Subsidy System Research Articles

ECONOMIC COOPERATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION BETWEEN CHINA AND EUROPE

The article deals with the scientifically substantiated analyses of the problem of economic cooperation in the field of higher education between China and Europe based on its essential importance for the world problem of developing new innovative sides of higher education. Taking into account the scientific and innovative development of China it is necessary to conduct analyses of the problems of educational-research cooperation between universities of China and EU.
 This article examines the following analytical questions and identifies factors affecting the development of the education system in modern economic conditions. Factor analysis makes it possible to form the concept of development of economic cooperation in the established macro- and microeconomic conditions; predict educational potential using quantitative assessments and taking into account structural changes and the number of students; to combine supply and demand for highly qualified specialists in popular specialties for the innovative economy. To do this, using a factor approach, it is necessary to monitor the state of scientific and educational cooperation between Chinese and European universities according to key indicators.
 The general provisions on analysis for solving this problem are given and it is estimated that the analytical approach is the most acceptable, since it allows you to build a diagram for comparing percentage of the quantity of Chinese students in European universities and the quantity of European students at Chinese universities. It is advisable to consider the process of developing and financing the exchange programs for students as the most important factor for educational cooperation. This research paper reveals the fact that China owes its economic growth mainly to the intensive development of its innovations and investments into the education cooperating with foreign countries, using own human resources and raw materials.
 The article analyzes economists’ views on the process of solving the educational problems of cooperation in the field of education. It should be noted that various educational and scientific programs and initiatives have been established within the framework of cooperation between China and Europe in the field of higher education. One of the key benefits of collaboration is that each party can access the best practices and technologies used by the other party. In order to create an innovative economy, it is necessary to create a human resourse reserve for high-tech and knowledge-intensive industries of the future. Therefore, the task of universities is to provide education at the level of world standards.
 The research has been developed to estimate that China is a leading country in the educational sector of the economy, which include improving public funding through the creation of a system of subsidies and educational loans, attracting social partnership resources, and using distance learning. The EU and China have agreed to promote the study and teaching of Chinese and European languages, which will allow expanding contacts between people, reaffirming their commitment to multilingualism. The process of cooperation between China and European countries in the sphere of high education, which is currently unfolding, aims to facilitate the development of industrial 4.0 and technology hub in China.

Efforts to improve workplaces considering for older workers: A questionnaire survey focusing on company size in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan

The "Guidelines for Ensuring the Safety and Health of Older Workers (hereafter referred to as "Guidelines")," formulated in 2021, require employers to implement measures that proactively prevent occupational accidents among older workers. This study aimed to clarify the status of awareness of the Guidelines and workplace improvement efforts with consideration of older workers, focusing on company size. Overall, 780 businesses in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan, were randomly selected from a Wakayama Occupational Health Support Center workplace list. Anonymous self-administered questionnaires were distributed by mail. The questionnaires comprised questions about the workplace, status of awareness of the Guidelines, comprehensive management of safety and health, considerations for working conditions, workers, workload reduction, work posture, work environment, and safety and health. One hundred and seventy-one businesses (effective response rate: 21.9%) provided questionnaires with complete responses. For the Guidelines, 39.0% of small-sized (less than 50 employees) businesses answered, "never even heard of the name," while many medium-sized (50-99 employees) and large-sized (100 or more employees) businesses answered that they had heard of the name but did not exactly know about it (33.3% of medium-sized businesses and 47.8% of large-sized businesses). Regarding the system that subsidizes the expenses required for the improvement of a working environment for older workers to work safely and securely (hereinafter referred to as the subsidy system), many businesses of all sizes answered that they had "never even heard of the name." In the comprehensive management of safety and health, half of the businesses of all sizes had developed a system that made it easy to consult about the risk against occupational accidents of older workers. Regardless of size, more than half of businesses were able to consider working conditions and workers. However, there were only a few items where more than half of the businesses considered workload reduction, work posture, work environment, and safety and health, regardless of business size. It became clear that workplace improvement had not progressed very much. These results suggest that to promote workplace improvement that considers older workers, it is necessary to disseminate the Guidelines and proactively take on workplace improvement by utilizing the subsidy system.

