Substance Abuse Research Articles

Review of Reported Adverse Events Associated With Prescription Hearing Aids in the Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) Database.

Objective To examine the adverse events reported in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (U.S. FDA's) Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database for prescription hearing aids (HA). Methods A retrospectivestudy was performed from January 2014 to September 2024 using the U.S. FDA's MAUDE database. Medical device reports (MDRs) were identified using product codes (ESD, OSM, and QDD) and keywords ("Hearing Aid, Air-Conduction, Prescription; Hearing Aid, Air-Conduction with Wireless Technology, Prescription; and Self-fitting, Air-Conduction Hearing Aid, Prescription"). Exclusion criteria included reports unrelated to the usage of the device or those providing insufficient data. The incidence of adverse events was estimated using the Hearing Industries Association's market data over the last 10 years. Results A total of 586 medical device reports (MDRs) were identified, and 504 met the inclusion criteria. There were 4 (0.8%) MDRs identifiedin 2014, 7 (1.4%) in 2015,7 (1.4%) in 2016, 11 (2.2%) in 2017, 7 (1.4%) in 2018, 27 (5.4%) in 2019, 50 (9.9%) in 2020, 24 (4.8%) in 2021, 119 (23.6%) in 2022, 174 (34.5%) in 2023, and 74 (14.7%) in 2024, up to the third quarter. Of the 504 MDRs, 829 total events were identified.The mean number of events per MDR was calculated as 1.9. Four hundred and ninety-four (59.6%) of the 829 events were related to device malfunction, with 180 (21.7%) attributed to charger-related issues and 137 (16.5%) to poor construction/device falling apart, resulting in foreign bodies in the ear for 96 (70.1%) of those 137 cases. A total of 303 (36.6%) events were related to adverse medical effects, 19 (2.3%) were related to customer service issues, and 11 (1.3%) were relatedto failure to provide hearing benefits. The incidence rate of adverse events over the last decade was calculated as 0.00114%. Conclusions There is a low reported incidence of adverse events associated with prescription hearing aids. Charger issues, possible poor constructionand device failing apart, resulting in foreign bodies in the ear, and medical complications, were commonly reported as adverse events. The data can increase providers' awareness of common complaints, enhance targeted monitoring, and advise and manage expectations.

Randomized controlled trial on the treatment of Hypoferritinemia without Anemia: Comparing oral and intravenous iron supplementation among reproductive age women in Pakistan.

Hypoferritinemia without anemia (HWA) is an under-recognized public health concern. Early identification and targeted treatment of HWA can prevent unnecessary medication use and potential drug abuse. This study aims to establish clearer guidelines for recognizing and managing HWA, improving patient's outcome. The study objectives will be to compare the treatment efficacy of oral and IV iron on patients with HWA and to check the severity of clinical indicators of HWA post treatment among reproductive age women. We will choose a multicenter, multi-arm randomized controlled trial with a parallel assignment interventional model. About three hundred participants (n=300) aged 18-45 with hypoferritinemia without anemia and no comorbidities will be recruited. Participants will be randomized into three groups of one hundred each: Group-A will receive oral iron supplements (Iron III Hydroxide Polymaltose Complex, 100 mg elemental iron) one tablet per day for three months; Group-B will receive intravenous iron (Ferric carboxymaltose, one dose per month for three months); Group-C will receive no treatment. All groups will be followed for four months. The primary outcome will be the change in serum ferritin levels among groups at four months post-intervention. Secondary outcomes will include changes in clinical symptoms post-intervention. Data will be analyzed by using independent t-tests for between-group ferritin levels, paired t-tests for within-group comparisons, Wilcoxon Rank and Friedman tests for clinical symptoms, and ANOVA for comparisons across multiple groups.

Do We Need Additional Indicators for the Sustainable Development Goal Target 3.5 on Strengthening the Prevention and Treatment of Substance Abuse? An Analysis of Recent Submissions to the UN Inter-Agency and Expert Group.

Do We Need Additional Indicators for the Sustainable Development Goal Target 3.5 on Strengthening the Prevention and Treatment of Substance Abuse? An Analysis of Recent Submissions to the UN Inter-Agency and Expert Group.

