Substance Name Research Articles

Development and Validation of LC-MS method for determination of Genotoxic Impurity N, O-Dimethyl Hydroxylamine by Chemical Derivatization in Investigational Drug Substance

Background: Conventional chromatographic techniques and direct analysis pose challenges in detecting certain potential genotoxic impurities, primarily due to factors such as the absence of a chromophore, low molecular weight, and insufficient chromatographic retention caused by high polarity. One such compound, N, O-Dimethyl Hydroxylamine, is of particular concern due to its structural similarity to Hydroxylamine, a recognized genotoxic impurity. Method: In response to this challenge, this article proposes a rapid derivatization approach utilizing Dansyl Chloride, coupled with Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) for the detection of the derivatized product in the investigational drug substance. To preserve confidentiality, the specific name and structure of the drug substance have not been disclosed. Results: The developed method exhibits a reliable range of detection spanning from 5 ppm to 60 ppm with respect to a nominal drug substance concentration of 10 mg/mL. Throughout the method validation process, it demonstrated specificity, sensitivity, linearity, accuracy, and repeatability. Conclusion: This methodology presents a versatile solution applicable in scenarios where N, ODimethyl Hydroxylamine serves as a reagent in the synthesis process of drug substances.

Pattern of poisoning cases in Bir Hospital

Background: Poisoning is one of the major causes of hospitalization through emergency and is a major public health problem in the country. For starting preventive measures, information on nature and extent of poisoning is required. For some years, there has been no study on poisoning at Bir hospital. Objectives: To find out the patient profile, the common poisons and outcome of poisoning cases. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of all acute poisoning cases admitted to the emergency department of Bir Hospital from January 2005 to June 2005 was done to study the pattern of acute poisoning. Data on age, sex, time elapsed after intake, circumstances of poisoning, name of the poisonous substance, actual use, chemical type, hospitalization days, severity and outcome were collected and analyzed. Results: The age of the patients varied from 16 to 65 years. The male female ratio was 1:1.3. More than three-fourth (76.8%) of the female patients were from 16 to 25 years age group. Similarly, 46.5% of the male patients were from 16 to 25 years age group. In more than 25 years of age, there was malepredominance in all the age group. The common insecticides used for poisoning were organophosphorus compounds mainly Methyl Parathion (Metacid) and Dichlorovos (Nuvan). Paracetamol alone or combination preparations with antihistamines were the most common analgesic used. Benzodiazepines were the most commonly used anxiolytics. Ninety-seven percent of caseswere intentional poisoning for suicidal attempt. Most of the cases (61.6%) had arrived hospital within 3 hours after exposure to the poison. The hospital stay of the admitted patients with poisoningranged from one to sixteen days. The mean hospital stay was 5.9 days. During the hospital stay, six (6.0%) cases were managed in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) service. In this study, only 3% cases had mortality. There were 5 cases of Aluminium Phosphide poisoning but surprisingly, none of them died from this highly toxic poison. Conclusion: Suicide among adolescents and young adults is a common public health problem. Patients with intentional poisoning must undergo psychiatric consultation during their stay in the hospital for the treatment poisoning. This will minimize the risk of next attempt of self harm. In addition, strict rules must be followed regarding sale of psychotropic medicines and pesticides. Effective clinical management of poisoning can minimize the mortality.

Examining the Gateway Hypothesis and Mapping Substance Use Pathways on Social Media: Machine Learning Approach.