Participation of early care and education centers in the child care subsidy system: A statewide mixed methods investigation

The number of early care and education centers that accept child care subsidies has declined, limiting access for children and families from low-income backgrounds. This statewide mixed methods study explores how centers make decisions about accepting subsidies in Arkansas. Quantitative results suggest that provider and community characteristics are important, while qualitative results help to enhance our overall understanding of the decision-making process by emphasizing the importance of a center's overall operational and financial structure and state subsidy policies. Integrated findings suggest the importance of the combination of a variety of factors at the center, community, and state levels. Findings from this study point to ways that policymakers may encourage early learning programs to accept child care subsidies.

Problems of ensuring the effectiveness of state support for agriculture in East Kazakhstan region

Today, the issues of ensuring the effectiveness of state support for agriculture are particularly important, since they directly affect the state of food security in the country. Various measures of state regulation are applied in Kazakhstan, but their volume is insufficient for the effective functioning of the industry. Active state support can provide sustainable socio-economic development and a high level of competitiveness of the agricultural sector. Taking into account the sharply continental climate of the East Kazakhstan region, which makes it difficult to conduct economic activities, the state support is especially important for the agrarian sector of the region. The article presents the analysis and evaluation of the level of state support of the agrarian sector of East-Kazakhstan region. The purpose of the scientific article is to identify the main problems in the implementation of state support and to determine the ways to solve them. The activity of regional agricultural management bodies and data of agricultural management reports of East-Kazakhstan oblast are considered as an object of research. The analysis of the effectiveness of the implementation of state support measures of the agricultural sector on the basis of the evaluation of target indicators of the implementation of the State program of development of the agroindustrial complex of the region for 2017–2021 was carried out. As a result, the main problems and reasons preventing the increase of competitiveness of the agroindustrial complex of the East Kazakhstan region were revealed. Thus, in the sphere of state support of agriculture, inefficiency of some subsidies due to weak sensitivity; unbalanced system of subsidies, which creates advantages for large agricultural entities, which account for less than 30% of all agricultural products; overstated requirements for obtaining subsidies for small agricultural entities restrain the development of the industry; focus on financing the livestock sector; residual principle in implementing state support measures.

Identity and underrepresentation: Interactions between race and gender

Economic outcomes vary significantly across socio-demographic groups. In a model of multidimensional identity, we show how differences in economic participation can give rise to identity-specific norms which ‘normalize’ and lock in the historical underrepresentation of various groups. Whereas standard approaches treat identity dimensions as independent, our analysis reveals deep connections between inequality and underrepresentation based on race, gender, and other characteristics. ‘Sterilized interventions’ along a single identity dimension are generally impossible. Interventions that aim to reduce underrepresentation along one identity dimension can increase underrepresentation along another. We show how underrepresentation can be eliminated along every dimension, through a system of (a) self-financing subsidies or (b) role models, where interventions are ‘intersectional’, i.e., connected across identity dimensions. When the strength of group identification is made endogenous, underrepresentation disappears in the long run on its own. Depending on the environment, affirmative action can either speed up or slow down this process.

Subsidies as a measure to increase factor productivity in agriculture of Russia

The study attempts to explain the dependence of agricultural development indicators on subsidies and other factors in Russia in 2012–2020. Based on the author's methodology, the survey evaluates the economic efficiency of subsidies in Russia’s agriculture, develops and justifies the measures to improve the support system aimed at increasing total factor productivity (TFP). The object of the study is agricultural subsidy system. The subject of the research is the influence of subsidies on TFP in agriculture. The panel models with fixed effects do not reveal an impact of subsidies on TFP. The 1st lag of the logarithm of subsidies negatively affects the dynamics of labor productivity, and shows no relationship between current year subsidies and labor productivity. Labor productivity in agriculture in Russia grows in 2019– 2020 as a result of higher gross output and, to a lesser extent, of lower employment. Capital productivity increases mainly due to gross output growth. Support measures for general services (development of infrastructure, science, extension, phytosanitary and veterinary services) should be the most important components of increasing the efficiency of agricultural subsidies. These components in agricultural subsidies are of high priority for the environmental situation in rural areas and the state of human capital.