Effects of non-pharmacological interventions on depressive and anxiety symptoms in pregnant women: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

Given the distinctive physiological characteristics of pregnant women, non-pharmacological therapies are increasingly being used to improve depressive and anxiety symptoms. Our objective was to explore and compare the impact of various non-pharmacological interventions in improving depressive and anxiety symptoms, and to identify the most effective strategies for pregnant women with depressive and/or anxiety symptoms. We conducted a systematic search of PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared non-pharmacological interventions to usual care, from the inception of each database up to October 5, 2024. We included pregnant women with singleton pregnancies who, at baseline, exhibited early signs of depressive and/or anxiety symptoms but did not meet clinical diagnostic criteria or exceed the threshold for clinically significant symptoms. We excluded pregnant women diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or severe acute psychiatric conditions, those with a history of substance abuse, and those undergoing invitro fertilisation. We performed both pairwise meta-analyses and random-effects network meta-analyses (NMAs), calculating standardised mean differences (SMDs) with 95% credible intervals (CrI). We used the surface under the cumulative ranking probability curve (SUCRA) to estimate treatment ranking probabilities. The outcomes were assessed in two groups of participants: a high-risk pregnancy group, including pregnant women with depressive and/or anxiety symptoms and high-risk pregnancies (defined as having a history of miscarriage, pregnancy complications such as gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus, or preeclampsia, and advanced maternal age (i.e., over 35 years old); and a healthy group, including participants who exhibited depressive and/or anxiety symptoms only during pregnancy and did not have other high-risk pregnancy conditions or underlying health issues. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42024523053. We included 101 studies (92 RCTs and 9 quasi-RCTs) involving a total of 15,330 participants across 11 interventions (mindfulness, education, counseling, cognitive behavioral therapy, muscle acupoint therapy, relaxation, mind-body exercise, psychotherapy, foetal movement counting, physical exercise, and music). Among the studies included in this analysis, 73 studies exhibited a low risk of bias, 9 studies had an unclear risk of bias, and 19 studies demonstrated a high risk of bias. The results indicate that, for both high-risk pregnancy population and healthy populations, mindfulness therapy was found to be an effective non-pharmacological treatment for significantly improving depressive and anxiety symptoms in pregnant women compared with control groups. For pregnant women with depressive symptoms, mindfulness therapy (SUCRA=80%; SMD=-0.86, 95% CrI=-1.2,-0.52; Nn=598), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) (SUCRA=65%; SMD=-0.69, 95% CrI=-1.0,-0.39; Nn=712), and education therapy (SUCRA=48%; SMD=-0.54, 95% CrI=-0.86,-0.23; Nn=2285) all significantly improve depressive symptoms. In the subgroup analysis of healthy populations, muscle acupoint therapy (SUCRA=77.17%; SMD=-0.89, 95% CrI=-1.55,-0.23; N=99) and mind-body exercise (SUCRA=47.54%; SMD=-0.53, 95% CrI=-0.88,-0.19; N=352) also significantly reduce depressive symptoms. Subgroup analysis shows that, in addition to mindfulness therapy, mind-body exercises (SUCRA=67.43%; SMD=-0.97, 95% CrI=-1.61,-0.33; N=382) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (SUCRA=52.60%; SMD=-0.74, 95% CrI=-1.38,-0.09; N=480) may also be effective in alleviating anxiety symptoms among healthy pregnant women. Our findings indicate that mindfulness therapy significantly reduces the risk of depressive and anxiety symptoms in both high-risk pregnancy population and healthy populations. Therefore, when selecting non-pharmacologic therapies for managing depressive and anxiety symptoms during pregnancy, it is recommended that this therapy be considered. We cannot overlook the limitations of this study. For example, some interventions, such as muscle acupoint therapy for depressive symptoms and relaxation therapy for anxiety symptoms, have limited literature support. Additionally, the diversity of conditions within the high-risk pregnancy population and the high heterogeneity observed in certain interventions are also issues that require attention. These factors may affect the accuracy of the data results. Although we have employed reliable methods to address these issues, the findings of this study should still be interpreted with caution. None.