Substance misuse presents significant global public health challenges. Understanding transitions between substance types and the timing of shifts to polysubstance use is vital to developing effective prevention and recovery strategies. The gateway hypothesis suggests that high-risk substance use is preceded by lower-risk substance use. However, the source of this correlation is hotly contested. While some claim that low-risk substance use causes subsequent, riskier substance use, most people using low-risk substances also do not escalate to higher-risk substances. Social media data hold the potential to shed light on the factors contributing to substance use transitions. By leveraging social media data, our study aimed to gain a better understanding of substance use pathways. By identifying and analyzing the transitions of individuals between different risk levels of substance use, our goal was to find specific linguistic cues in individuals' social media posts that could indicate escalating or de-escalating patterns in substance use. We conducted a large-scale analysis using data from Reddit, collected between 2015 and 2019, consisting of over 2.29 million posts and approximately 29.37 million comments by around 1.4 million users from subreddits. These data, derived from substance use subreddits, facilitated the creation of a risk transition data set reflecting the substance use behaviors of over 1.4 million users. We deployed deep learning and machine learning techniques to predict the escalation or de-escalation transitions in risk levels, based on initial transition phases documented in posts and comments. We conducted a linguistic analysis to analyze the language patterns associated with transitions in substance use, emphasizing the role of n-gram features in predicting future risk trajectories. Our results showed promise in predicting the escalation or de-escalation transition in risk levels, based on the historical data of Reddit users created on initial transition phases among drug-related subreddits, with an accuracy of 78.48% and an F1-score of 79.20%. We highlighted the vital predictive features, such as specific substance names and tools indicative of future risk escalations. Our linguistic analysis showed that terms linked with harm reduction strategies were instrumental in signaling de-escalation, whereas descriptors of frequent substance use were characteristic of escalating transitions. This study sheds light on the complexities surrounding the gateway hypothesis of substance use through an examination of web-based behavior on Reddit. While certain findings validate the hypothesis, indicating a progression from lower-risk substances such as marijuana to higher-risk ones, a significant number of individuals did not show this transition. The research underscores the potential of using machine learning with social media analysis to predict substance use transitions. Our results point toward future directions for leveraging social media data in substance use research, underlining the importance of continued exploration before suggesting direct implications for interventions.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ КОЛОРИЗМОВ В МЕДИЦИНСКОЙ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИИ

In medical terminology, the designation of color plays an important role. The relevance of the authors' research is determined by their interest in the problems associated with the theoretical and practical study of colorisms and their uses in the language of medicine.
 The purpose of the presented research is to study colorisms in medical terminology in the semantic aspect.
 The material for the study was colorisms in the names of symptoms, organs and their parts included in medical encyclopedic dictionaries and reference books.
 This article reflects the functioning of colorisms in medical terminology: in the categories of various diseases, skin color, names of blood cells, appearance of the patient, body characteristics, names of medicinal plants and substances.

Fruits and plants, grains and seeds, birds, precious metals, and substances, or the conceptualization of colors in Tunisian Arabic

Abstract Two opposed views dominate the color scene: Universalism and relativism. Each view has been shown to have fallen short of fully accounting for color perception and naming across languages and cultures. Beyond this controversy, the current article proposes cultural neuroscience as an alternative view to account for color naming and the conceptualization of experiences in color terms in Tunisian Arabic (TA). Cultural neuroscience accumulated massive cross-cultural empirical evidence to the effect that culture greatly impacts brain and cognition. The current article will draw on cultural neuroscience to explain the central role played by culture in shaping cognition and language. Thus, the argument will run as follows: The language in which color is cloaked owes much to experience in social cognition, which is greatly impacted by the cultural environment. This view implies that color naming is under the influence of the cultural needs of color users and cognizers in their respective cultures, with the language they speak as ancillary to culture. In TA, there are 11 color terms, with five focal colors including multiple shades and a form in mes– (–ish), reminiscent of English brownish from brown. Color naming in TA is conceptualized in terms of names of fruits (oranges, apricots, peaches, dates), plants (Jew’s mallow), aromatic plants (lavender), grains (wheat), birds (canary), seeds (pistachio), precious metals (gold), and substances (honey, coffee, chocolate, ash). Color is also manifest as a source domain in various metaphoric and metonymic expressions to conceptualize experiences and events using verbal, nominal, and adjectival derivations.