Simulation Analysis of Implementation Effects of Construction Waste Reduction Policies

The development of the construction industry generates construction waste which could contribute to environmental issues. Construction waste reduction management plays an important role in directly reducing emissions and solving the environmental pollution caused by construction waste. The limited rationality hypothesis and an evolutionary game model are used to construct a simulation model for the effects of environmental policies’ influences on the behavior of government and construction enterprises in construction waste reduction activities. Simulation results show that: (1) The government and enterprises evolve in the same direction under the sewage fees system or the subsidy system. The relationship between the initial ratio of the two sides and the position of the saddle point determines the evolution direction of the system. (2) The government could adjust the sewage fees rate, the penalty ratio, and the upper limit of construction waste emission to obtain a superior effect under the sewage fees system. As the subsidy system, the government could adjust the unit subsidy and the upper limit of construction waste emissions by enterprises. (3) The evolution times of the different systems are different. The time required to evolve to a stable state is shorter under the sewage fees system. Under the subsidy system, the time to evolve to a non-reduced state is longer, and the time to evolve to a reduced state is about the same as the time for the government to evolve to a checked state. The time required to evolve to the reduced state is about the same as the time required for the government to evolve to the checked state. This study develops an evolutionary game model between the government and construction enterprises in construction waste reduction activities. This study helps the government analyze the influence of various policies on enterprises’ reduction behaviors. The findings could help the government formulate appropriate policies to guide enterprises in waste reduction.

Investigating cooperative strategies in low-carbon public–private partnership projects through evolutionary game

PurposePromoting low-carbon in the construction industry is important for achieving the overall low-carbon goals. Public–private partnership is very popular in public infrastructure projects. However, different perceptions of low-carbon and behaviors of public and private sectors can hinder the realization of low-carbon in these projects. In order to analyze the willingness of each stakeholder to cooperate towards low-carbon goals, an evolutionary game model is constructed.Design/methodology/approachAn evolutionary game model that considers the opportunistic behavior of the participants is developed. The evolutionary stable strategies (ESSs) under different scenarios are examined, and the factors that influence the willingness to cooperate between the government and private investors are investigated.FindingsThe results illustrate that a well-designed system of profit distribution and subsidies can enhance collaboration. Excessive subsidies have negative impact on cooperation between the two sides, because these two sides can weaken income distribution and lead to the free-riding behavior of the government. Under the situation of two ESSs, there is also an optimal revenue distribution coefficient that maximizes the probability of cooperation. With the introduction of supervision and punishment mechanism, the opportunistic behavior of private investors is effectively constrained.Originality/valueAn evolutionary game model is developed to explore the cooperation between the public sector and the private sector in the field of low-carbon construction. Based on the analysis of the model, this paper summarizes the conditions and strategies that can enable the two sectors to cooperate.

Cost–Benefit Analysis of Kaposvár Solar Photovoltaic Park Considering Agrivoltaic Systems

In the context of the global energy crisis and crucial issues on food, the development and utilization of agrivoltaic (APV) systems could be a way to solve both the energy shortage and agricultural production at the same time and in the same area. As a combination of photovoltaics (PV) and agriculture, agrivoltaics has broad prospects for the future agricultural development of Hungary. Since especially large-scale PV systems can be considered as a potential basis of APV systems, the Kaposvár Solar Power Plant Project in Hungary was analyzed in this study. Two comparative analyses were used: between APV and PV systems, and between APV and apple plantation. An economic model has been developed. The baseline scenario shows that APV systems in current technological and economic conditions are not competitive with PV systems and are also less attractive for agricultural farmers, due to the long return period of the surplus investment cost. By analyzing uncertain factors and seeking possible solutions, the authors’ recommendations for the development, subsidy system and technology might be useful for both farmers and for decision makers to promote APV systems in the future.

