease (Witmer 2010) and in children and adolescents (Andersson. Br J Haematol. 2017). Inhibitor positivity has been shown to increase risk for ICH (Witmer 2010; Zanon. Haemophilia. 2012); however, this study was unable to corroborate those findings. A larger sample size is required to draw substantive conclusions regarding the joint impact of prophylaxis and inhibitor status on risk of ICH. As the treatment landscape for HA evolves with the increased use of non-factor products and gene therapy, continued evaluation of risk factors for ICH will be needed. Figure 1View largeDownload PPTFigure 1View largeDownload PPT Close modal