Results and Methodological Implications of the Digital Epidemiology of Prescription Drug References Among Twitter Users: Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) Analyses.

Social media is an important information source for a growing subset of the population and can likely be leveraged to provide insight into the evolving drug overdose epidemic. Twitter can provide valuable insight into trends, colloquial information available to potential users, and how networks and interactivity might influence what people are exposed to and how they engage in communication around drug use. This exploratory study was designed to investigate the ways in which unsupervised machine learning analyses using natural language processing could identify coherent themes for tweets containing substance names. This study involved harnessing data from Twitter, including large-scale collection of brand name (N=262,607) and street name (N=204,068) prescription drug-related tweets and use of unsupervised machine learning analyses (ie, natural language processing) of collected data with data visualization to identify pertinent tweet themes. Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) with coherence score calculations was performed to compare brand (eg, OxyContin) and street (eg, oxys) name tweets. We found people discussed drug use differently depending on whether a brand name or street name was used. Brand name categories often contained political talking points (eg, border, crime, and political handling of ongoing drug mitigation strategies). In contrast, categories containing street names occasionally referenced drug misuse, though multiple social uses for a term (eg, Sonata) muddled topic clarity. Content in the brand name corpus reflected discussion about the drug itself and less often reflected personal use. However, content in the street name corpus was notably more diverse and resisted simple LDA categorization. We speculate this may reflect effective use of slang terminology to clandestinely discuss drug-related activity. If so, straightforward analyses of digital drug-related communication may be more difficult than previously assumed. This work has the potential to be used for surveillance and detection of harmful drug use information. It also might be used for appropriate education and dissemination of information to persons engaged in drug use content on Twitter.

Natural kinds and a posteriori necessities: Putnam pro Kripke, Putnam versus Kripke

Most contemporary analytic philosophers of language and mind accept the view that there is a wide class of terms, “natural kind terms”, which includes names of substances (the most common example is “water”), of species of animals, and of many other kinds of things in nature, whose meaning and reference is determined in the way explained by the theory developed in the 1970s by Saul Kripke and Hilary Putnam. The theory is often referred to as “the Kripke-Putnam theory” and is supposed to have such achievements as the overthrow of the earlier dominant Fregean theory of word-meanings (dubbed “descriptivism” by Kripke) as determined by the concepts in our minds, providing support for the “externalist” approach to linguistic meanings (in line with Putnam’s claim that “"Meanings" just ain’t in the head”), and the discovery that there is a wide class of truths (such as that water is H20) that are both a posteriori and necessary. Although the priority in the development of this theory belongs to Kripke, it could hardly gain such a wide acceptance without contributions by Putnam, which turned out to be very influential. However, the habitual idea of “the Kripke-Putnam theory”, as one theory, tends to play down the differences between Putnam’s and Kripke’s approaches and to hush up the fact that in his late works, of 1983 and 1990, Putnam revised and abandoned pretty much of his “Kripkean” views of 1970-ies; in particular, repudiated the pride of Kripke’s theory, the idea of necessary a posteriori truths. This article makes critical analysis and evaluation of Putnam’s ideas and arguments usually credited as important contributions to “the Kripke-Putnam theory”, and highlights the main points of the revision in late Putnam’s works. The case is made that Putnam's famous argument for externalism about meanings, the Twin-Earth thought experiment, is question-begging, fails to do justice to likely changes in the meanings of words with the development of knowledge, and conflicts with the linguistic practice in the relevantly similar case of “jade”. Putnam's argument for externalism from the division of linguistic labour is not cogent too, because “semantic deference” is itself a matter of what is there in “heads” - of some (non-expert) heads deferring to other (recognised as expert) heads. Eventually, on close inspection and in the light of Putnam's later reexplanation and revision, his account of meaning and reference turns out to be a sophisticated variety of conceptualism/internalism.