Review of Renewable Energy Subsidy System in China

In the context of the ‘carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals’, renewable energy, with its clean and low-carbon characteristics, has become one of the key driving forces for sustainable development in China. However, the inherent disadvantages of the renewable energy industry, such as high initial investment costs, technical difficulties, and slow returns on investment, make it difficult to compete with traditional fossil energy sources in the market economy at the initial stage of its establishment. Therefore, after considering the environmental and ecological value, economic value, and industrial growth dilemma brought by the development of renewable energy industry, subsidies as a governmental incentive measure were created to support the development and growth of the renewable energy industry. At present, there are many problems with China’s renewable energy subsidy policy in practice, such as fragmented institutional policies, lack of procedural regulations, and lagging subsidy funds. The excellent legislative practice experience of foreign countries can be borrowed by China to make up for the corresponding loopholes and, on the basis of fully examining the specific conditions of China, to promote the progressive reform of China’s renewable energy subsidy system; form a trinity system of law, general strategy, and specific policies; strengthen collaboration; and enhance its scientific level. At the same time, China can actively broaden the sources of subsidy funds, explore diversified financing methods, further standardize the subsidy procedures, strengthen the supervision in implementation, and enhance the efficiency of the utilization of funds, so as to enhance the legalization of the subsidy system.

The Impact of Selected Subsidy Program on Household Poverty in Rural Area in Sabah

This study examined the impact of three different categories of subsidy on poverty in eight rural districts in Sabah in 2009 until 2016. The three categories of subsidy are selected consumer items (sugar, wheat flour, cooking oil-1kg in polybag, and rice), petrol and diesel, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) subsidy. Poverty is dependent variable, meanwhile selected consumer items, petrol and diesel, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) subsidies are used as independent variables. Random effect is chosen to examine the stationary of the data. From the test it was found that dependent variable has positive relationship with independent variables, which the increasing of subsidies will increase of number of poverty in household. There are many other factors that contribute to the positive relationship between poverty and subsidy. The delivery system of subsidy in rural areas is the main issue in this subsidy program. Leakages and middleman are main issue in the delivery system. Thus, as a recommendation a new approach is needed to make sure this subsidy program is more effective and reach the target group.

Promoting electric vehicle demand in Europe: Design of innovative electricity consumption simulator and subsidy strategies based on well-to-wheel analysis

Decarbonization in the transport sector, especially in private mobility, is one of the main objectives of the European Union (EU) for next few years. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) represent a promising solution for reducing pollution and GHG emissions; however, their purchase price contributes to curbing their diffusion. In this scenario, the aims of this study are to develop a flexible, simulation-based analysis for EU car fleets in terms of energy consumption and GHG emissions and, based on the simulation results, to propose an innovative system of financial subsidies. This can support governments in encouraging EU customers to prefer sustainable and green options for mobility. Different car segments have been considered; the electrical energy consumptions have been obtained through the development of an ad-hoc simulation model in Simulink®-MathWorks environment, while the Well-To-Wheel analysis has been performed to estimate GHG emissions. Based on these assumptions, four different subsidy strategies have been proposed and designed for countries of the EU-27. According to different logics, economic subsidies have been linked to GHG emissions avoided thanks to the use of BEVs. The results obtained show how BEVs’ consumption of electricity is low, even for larger vehicles, and this allows BEVs to be considered less impactful than internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV) with respect to GHG emissions. Furthermore, results are highly variable, depending on the electricity mix of each considered country, and they show how, for the countries that use the most renewable sources, the proposed subsidies even can generate gains from consumers’ perspectives.

