Subsidiary Occupation Research Articles

Constraints in adoption of recommended button mushroom cultivation techniques

Mushroom cultivation as a subsidiary occupation provides ample opportunities for sustaining rural livelihood. Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Faridkot is actively involved in conducting training programmes on button mushroom cultivation. Main objective of training programmes on mushroom production is to promote mushroom production as a self employment venture which can ultimately improve the socio-economic condition of the poor. It has also been observed that some of the people trained at KVK, Faridkot have adopted mushroom cultivation while some have not. It was found worthwhile to study the major bottlenecks in adoption of mushroom cultivation as an enterprise. With this objective, the present study on constraints in adoption of recommended button mushroom cultivation techniques was carried out at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Faridkot from 2011-15. A total of 62 trainees trained by KVK Faridkot from Faridkot and Kotkapura blocks of district Faridkot were selected as respondents. The data revealed that issues related to price fixation (98 %) and lack of government support (93.6 %) along with non-availability of quality spawn in the local area (84.9 %), it’s untimely supply (79.4 %) and lengthy and cumbersome method of compost preparation for button mushroom (80.3 %) are the major bottlenecks in adoption of this venture: In order to find out the relationship between ranks accorded by groups of respondents to different categories of constraints, rank order correlation was calculated. It was found that category of marketing constraints (82.70%) was the top ranked category as perceived by the growers engaged in mushroom production. This was followed by input constraints (75.85 %), technological constraints (72.00 %), general constraints (64.46 %) socio-cultural constraints (62.47 %) and crop management constraints (55.9 %).

Nature and extent of forest resource extraction from Modhupur Sal forest by the community

The study was undertaken to document the nature and extent of forest resource extraction from the Modhupur Sal forest by the community people. It was conducted at Rosulpur village in Muktagachha Upazila which is adjacent to Modhupur Upazila of Tangail district. A total of 60 households were selected for data collection using purposive sampling technique. The collected data through field survey method were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The majority of the forest users was aged between 25 to 34 years and had a literacy status of below secondary school certificate level. Around 30% of the forest users depend on agriculture but forest resource extraction was the subsidiary occupation for most of the households that was done by mostly female members of the respondents’ family. Forty percent of the forest users’ income varies from Tk. 10000 to Tk. 15000 per month. Besides these, majority of them had 0.51 to 1.0 acre of cultivable lands. Though different resources are extracted from Modhupur Sal forest such as timber, fuel wood, medicinal plants, etc, but timber is collected by 100% of the respondents. Number of livestock, level of landholding and labor time spent for forest resources collection were the influencing factors for household’s forest resources collection. The majority of the forest users suggested that government need to invest in awareness building program and enforce rules and regulations so that community people can contribute and participate to conserve the forest.Progressive Agriculture 28 (2): 148-155, 2017

To determine future training requirements of the farmers about rearing cross-bred animals on the basis of subject matter areas of training

Animal husbandry has been regarded as subsidiary occupation by the farmers of our country. Despite of the fects that we are having a large population of animals, the milk food is very low to augment the milk production of country of cross breeding with Exotic breeds have been extended on a massive scale, milk production cannot be increase only having cross bread animals but the farmers must be trained in proper reading of these animals. As per the principle of extension due consideration be given to the felt heeds of the farmers must be trained as per their requirement in various aspects of rearing cross-bred animals. With this consideration present investigation entitled Study of training heed of farmers in Sambhar Lake Panchayat Samiti (Jaipur-Rajasthan) with special reference to rearing cross bred animals. To get right need and provided opportunities is the surest way to contribute to economic growth and overall development for rearing cross-bread farmers.

A Case Study on the Socio-Economic Conditions of the Artisanal Fisheries in the Cagayan De Oro River

Freshwater fishing is an important socioeconomic aspect of the communities in the Cagayan de Oro River (CDOR), Philippines. The fishery sector in CDOR has the elements that are generally characteristic of artisanal or small-scale fisheries. Before this study, very little was known of the scope and magnitude of artisanal level fishing activities within the CDOR. It has remained undocumented by Local Government Units (LGUs) as it does not contribute directly to the economy in terms of measurable cash flow. However, a number of fishes in the river have higher commercial value compared to marine fisheries in the nearby Macajalar Bay. This study is an attempt to examine the conditions of the CDOR fisheries and to quantify its economic contributions. The economic contribution is measured in terms of the market value of captured aquatic resources. In order to establish the behavior and trends in the fisheries of the different communities, the study area was divided into three sub-zones. Data in this study were collected through interviews of identified fishermen in the different sub-zones. Majority of the fishermen venture into other menial jobs due to proximity to the urban center. Many of them have subsidiary occupations which serve the dual purpose of alternative income and job opportunities and food source because fishing is seasonal. The peak fishing season usually spans two to four months. Comparatively, the earnings derived by the Cagayan de Oro River fishermen are relatively in almost the same range as the marine fishermen in the different parts of the country.