Technical points of human use experience of ethnic medicine

Ethnic medicine has a rich history of application. Because of the large number of ethnic groups, wide geographical distribution, and unique medical systems in China, the research on the human use experience(HUE) of ethnic medicine should combine the characteristics of ethnic medicine, be based on practical experience, and respect folk practice and tradition. The clinical positioning of ethnic medicine should consider three factors, i.e., population region, dominant diseases, and clinical demand. We should consider the development of traditional preparations that meet the needs of ethnic regions and encourage the development of new drugs that can be popularized and used nationwide for the dominant diseases of ethnic medicines. Attention should be paid to the problems such as a large number of customary articles or substitutes of ethnic medicinal materials, the phenomena of foreign bodies with the same name and different names for the same substance, the different standards of medicinal materials, and the poor processing standards. The name, processing method, source, medicinal parts, and dosage of ethnic medicinal materials or decoction pieces should be determined, and resources should be carefully evaluated to ensure the safety of medicinal resources and ecology. The preparation of ethnic medicine is mostly in the form of pills, powder, ointment, etc., with simple processing technology. The problems of low-quality stan-dards of some preparations, different prescriptions with the same name, and inconsistent processing technology should be overcome, and the process route and main process parameters should be clarified to lay the foundation for the subsequent empirical research on HUE. In the collection and analysis of the HUE data of ethnic medicine, the core guiding ideology of "patient-centered" should be established, and the experience data of patients should be collected. The problems of weak links existing in the inheritance of ethnic medicine should be solved, and flexible and diverse methods should be adopted. Meanwhile, on the premise of complying with the requirements of the principles of medical ethics, we should respect the religion, culture, and customs of ethnic areas to obtain the key HUE information of ethnic medicine. On the basis of the patient preference information and differences in regional disease epidemiology, population characteristics, and medical practice, whether the HUE conclusions of ethnic medicine can be extrapolated to patients outside the region is evaluated from the aspects of clinical benefits, risk tolerance, risk acceptance, etc. The HUE research on ethnic medicine is carried out in a clear way to guide the research and development of new ethnic medicines.

Synthesis of Phenolic Compounds in Barley Seedlings Under the Influence of the Microwave Electromagnetic Field of Ultrahigh Frequency

Phenolic substances are involved in the processes of growth, morphogenesis, respiration and photosynthesis, are reserve and signaling substances, and have antioxidant properties. Spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) of variety Nikita was used in the experiments. In seven-day-old seedlings, phenolic substances were determined using reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography analysis (RP HPLC) with an amperometric detector. The maximum number of phenolic compounds is registered in the chloroform extract of the endosperm of the microwave-treated grain, their number is 26 names of substances. The minimum number of individual substances is 10-11 and is found in samples of roots and sprouts of native seedlings, as well as roots of microwave-irradiated barley plants. The microwave treatment affected both the number of isolated substances and their amount in the extract. The most biochemically active anatomical part of a seven-day-old barley seedling is the endosperm: it contains significantly more substances of a phenolic nature, recorded by an amperometric detector, than in sprouts and roots. The microwave field significantly affected the amount of phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties in the endosperm. In relation to phenolic substances in the composition of barley seedlings, there is an organ-specific response, which is expressed in the difference in their quantitative and qualitative content. Individual phenolic substances are registered in all the organs of the seedling (roots, leaves, endosperm), and some have a certain localization. The total amount of phenolic substances with antioxidant properties increases after microwave treatment.

Yurt Dışı İlaçlar Hakkında Hastaya Yeterli ve Güvenilir Bilgi Sağlanmamasının İlaç Güvenliği ve Etik Sorunlar Açısından Analizi: Nitel Araştırma