Geographic Inequities in Youth Obesity – The Role of AI and Digital Innovation

Youth obesity is a global public health crisis, with rates quadrupling from 1990 to 2022 among both boys and girls, according to the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. Obesity among youth contributes to rising healthcare costs due to obesity-related conditions like diabetes and hypertension. Moreover, youth obesity negatively impacts mental health and academic performance and increases the risk of substance abuse in adulthood. This review examines the role of digital technology and artificial intelligence (AI) in preventing and managing youth obesity, highlighting its potential to close the gaps in care, regardless of geographical location.

The Impact of Intoxication on the Prognosis of High-Speed Motor Vehicle Accidents: A Tertiary Care Center Experience.

Several studies suggest a causal link between psychoactive agents and motor vehicle accidents (MVA). This study aimed to evaluate the impact of substance abuse and alcohol intoxication on the prognosis of high-speed MVA victims. This is a single-center retrospective cross-sectional study involving adult multiple trauma cases who were admitted to the emergency department for high-speed MVA and underwent toxicological screening. The cohort was conducted based on two main outcomes; the survival status and the neurological outcomes. 894 patients with the mean age of 27.8 ± 9.24 (range:18-37) years were studied (97.9% male). The most common indicators of severity were car rollover and ejection from the car. 296 of the patients had severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). 622 of the patients had a positive toxicological screening, with benzodiazepines (51.2%) and alcohol (26.6%) being the most commonly abused substances. The mortality rate was 5.8% and 12.1% of the patients had unfavorable neurological outcomes upon discharge. On multivariate logistic regression, predictors of mortality among high-speed MVA victims were report of a death at the scene (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 2.529; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.026-6.232; p = 0.044), severe TBI, the presence of dilated pupils (aOR: 11.074; 95% CI: 1.293-94.812; p = 0.028), hypotension (aOR: 0.456; 95% CI: 0.227-0.916; p = 0.027), and hypoxia (aOR: 2.95; 95% CI: 1.46-5.95; p = 0.003). Predictors of unfavorable neurological outcomes were report of a death at the scene (aOR: 3.133; 95% CI: 1.445-6.791; p = 0.004), positive toxicology screening (aOR: 3.30; 95% CI:1.68-10.204; p = 0.038), severe TBI, the presence of hypoxia (aOR: 2.96; 95% CI:1.645-5.319; p = 0.000), hypotension (aOR: 0.437; 95% CI: 0.252-0.758; p = 0.003), and bleeding (aOR: 0.287; 95% CI: 0.164-0.501; p < 0.001). A concerning proportion of high-speed MVA victims had a positive toxicology screening. Although intoxication did not increase mortality of high-speed MVAs, it was a significant predictor of unfavorable neurological outcomes of survivors.

Utilizing diffusive gradients in thin films technique for enhanced surveillance of drug abuse in two Chinese urban communities

Utilizing diffusive gradients in thin films technique for enhanced surveillance of drug abuse in two Chinese urban communities

Analgesia After Vestibular Schwannoma Surgery in Europe-Potential for Reduction of Postoperative Opioid Usage.

Excessively prescribed opioids promote chronic drug abuse and worsen a highly prevalent public health problem in the era of the opioid epidemic. This study aimed to (a) determine general analgesic prescription patterns after surgery for vestibular schwannoma (VS) with a focus on opioid prescription rates, (b) identify risk factors for receiving narcotics for postoperative pain management, and (c) highlight the feasibility of opioid-free analgesic treatment strategies. Retrospective chart review. Tertiary referral center. A total of 105 adult inpatients who underwent VS surgery. Analgesic prescription patterns were evaluated, and factors associated with opioid prescriptions were identified. Number of prescribed analgesics. Metamizole (=dipyrone) and acetaminophen (=paracetamol) were the most frequently prescribed non-opioid drugs. Sixty-three (60%) patients received an opioid with a median intake of 23.2 ± 24 mg of oral morphine equivalents. Only 10 (9.5%) individuals received opioids for longer than postoperative day 1. Subjects with small tumors undergoing middle cranial fossa tumor removal (p = 0.007) were more likely to receive opioid drugs. In contrast, patients undergoing retrosigmoid craniotomy required fewer opioids for pain control (p = 0.004). Furthermore, individuals receiving opioids were prone to obtain higher dosages of acetaminophen (odds ratio 1.054, 95% confidence interval 1.01-1.10, p = 0.022). Opioids for acute postoperative analgesia after VS surgery may be necessary in many patients. However, middle- and long-term pain control can be accomplished using non-opioid treatment regimens, resulting in a reduction in opioid prescriptions and the accompanying negative effects on individual and public health.