Correlates of impact of pumpset supply scheme on tribal farmers

Agriculture is the main base of Indian economy. The agriculture development is depend on development of all sectors of farming community may be poor or rich, educated or illiterate, tribal or non-tribal. As tribal villages are located in the forest and hills, they remain more or less cut off from the main stream of national development. Extension education is equally important in tribal communities as it is in the rural communities. It has widely been accepted by the Government that the tribal people must be brought the main stream of Indian life. The tribals are exploited through and alienation, indebtedness, bounded labour, malpractices in exchange of agricultural and forest produce, etc. To overcome in this developmental programme priority was given to agriculture and allied sectors, irrigation facilities and forest and mineral based industries. Efforts were also made to include a change in the traditional ways of agriculture. So as to provide increased income to the tribal cultivators even though they have small holdings. At national and state level various agriculture development schemes are implemented with a view to bring the development in tribal farming. Tribal beneficiaries of pumpset supply scheme largely belonged to middle age group i.e. 36 to 51 year (51.33 %), illiterate (26.00 %), belonged to farming community. Majority of them i.e. 83.33 per cent doing subsidiary occupation as farm labour, had medium 1.01 to 2 ha hand holding (46.67 %), had medium socio-economic status (40.00 %), 66.67 per cent tribal beneficiaries had utilized the medium level information sources, had medium degree of proneness to change (56.67 %), had low extension contact (86.67 %) and majority tribals had moderately favourable attitude towards scheme (48.00 %).

Socio-Personal Profile of Butchers and Meat Retailers in Jammu District of Jammu and Kashmir

The present study was conducted in Jammu district of Jammu and Kashmir State to access the socio-personal profile of butchers and meat retailers. Three Major slaughter houses of Jammu district situated at Nagrota, Old Rehari and Gujjar Nagar were selected for the study. A list of butchers in the selected slaughter houses was prepared. Ten butchers from each slaughter house were selected randomly. After preparing the comprehensive list of meat markets operating in Jammu district, three meat markets were selected, and from each selected meat market ten retail meat shops were randomly chosen. From each randomly selected retail meat shop, one person was selected purposively who was actively involved in animal slaughter and sale of meat at retail meat shop. Thus, a total of thirty butchers and thirty retailers were selected in all. Data was collected through interview schedule as well as through observations. The data was coded, classified, tabulated and analyzed using the software; Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS 16.0). The presentation of data was done to give pertinent, valid and reliable answer to the specific objectives. Frequencies, percentage, mean and standard deviation were worked out for meaningful interpretation. Majority of the respondents belonged to middle aged group. Most of them were illiterate. Mainly male members of general and other backward castes were found in this profession. Majority had 5 to 10 years of experience and medium workload. None of them had received any formal training. All the respondents had meat retailing as major occupation while butchery work at slaughter houses as the subsidiary occupation. Majority of the respondents were from middle income family and they were earning income between Rs.10, 000 to Rs.15, 000 monthly from meat handling profession.

Farmers perception towards crop insurance scheme

The present study on farmers perception towards crop insurance scheme was conducted in the year 2015-16 in Amravati district. For this study 100 respondents were purposively selected from two tahsils of district with the help of random sampling method. Frequencies, mean, standard deviation, correlation of co-efficient analysis were employed for interpreting the results. Findings of relational analysis revealed that education, subsidiary occupation, extension contacts, social participation, benefits availed, crops covered in crop insurance were positively and significantly correlated with perception and age, annual income, farming experience, source of information were negatively but significantly correlated with perception except land holding and loan availed from bank which were non-significantly related with perception. Crop diversification, forward marketing, adjustment of investment, timeliness of the field operations were the important risk management strategies adopted by the farmers in view of loss occurred to crop failure.