Insurance Premium Determination Model and Innovation for Economic Recovery Due to Natural Disasters in Indonesia

Climate change that occurs causes the risk of natural disasters to continue to increase throughout the world. Economic losses are unavoidable, leading to the need for continuous innovation in post-disaster economic recovery efforts. Insurance is one of the offers in providing funding for the economic recovery that occurs. This study aimed to develop innovations and models for determining natural disaster insurance premiums with a subsidy and tax system. In addition, the developed model considers the disaster risk index in the form of the level of risk distribution, the frequency of events, and economic losses. In this study, the data used were the frequency of events and economic losses obtained from the Indonesian National Disaster Management Agency. The data used were 20 database periods from 2000 to 2019. This study used the collective risk method from the index of natural disaster risk parameters. From the results of the analysis, it was found that the level of distribution of disaster risk affected the determination of insurance premiums. The amount of insurance premiums is increasing along with the increase in the magnitude of the spread of disaster risk. In addition, if taxes and subsidies are reduced, then for high-risk areas, there will be a decrease in the burden of insurance premiums, and for low-risk areas, there will be an increase in the premium burden that must be paid. On the basis of the results of the analysis on the insurance model, it was found that the insurance premiums in each province varied. The results of this study are expected to be a reference for the government and private companies in implementing disaster insurance in Indonesia. In addition, the results of this study can be a means of developing innovations for disaster risk management that occurs.

Impact of the new measures related to the circular economy on the management of agrochemical packaging in Spanish agriculture and the use of biodegradable plastics

BackgroundWaste disposal is an activity that pollutes the environment. The European Union has developed different legislative measures which are based on the circular economy (CE) to avoid this negative externality. The management of agricultural packaging (fertilizers and phytosanitary products) is carried out through Collective Deposit, Return, and Refund Systems (CDRRS). New regulations on waste tax the consumption of non-recyclable plastic in packaging, but also reward the use of plastic by-products from packaging. The administrations recommend using biodegradable plastic in the means of production, as well as establishing a traceability system (TS) to control the proper management of all the generated waste. The proposed measures can affect producer cost accounts. This work aimed to identify and evaluate the existing agricultural packaging management system in Spain. It also studied the influence of the price of a barrel of oil, crop surface, irrigation regime, and the type of subsectors on CDRRS, and quantified the impact of the latest fiscal measures and initiatives proposed by Spanish administrations.ResultsThe generation of agricultural packaging is influenced by variables including the cultivated area, irrigation regime, and agricultural subsector. The price of a barrel of oil directly influences the current by-product utilization system. Using biodegradable plastic or implementing a TS can increase production costs by up to 9.80%. The current system of subsidies to producers can soften the economic impact caused by the additional cost of biodegradable plastic (4.03%), but no subsidies have been foreseen to encourage the use of environmentally friendly alternatives.ConclusionsFindings indicate that public administrations should be guided by the specific characteristics of the different agricultural systems when defining regulations on agricultural waste management. The fixed rate in the current system of subsidies for using plastic by-products obtained from packaging should be substituted for a variable rate. Transferring powers to autonomous communities to define by-products may lead to heterogeneity in the Spanish territory. New measures derived from the recent environmental agreements to comply with the 2030 Agenda will increase production costs even after considering the current aid scheme. The subsidy coefficient should be increased to 80% of the purchase invoice.

أسعار الطاقة وأهميتها في الاقتصاد بالتطبيق على مصر

This study deals with energy prices and their relationship to macroeconomic variables. and their relationship with macroeconomic variables, in addition to the importance of energy prices in the Egyptian economy to sustainable development achieve. The study found that the subsidy system applied to energy prices in Egypt places severe restrictions on the net income of the Egyptian government from the energy sector, and since the largest part of the costs incurred by the government is associated with subsidizing oil products, natural gas, and electricity. Also, oil prices are the most important types of energy prices that greatly affect the macroeconomic variables of all countries, as its price fluctuations affect the balance of payments, inflation rates, economic growth rates, global income distribution, and all macroeconomic variables due to the association of most industries with crude oil and its derivatives and thus energy prices Among them, oil prices have a major impact on sustainable development in Egypt.