Driving under the influence of drugs - The failed quest of finding medical signs indicative to driving impairment.

Motor vehicle accidents (MVA) are the leading cause of death in childhood and young adult age. One of the most important factors behind MVA is driving under the influence of alcohol (DUIA) and drugs (DUID). The importance of DUID is rising together with the increasing drug abuse. The legal approaches to DUID are based on impairment, impairment per se or zero tolerance. In case of impairment, the negative effect of the substance on the driving abilities has to be proven by a forensic expert, which can be challenging. This study compares the medical signs registered during blood sampling with the concentrations of substances detected by toxicological examination to find medical signs indicative of impairment. Statistical analysis did not find a correlation between substance concentration and measured parameters (pupil diameter, blood pressure and pulse rate). No connection was found between substance concentrations and the appearance of medical signs. The results indicate that pupil dilation, heart rate, and blood pressure could not be used as indicators of possible driving impairment by drugs, and no medical sign could reliably indicate the driving impairment by substances other than ethanol.

Recruiting sexual minority youth for a drug abuse prevention trial: Comparing Instagram and Facebook

BackgroundDespite youth's shift from Facebook to Instagram, the literature on how to use Instagram to recruit youth for clinical trials is scant. This paper reports procedures and comparative metrics on the use of Facebook and Instagram to recruit a nationwide sample (N = 1216) of LGBQ youth, aged 15 and 16 years, for an online drug abuse prevention trial. MethodsOur recruitment campaign used ads on Facebook and promoted posts on Instagram. Ads and posts shared common images, headlines, and captions. Ads and posts directed youth to a study recruitment website for informed consent and enrollment procedures. ResultsOur campaign ran for 48 non-consecutive days, yielded N = 1216 participants, had a total cost of $25,400.31, and an average cost per participant of $20.89. Facebook ads and Instagram promoted posts ran for a similar number of days. However, compared to Instagram, Facebook ad costs more twice as much (115 %), 51 % fewer clicks, and had an average cost-per-click that was 338 % higher. Furthermore, despite being shown more than 4 times as often to users and garnering more than twice as many unique views, Facebook ads had a click-through-rate that was 90 % lower than Instagram promoted posts. ConclusionInstagram promoted posts outperformed ads on Facebook by driving more potential participants to the study recruitment website and for less money.

Naloxone kits should be more widely available for drug users, coroner's report says

Naloxone kits should be more widely available for drug users, coroner's report says

Evaluation of rewarding effects of nitazene analogs: results from conditioned place preference tests and in vivo microdialysis experiments in mice

In illicit drug markets, the most recently expanding new synthetic opioid subclass is benzimidazoles, also known as nitazenes, which were originally developed as analgesics in the 1950s. The emergence of this classical, potent drug family has attracted extensive research interest in the field of forensic toxicology; however, information on their psychological and physical dependence is very limited. Herein, we evaluated the rewarding effects of four nitazene analogs using a battery of in vivo experiments, with a positive control drug (isotonitazene). The four test materials, metonitazene, etodesnitazene, metodesnitazene, and flunitazene, were administered to male C57BL/6J mice by i.p. administration at 0.5, 2, 20, and 20 mg/kg, respectively. In comprehensive behavioral observation tests, representative opioid-related physiological and behavioral states, including analgesia, stereotypic circling behavior, hyperlocomotion, and Straub tail response, were observed. A set of conditioned place preference tests revealed that all the four analogs induced palatability in mice. Furthermore, measurements of dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens shell by in vivo microdialysis resulted in significant elevations in all test material-treated groups, suggesting that the nitazenes elicit the rewarding effect through a neural circuit originating from the μ-opioid receptor activation at the ventral tegmental area. Our findings add important data regarding the psychological dependence of nitazenes and highlight the abuse potential of these four materials and other prevailing nitazene analogs.