Objective: The Imported Medicine List was published for the first time on October 11, 2013 by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Türkiye. The purpose of importing drugs from abroad is to supply the human medicinal products that are not licensed in our country and/or that are not available in the market for various reasons despite being licensed, on prescription for use in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in emergencies. The aim of this qualitative research is to examine the information presented about these medicines on the imported medicine list and to evaluate the possible ethical problems that may be caused by insufficient information presentation. Material and Methods: The medicines on the 25/02/2022 Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency imported medicine list were included in the analysis. First, between the dates 07-27 February 2022, it was determined whether these medicines had short product information and instructions for use on the Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency website by searching for active substances. Then, all medicines were searched in the RxMediaPharma database by the active substance name, and those not found by this method were searched by the ATC code. Finally, the ethical implications of the issue were discussed and suggestions were presented. Results: The change in the number of active substances in the imported medicine list by years and the presence of generic and medicine-specific information in different Informed Consent Forms have been determined. The ambiguity of the criteria for keeping the unlicensed essential drugs used to meet the priority health needs of the population in the foreign-dependent list has been determined. Conclusion: The risks to patients' right to autonomy have been determined as the result of the lack of sufficient, adequate, and accurate information in the Informed Consent Forms carries risks for patients' rights to autonomy.

Drieluik van woorden met een hulde-predella

This article consists of four different smaller parts. Two of them discuss the vowel variation in a Dutch patronym respectively in a substance name; the other two contain mini collections of metaphors concerning the human body and animal names. The whole is presented as a triptych with a predella as a tribute to the jubilee, whom this volume of Neerlandica Wratislaviensia is dedicated. In visual arts a predella being the base of an altarpiece, here it is the foot of the triptych of words and deals with the pseudonym ‘Martens’, Norbert Morciniec in 1985 used as the co-author of a concise dictionary Dutch-Polish / Polish-Dutch. The lexicological sets may also, in two of the panels, be seen as a tribute to the lexicographer.

Coordination of Caregiver Naming and Children's Exploration of Solid Objects and Nonsolid Substances.

When a caregiver names objects dominating a child’s view, the association between object and name is unambiguous and children are more likely to learn the object’s name. Children also learn to name things other than solid objects, including nonsolid substances like applesauce. However, it is unknown how caregivers structure linguistic and exploratory experiences with nonsolids to support learning. In this exploratory study of caregivers and children (n = 14, 8 girls; M = 20.50 months) we compare caregiver-child free-play with novel solid objects and novel nonsolid substances to identify the linguistic and exploratory experiences associated with children’s word learning. We found systematic differences in interactions with novel objects, such that children performed more manual actions on solids than nonsolids and caregivers named solids more than nonsolids. Additionally, there was less synchrony between caregivers’ naming and children’s manual and visual exploration of nonsolids than solids. Consistent with prior work, we found that synchronous naming was associated with accurate recognition of solid object names. However, naming synchrony was not associated with recognition of nonsolid substance names or with generalization. Together these findings, though exploratory, suggest the coordination of caregiver-child play can shape what children remember about novel word-object associations for solid objects, but not nonsolid substances.

Linking inventories and impact assessment models for addressing biodiversity impacts: mapping rules and challenges