FOOD SECURITY AS THE BASIS OF NATIONAL SECURITY

One of the central problems of an independent state is the provision of its food security, that is, its ability to provide citizens with basic food products, through proper production practices and import operations. It may safely be said that for every country, more so in the relatively newly independent States, it is an even existential challenge. Despite a full understanding of the problem, its definitive and comprehensive solution is complicated by a trivial problem - limited resources, which is why the extent to which subsidy is provided by the developed countries (per unit of output, per employee or agricultural land), is far beyond the capacity of the developing countries and countries with economies in transition (that would also include Georgia). In such countries, a stereotype picture emerges: food demand remains inelastic, but low purchasing power among a large segment of the population, the weak economy and the limited capacities of providing subsidies artificially lower demand for food. In post-socialist countries with the economies in transition the situation is aggravated by the violation of the social (in fact, political) subsidy system, which has substantially changed the proportions between the volumes of consumed food products. In Georgia, almost 2/3 of the total calories consumed by the population come from food products of plant origin, which is 1.5 times higher than the recommended proportions. The main reason is that the cost of every 1000 kcal from products of plant origin consumed by the population is about 3-4 times cheaper than the cost of the same number of calories from products of animal origin. As a result, the cost of the food basket is formally reduced, a formal basis is created for reducing the subsistence minimum, but at the same time, the proportions are broken between the volumes of the consumption of proteins, fats, carbohydrates by members of society. The common pattern is to remain in force: the high correlation of food security with the level of economic development of the State, or with the macroeconomic situation. In this regard, despite the fact that the dynamics of output and value added created in the agricultural sector in recent years is no longer inferior to the dynamics of national product, but already is slightly higher (in 2020, compared to 2012, the scale of output in the agricultural sector increased by 24.6%, while in other sectors of the national economy (23.3%), the situation in this sector of the economy, especially in terms of food security, is still clearly unsatisfactory. In order to meet citizens food needs, it becomes necessary to import vast quantities of food products, whose average annual volume exceeded $1.2 billion in 2011-2020. Along with the objective circumstances impeding food security (primarily weakness of the economy), the process is also negatively affected by factors such as the insufficient political will of the ruling powers and the lack of competences of decision makers, and consequently, low levels of their productivity. Georgia, just like other civilized nations, needs to give priority attention to the agricultural sector. Priorities in this area can be in two directions: first, the preservation of the village as a territorial and social unit (this task also includes the protection of cultural and wild landscapes); second, the establishment of an agricultural sectoral structure to ensure food security. Food security is a State priority. The only entity that can solve this problem is the State itself. Achieving success on this issue in many ways depends on the effectiveness of public administration of the State as an economic entity, that is integrated with the improvement of agricultural production, its transformation into a high-tech sector and large-scale socio-economic, cultural and technical development of the rural population. We still import more than 70% of the food we need. If we want to improve the trade balance by 2027, we must significantly increase agricultural production in order to reduce foreign exchange spent on food imports.

Disposable or reusable? Packaging strategy and pricing decision for fresh food considering environmental policies

AbstractPackaging has become an important concern of fresh food supply chains and will exert a growing influence under environmental policies. In this paper, we have discussed three specific issues to investigate fresh food supply chains’ packaging strategy, that is, whether to use disposable packaging containers (DPCs) or reusable packaging containers (RPCs), whether to purchase or rent RPCs, and the influences of environmental policies. Our research has generated some key findings. First, we find that penalty (such as taxes) and reward (such as subsidies) are simultaneously needed to motivate supply chains to choose RPCs. In terms of the “purchasing or renting” choice, it highly depends on the relative magnitude of the purchase and rental subsidies, along with the number of uses of RPCs and the perishability of fresh food. We also conclude that reusing RPCs for more times has two‐sided effects, that is, the effect of cost saving and the effect of accelerated deterioration. Thus, it is not recommended to excessively reuse RPCs. In addition, we make two extensions. First, we consider endogenous tax rate and subsidy rates and discuss from the perspective of social welfare. Second, we consider endogenous sales price and rental price of RPCs and study the optimal decisions of the RPC operator. Results show that the government should establish a classified tax and subsidy system for packaging containers, and meanwhile benchmarking prices for RPC services should be set to curb the RPC operator's free‐riding behavior.