Other Undertandsings in Indonesia’s Criminal Law Pottentially Create a Repressive Regime

The element of “other understanding” in Article 188 of Law Number 1 of 2023 can be considered to violate the principle of legality. Unclear about these types of beliefs and groups that are considered to adhere to these beliefs can lead to many interpretations, contrary to Pancasila. The article is not in line with the criminal law principle of legality or the concept of lex scripta, which emphasizes written and clear provisions in the law. Article 188 is also incompatible with the lex stricta principle because it does not explicitly mention what kind of understanding is meant, causing vagueness and potential abuse of critical activists. Furthermore, other interpretations within Article 188 could also potentially create a repressive regime due to significant restrictions on individual freedoms and rights.

Application of life history theory to explain the association between childhood maltreatment and adulthood sleep problems in Chinese men with drug abuse: multiple mediating roles of emotion regulation, future-oriented coping, and anxiety

ABSTRACT Background: Despite the practical importance of addressing the drug user’s sleep problems to enhance the efficacy of treatment and rehabilitation, little is known about whether and how history of childhood maltreatment relates to this issue. This study takes an evolutionary perspective to investigate the associations between history of childhood maltreatment and sleep problems in adults with drug abuse via their emotion regulation difficulties, future-oriented coping, and anxiety. Methods: Participants were 604 male adults with drug abuse between the ages of 18–58 years (M = 36.20, SD = 8.17) in a drug rehabilitation centre in China. In addition to bivariate correlation analysis, path analysis was conducted to examine goodness-of-fit of the conceptual model, controlling for the effect of demographic characteristics. Results: Thirty-two percent of participants (n = 194) reported poor sleep quality (PSQI > 5), whereas sleep disturbance (81.3%), daytime dysfunction (77.3%), and sleep latency (66.5%) were the three most common problems among them. Correlation analysis supported the hypothesised positive correlations between poor sleep quality and childhood maltreatment, emotion regulation difficulties, and anxiety, and a negative correlation with future-oriented coping. Results of path analysis showed a significant indirect effect of childhood maltreatment on sleep problems via both emotion regulation difficulties and anxiety, whereas such effects via both future-oriented coping and anxiety were statistically nonsignificant. Conclusions: The findings suggest life history theory is applicable to understanding drug users’ sleep problems, and interventions regarding both emotion regulation difficulties and anxiety can lessen the risk posed by childhood maltreatment on sleep problems.

Factors Influencing Nursing Students&amp;apos; Attitudes toward Substance Abuse

Purpose: To investigate effects of nursing students' stress level, stress coping, and SNS addiction tendency on their attitudes toward substance abuse.Methods: A self-report questionnaire was used for 124 nursing students. Collected data were analyzed through multiple regression analysis.Results: Participants’ attitudes towards substance abuse scored 0.23 out of 3. Their level of stress scored 2.01 out of 5. Their problem-solving oriented coping scored 2.30 out of 3. Their social support-oriented coping scored 2.16 out of 3. Their avoidance-oriented coping scored 1.80 out of 3 and their SNS addiction tendency scored 1.75 out of 4. Their stress levels (β=0.04, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;=.021) and source of information (β=7.18, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;=.005) influenced their attitudes towards substance abuse, showing an explanatory power of 11.3% (F=8.86, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;&lt;.001).Conclusion: Effective stress management strategies and interventions might be crucial for shaping healthier attitudes towards substance use among nursing students. Additionally, as sources of information emerged as influential factors, mandatory educational curricula that can serve as official channels for shaping knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to substance abuse might be needed to ensure that nursing students are well-prepared to address these challenges both personally and professionally.

Rising Trend of Substance Abuse Among Older Adults: A Review Focusing on Screening and Management.