PurposeAn adequate matching between the nomenclature of elementary flows in life cycle inventory (LCI) databases and life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods is key for ensuring the proper application of life cycle assessment (LCA). However, the nomenclature of elementary flows lacks harmonization among the LCA community. This paper aims at defining mapping rules and discussing main challenges related to the process of systematically mapping LCI nomenclatures to LCIA methods and models addressing biodiversity impacts.MethodsEight LCIA methods and models addressing biodiversity loss are analyzed: five comprehensive LCIA methods (i.e., LC-IMPACT, Impact World + , Ecological Scarcity 2013, ReCiPe 2016, and Stepwise), one land use intensity-specific LCIA model; and two approaches adapting the GLOBIO model to LCIA. These models and methods are mapped to two LCI nomenclatures (ecoinvent v3.6 as implemented in Simapro and Environmental Footprint (EF) 3.0). A mapping tool was developed to support the process of (a) mapping elementary flows by name, Chemical Service number or available synonyms; (b) implementing specific mapping rules regarding compartment/sub-compartment, and substance name; (c) mapping elementary flows to manually defined proxies (e.g., synonyms, spelling corrections and similar substances); and (d) assigning characterization factors (CFs). The process entails analyzing a case study to identify uncharacterized elementary flows.Results and discussionWe present a mapping of LCIA methods and models addressing impacts on biodiversity loss with specific LCI nomenclatures. Mapping rules are proposed for elementary flows regarding chemicals, carbon emissions, land use, water use, and particulate matter. Specific aspects to be considered in mapping elementary flows in LCIA and LCI nomenclatures are discussed. Main gaps in LCI nomenclatures are associated to toxicity and climate change impacts. The EF 3.0 was more aligned than ecoinvent 3.6 with the LCIA methods and models regarding elementary flows coverage and regionalization level. Analyzing uncharacterized flows revealed further coverage needs for “Chemical, organic” (between 19 and 20% uncharacterized flows), “Chemical, inorganic” (between 9 and 18% uncharacterized flows) and “Chemical, radioactive” (between 9 and 14% uncharacterized flows).ConclusionsThis paper contributes to the operationalization of LCIA methods and models addressing biodiversity impacts by proposing a systematic mapping process and rules for a better LCIA-LCI connection. Different development pathways of LCI (e.g., focused on substance name detail) and LCIA (e.g., towards improved regionalization level) have stretched the gap between both nomenclatures. Recommendations are provided identifying further efforts towards the harmonization of the nomenclature of elementary flows in the LCA community.

Extraction of Chemical Substance Names from Patent Publications

Extraction of Chemical Substance Names from Patent Publications

A Vilnius Transcript of the Health Garden: A Codicological Study

This article is devoted to the history of cultural relations between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Moscovian Rus’ as well as the artifacts that testify to it. The object of the research is a Vilnius transcript of the Health Garden (a translation of Gart der Gesundheit (1492) into Russian) kept in the Wróblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences (LMAVB RS F22–25). The aim of the article is to present a revised codicological description of the object, identifying the features of the Vilnius transcript and its links with the culture of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This aim is achieved by using codicological, comparative and textual methods, compiling a detailed codicological description of the copy, analyzing the architecture and internal structures of the code, and identifying differences or similarities between the Vilnius, Flor, Uvarov, and Shelonin copies of the Health Garden. Based on the gathered data, the circumstances of compiling the code are clarified. The study identified the following features of the Code. The large-scale codex, created in Moscow between the 17th and 18th centuries, is not a homogeneous object. It consists of two different editions: the index is closer to the Uvarov transcript and the main text to the Kharkov / Flor transcript. The second feature is careful preparation of the transcript. The codex was drafted as an exemplary edition of an old manuscript and is richly illustrated. Colored pigments were used for decoration, leaving traces of gilding. The edges of the Codex block were painted and decorated in ornamental prints. This allows us to consider the high social status of the client of the code. The third feature is the completeness of the text of the Vilnius copy. It consists of the most comprehensive block of indexes; the main text has been supplemented with new objects, enriched with new images; the text contains as many as 237 names of medicinal substances and 38 minerals in Russian. The remarks and additions contained in the previous transcripts became an integral part of the texts of the Vilnius transcript. The identified features, overlapping formal features, and organization scheme of the text, as well as the same manner of illustration, gave reason to search for a place where all the mentioned copies – Flor, Uvarov, Shelonin – as well as other old prints or their translations could have been seen by the creators of the Vilnius transcript. It is believed that such a place could have been the The Apothecary Chancery. Some Polonisms are found in the text; the works of authors from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth were used in the Rus’ at that time and thus encourage a closer look at the translations and the search for citizens from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth who could have participated in the works. The research clarifies the available knowledge about the transcript kept in Vilnius. The information gathered is expected to help book historians clarify the origin of the codex, its production environment, and its place in the Gart der Gesundheit’s line of translations and transcripts; this paper will make it possible to identify other stored fragments. The article is supplemented with a comparative table of the structure and content of the Vilnius transcript of the Health Garden and a decor picture of the code block.