Using a CDFI-Like Program to Expand Online Lending to Minority Business Owners

Minority business owners face challenges in accessing credit due to banking industry-wide trends moving away from small-dollar loans and because many have less formal credit information. Online lenders have emerged to meet this market demand, using various sources of data besides credit scores to assess creditworthiness. These platforms help minority business owners who have limited credit data. However, online lenders may suffer liquidity problems during a recession, when business owners may be especially in need of funding.
 This Note advocates for programs that incentivize online lenders to invest in low-income and minority communities. Specifically, this Note outlines a proposal for a community development financial institution fund-like subsidy system that offers federal grants to online lenders that invest in certain low-income communities and businesses, upon the condition that these lenders will maintain enough capital reserves to ensure they can continue providing credit during a recession. Such a program can help ensure minority business owners have consistent access to credit.

The impact of different regulation policies on promoting green consumption behavior based on social network modeling

To alleviate the situation of resources constraints and ecological pressure, it is of great practical significance to strengthen government regulation of green consumption behavior. This paper used the policy simulation method and developed a dynamic decision-making model based on social network. Simulation experiments were used to evaluate the effects of order-based regulation (government subsidy and green product certification system) and emotion-based regulation (publicity and education and social discussion) on green consumption behavior, respectively. The results show that: (1) Green consumption behavior under the influence of order-based regulation evolves to a steady state more quickly than emotion-based regulation. (2) Green consumption subsidies and green product certification both effectively promote green consumption behavior. Still, when the subsidies reach a certain amount, green consumption behavior will not change much. (3) Publicity and education can increase the rate of consumers with positive attitudes in the initial consumer network, but the implementation proportion of green consumer behavior increases slowly if the intensity exceeds a certain threshold. In addition, strengthening social discussion is needed at the initial stage, but the intervention effect is somewhat weakened at the later stage. On this basis, this study proposes that both two types of regulation policies should be rationally used. This study provides new enlightenment for the promotion of green consumption behavior under government regulation.

지방교육재정교부금 재원과 규모의 변화가 교부금 제도 개편에 주는 시사점 분석

This study explored the background of the introduction of the local education subsidy system, examined the change in the size of local education finance according to changes in local education financial resources, and analyzed the impact of the revised Local Education Subsidy Act at the end of 2004. The results of the analysis are as follows. Until 2016, there was a significant erosion of operating and facility costs due to the salaries of teachers. The abolition of the extra grant was a result of the abolition of the policy measures to preserve financial resources, and when there was a deficit in the internal tax grant, it had to be resolved by issuing local education bonds. In addition, since 2005, the education tax has not contributed much to the expansion of educational resources. The implication of the reorganization of the grant system is that the simplification of grant resources caused problems in securing the stability of the grant, therefore, it is necessary to diversify financial resources through the revival of salary grant and additional grant, and it is necessary to reorganize the role and function of education tax grant. The suggestions for reorganizing the grant system are as follows. First, it is necessary to diversify the financial resources of local education financial grants. Second, the national education policy should, in principle, be implemented with state subsidies. Third, a structure for issuing and repaying local education bonds should be established only in accordance with the needs of metropolitan/provincial offices of education. Fourth, the Education Tax Act should be replaced with the Higher Education Tax Act. Fifth, grants excluding labor costs should be converted from the internal tax-linked method to the method of the standard education cost per class.