There is undoubtedly an alarmingly rising trend of substance use among older adults. This has necessitated a paradigm shift in healthcare and propelled strategies aimed at effective prevention and screening. Age-related physiological changes, such as diminished metabolism and increased substance sensitivity, make older adults particularly vulnerable to adverse effects of substances. This not only has adverse psychological consequences but also physical consequences like complicating chronic illnesses and harmful interactions with medications, which lead to increased hospitalization. Standard screening tools can identify substance use disorders (SUDs) in older adults. Tools like the Cut-down, Annoyed, Guilty, and Eye-opener (CAGE)questionnaire and Michigan Alcohol Screening Test-Geriatric (MAST-G) are tailored to detect alcoholism, while the Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) assess abuse of illicit and prescription drugs. Since older adults are more socially integrated, screening should be done using non-stigmatizing and non-judgmental language. Prevention strategies include educational programs, safe prescribing practices, and prescription drug monitoring. Detection of substance abuse should be followed by brief interventions and specialized referrals. In conclusion, heightened awareness, improved screening, and preventive measures can mitigate substance abuse risks in this demographic. Prioritizing future research on non-addictive pain medications and the long-term effects of substances like marijuana seems justified.

Relationship between the Lifestyle and Mental Health of Medical Students of UCMS, Bhairahawa: A Cross-Sectional Study

INTRODUCTION Medical students suffered from high level of stress during their studies and this percentage has been increasing. This study was conducted to find out association between lifestyle and mental health of MBBS and BDS students to encourage effective intervention to manage the stress. MATERIAL AND METHODS A cross sectional study was conducted at Universal College of medical sciences, Bhairahawa comprising both MBBS and BDS students from first to final years by written questionnaire using stress assessing tools. RESULTS Out of 202 students, 85.1% participants experienced stress of which 73.2% went through moderate stress while 11.9% with high stress. MBBS students were found to be more stressed than that BDS which was 59.4%. While concerning global PSQI, 57.9% complained for disturbed sleep. A significant association of stress was found with poor study ability as 89.2% experienced difficulty in coping up with study. Although more than half of students are physically active, the perceived stress score was seen still higher. A positive correlation was seen between study pattern with global PSQI (r =0.347, p= 0.001) and PSS (r =0.519, p=0.001). CONCLUSION Sleeping pattern, physical activity, substance abuse and nutrition affect mental status. Hence, interventions should be done considering all dimensions to avoid further fatal consequences.

Law Enforcement of Narcotics Cases in Anti Lodaya Operations by Kuningan Police

Drug abuse in Indonesia has become a serious problem that threatens the younger generation and the welfare of society. Narcotics, which come from plants or synthetics, have the potential to cause dependence and extensive negative impacts, both socially, economically and culturally. This research aims to analyze law enforcement against narcotics cases through Operation Antik Lodaya by Kuningan Police, which is a systematic effort in eradicating drug trafficking. The research method used is empirical juridical with descriptive analytical approach, relying on primary data from interviews and observations. The results show that Operation Antik Lodaya does not only focus on law enforcement, but also includes prevention and rehabilitation efforts for drug abuse. Despite this, the operation faced various obstacles, including organized crime networks and the risk of information leaks. Effective law enforcement requires synergy between law enforcement officials, the government, and the community to create a safe and drug-free environment. This research is expected to contribute in formulating more effective strategies in handling narcotics cases in Kuningan and surrounding areas.

Falls in Older Adults: Identifying Predictors and Patterns for Enhanced Monitoring Solutions

This research analyses the patterns and causes of fainting falls by using patient demographics, activities, fall characteristics, and physiological indicators to assist in the development of a preventive monitoring device. The results indicate that individuals aged 60 years and older are at higher risk, and most falls occur while walking. Most falls occur in a forward or backward direction, and most of these are caused by slipping or an episode of fainting. Physiological data also showed that there is a strong relationship between systolic and diastolic blood pressure and a moderate relationship between blood pressure and heart rate, which indicate these metrics as potential early predictors of the risk of fainting. Body temperature has very little association with other clinical factors and contributes little to the prediction of falls. A greater proportion of the research participants had a history of falls and were spread equally in the drug users as well as the non-users, so personal follow-up care was necessary. These findings support the concept of a multi-sensor monitoring device that continuously tracks vital signs, motion, and balance. Such a device, by inclusion of predictive algorithms, should be able to provide timely warnings against fainting episodes, reduce fall-related injuries, and provide individualized interventions based on a person's unique physiological patterns and medical history

Challenges In Substance Abuse Rehabilitation Centers: Perspectives From The Working Professionals

Challenges In Substance Abuse Rehabilitation Centers: Perspectives From The Working Professionals