The effect of benzodiazepines on exercise in healthy adult participants: A systematic review

The use of benzodiazepines among athletes is a new and growing phenomenon according to the recent case reports published. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify if there is rationale for the use of benzodiazepines and its effects on exercise. This review aims to provide an overview of the effects of benzodiazepine in exercise among healthy adult participants and if they might have an additional ergogenic or ergolytic effect. Electronic searches were conducted in Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science databases up to December 2020. Search terms covered all active substance names of benzodiazepine class and search terms about sport, exercise performance and athletes. We used the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) to assess the methodological quality of the studies included in the qualitative synthesis. The methods and planned analyses of this systematic review were pre-registered at Open Science Framework (OSF: https://osf.io/uq6j8). A total of thirty-one full articles were assessed for eligibility and ten of them were included in the qualitative analysis. We found 7 studies which investigated benzodiazepine effects after an acute dose administered, whereas only 3 studies studied long-term effects after several doses used. According to our findings it does not seem that benzodiazepines might have an ergogenic or ergolytic effect on exercise performance. The small number of articles included (n = 10) with a relatively low sample of participants (N = 16, range = 6–58) does invite us to take our results with caution. This review evidences valuable insights into the use of benzodiazepines from a physical performance point of view. Our findings highlight the unclear effects benzodiazepines might have on exercise performance and its possible mechanisms of actions. Hence, the need to conduct new studies to understand its possible effects becomes essential to protect the health of athletes of all levels.

Food safety: modern methods of multicomponent determination of pesticides

Introduction. Analytical control of chemical contamination is essential in ensuring the safety of food products manufactured using pesticides. The development and testing of new methodological techniques for multicomponent measurement of the levels of residual amounts of biologically active ingredients are constantly in the field of view of analysts. Research objectives. To assess the suitability of the QuEChERS methodological approaches for the determination of a wide range of pesticides of various structures and physicochemical properties (up to 50 names of active substances) in food products and food raw materials of various compositions and origins (fruits, vegetables, cereals, rice, tea, coffee, milk, eggs and their derivatives, meat, offal). Material and methods. The measurements were carried out by tandem liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography with a mass-selective detector, focused on screening and quantifying trace amounts of pesticides. The sample preparation procedure for analysis was carried out according to the QuEChERS method. Results. Multimethods have been created for the determination of residual amounts of pesticides in cereal grains (40 substances), fruits of vegetables and fruits (27 compounds), fruits of citrus crops (50 ingredients), 2,4-D acid in milk, eggs and by-products, fipronil and its toxic metabolite - sulfone in eggs, products of their processing (melange, dry egg white), muscle tissue and offal. The developments have supplemented the list of certified measurement methods included in the unified information fund of measurement methods of the Russian Federation. Conclusions. The unification of analytical methods for preparing samples of food products of various composition and origin for analysis, instrumentation of analytical laboratories with liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry systems expand the possibilities of introducing group methods, ensure the readiness of testing centres to perform multi-purpose tests to identify and measure pesticide levels.

Information System for Tablets Identification (ISTI)

Introduction This study aims to develop a software application (App) for the identification of drugs of abuse from visual information retrieved from pills: Information System for Tablets Identification (ISTI). The consumption of anxiolytics and hypnotics, in particular, benzodiazepines (BZD) and similar products, as reached record levels in Portugal, with 10.5 million packages of these products being sold in 2018 [1]. The high prescription of BZD presents a risk to public health [2,3]. An Information system like ISTI will provide an enormous importance on pills’ identification at crime scenes (e.g. homicidal attempts) or premeditated intoxications [4,5]. Materials and methods Tablets from benzodiazepine derivates (ATC codes: N05BA; national pharmacotherapeutic classification: 2.9.1. Anxiolytic, sedatives and hypnotics) were purchased from portuguese pharmacies. In the database were introduced the commercial name, the active substance name, the dose and also photographs were taken from the front, back and side and several physical characteristics of each pill were determined, namely: shape, surface elevation, logo and imprint description, break line, colour, coating, diameter, thickness, weight, horizontal, vertical and side view. The ISTI core is an identification algorithm targeted to matching results by score. The application is being prepared in a way that can either be accessed from a computer or from a mobile device. If economically viable, an image search and request by the users algorithm will be included, so that a photo can be an input, in a query which may prove particularly important to field in the future work. Furthermore, the system is being designed to be easily maintained, through a simple backoffice, and if necessary, agreements will be proposed to national regulatory authorities in order to assure that its data is effectively up to date. Results The prototype developed application allows us to identify pills that may possibly be lost or out of their original packaging. This identification is made through a wide range of tablet features. The person who wants to identify a pill can access the ISTI and through answers to simple questions can find correspondence with the concerning tablet. Discussion and conclusions: The purpose of ISTI is to help health technicians, like doctors, nurses and pharmacists, and agents of authority to identify medicines pills which are not inside the original packaging. Although in the USA there are several Apps with the same objective, to the best of the authors knowledge, ISTI is the first App with this purpose in Portugal.

ÜSKÜDAR’DA BİR HADİS ÂLİMİ PROF. DR. RAŞİT KÜÇÜK’ÜN HAYATI ESERLERİ HADİS VE SÜNNETE DÂİR BAZI GÖRÜŞLERİ

We examined Raşit Küçük’s life his boks, articles, papers and Religious Foundation of Turkey Encyclopaedia of Islam. We have identified the names of the substances contained in the first volume. We have determined the master and doctoral theses he has conducted at Marmara University Social Sciences Institute. We tried to reveal some of his views on Hadith and Sunnah in general terms, based on Raşit Küçük's books published, his statements in videos on his life and works based on the views we have identified his life philosophy is that a healthy awareness of Hadith and Sunnah is formed both in the public and in the academy. We ended our research by emphasizing the contribution of the works of Raşit Küçük who contributed to the acceleration of the Hadith Sciences in our country, both as a contribution to the Hadith Sciences. Key words: Hadith, Sunnah, Hadith Sciences, Hadith History, Raşit Küçük

The Study of Trends and Out Come of Acute Poisoning in a Tertiary Care Hospital Khammam, Telangana; India

Background and Objective: It is important to know the trends, nature, sevesrity and outcome of acute poisoning cases in order to take up appropriate planning, time lapse, first aid and recovery. This study is to assess the trends and outcome of acute poisoning cases in a tertiary care hospital in Khammam. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted in a tertiary care hospital attached to a medical institution in Khammam. The study includes 126 cases and data regarding age, sex, time elapsed after intake, circumstances of poisoning, name of the poisonous substance, chemical type, duration of hospitalization, severity and outcome collected in the Proforma. Results: Incidence was common among 21-30 yr. old married Hindu male laborers from rural background belonging low socioeconomic classes with only primary education. Majority of the incidents occurred in the victim’s home during the day time. Maximum number of cases were encountered during the Rainy season and in the month of November. Organophosphorus insecticides and poisoning by snake bite were the commonest types of poisoning. Majority of the acute poisoning cases were hospitalized within one hour of toxic exposure. Maximum number of patients stayed in hospital for up to 7 days and recovered. Family problems and financial problems were the most common reasons behind poisoning. Overall mortality was found to be 3.05% and 38 cases succumbed to the poisoning. Conclusion: Poisoning was common in young males. Maximum number of cases encountered in Rainy season. Organophosphorus insecticides and poisoning by snake bite were the commonest types of poisoning. Majority of the acute poisoning cases were hospitalized within one hour of toxic exposure. The overall mortality was substantially high, mainly contributed by self-poisoning with insecticides. Early care in a tertiary care center may help to reduce mortality in India.