Incidence and Determinants of Poverty among Marginal and Small Farmers-A Case Study of Kaithal District

The present paper attempts to examine the incidence of poverty among marginal and small farmers in rural areas of Kaithal district of Haryana. For the purpose of the present study, one village has been selected from each development block of the district on random basis. A representative proportional sample of 173 households comprising the marginal and small farmers has been taken for the survey. The incidence of income based poverty shows that by taking the poverty measure of 50 per cent per capita income of the state, 98.14 per cent of total farming population is living below the poverty line. On the basis of the World Bank's Extreme poverty measure of $1.25 per person per day, 87.10 per cent of the sampled farm population is living below the poverty line. The incidence of consumption based poverty shows that by taking the 50 per cent of per capita consumption expenditure of the state as poverty line 94.62 per cent of total farming population is living below the poverty line. On the basis of the World Bank's Extreme poverty measure of $1.25 per person per days 84.26 per cent of the total farming population is living below poverty line. Incidence of poverty among the marginal farm-size category is more than that of the small farm-size category. The family-size, farm-size, number of earners, per capita income from subsidiary occupations and per capita expenditure on education are the main determinants of income based poverty. The number of dependents, income, education level and repayment of loans are the main determinants of consumption based poverty.

Economic Analysis of Agricultural Loans from Private Sources in Maharashtra

The present exercise was carried out to study the pattern of loan acquisition from private agencies and its magnitude, the cost of loan acquisition from non-institutional agencies and overdues of such loans in Maharashtra. The major findings of the study are the share of scheduled commercial banks has increased and the share of co-operative bank has reduced within 26 years in agriculture loan. It is bad indicator that the loan outstanding and loan overdues were increased within 26 years lead to rural indebtedness. Institutional agencies were not able to satisfy consumption and social needs of farmers so they requires private loan by money lenders, traders, friends, relatives, etc. with high interest. In case of private, loan maximum loan acquired from the money lenders, in case of private agencies, the per cent gap was highest for medium farmers. Money lenders were more liberal to sanction the private loan requirement of farmers, The cost on items like stamp duty, processing fee and other sundry expenses incurred were higher in overall farmers and The private loan overdues were higher in case of small size group farmers. Majority of the farmers have taken loan from money lenders. Therefore, it is necessary that the farmers should make some investment on other subsidiary occupations like dairy, poultry, sericulture, mushroom production and the likes which will be helpful for generation of income and employment and thereby increasing their own equity/funds for the developmental activities. The extension and financing agencies have to play an important role in convincing the farmers in this regard and while framing the credit policy, the financial institutions should give more emphasis on small farmers and their credit need.

Loan Acquisition and Cost of Acquisition from Non-institutional Agencies in Maharashtra

The availability of the credit in requisite quantities and at required time is of paramount importance in agriculture. The small and marginal farmers and even, the medium sized famers are out of reach of institutional credit. It's become therefore, imperative to know the sources ofnon-institutional agencies and the overdues status such famers in the state of Maharashtra. The findings of the study are concludes as in case of non-institutional loan, maximum loan was acquired from the money lenders. In the case of non-institutional agencies, the per cent gap was highest for medium farmers (−23.47 per cent). Money lenders were more liberal to sanction the non-institutional loan requirement of farmers. The cost on items like stamp duty, processing fee and other sundry expenses incurred were higher in overall farmers. The overdues of non-institutional loans were higher in case of medium size group of farmers (74.89 per cent). Majority of the farmers have taken loan from money lenders. Therefore, it is necessary that the farmers should make some investment on other subsidiary occupations like dairy, poultry, sericulture, mushroom production and the likes which will be helpful for generation of income and employment and thereby increasing the farmers own equity/funds for the developmental activities.

Beekeeping as Subsidiary Occupation of Farming in Punjab

The results of the study revealed that gross and net returns from beekeeping activity were more on large farms as compared to small and medium farms due to higher volume of business handled on large farms while the net returns per beehive and per kilogram of honey produced were more on small farms and highest average productivity was realized on medium farms due to efficient handling of bee colonies. Benefit: cost ratio (B: C) was highest on small farms (3.25) followed by medium (3.19) and large (2.70) farms. Share of beekeeping in net returns from beekeeping and crop farming was more on small farms as compared to medium and large farms. The net returns realized by the beekeepers from beekeeping along with crop farming were considerably higher than their non-beekeeper/farmer counterparts. Regression analysis emphasized on efficient use of bee colonies for increasing gross returns from honey production. The study brought out some policy issues for betterment of beekeepers which were: encouraging beekeeping as subsidiary occupation of farming especially for marginal and small farmers, loans at low rate of interest and adequate subsidy for purchase of beekeeping infrastructure, establishing more honey processing plants to further promote its export, proper quality checks for testing honey and an effective beekeepers association to address the production and marketing related concerns of beekeepers.

Analysis of cost and returns of milk production in Rajasthan

The present study was undertaken to find out the cost and returns of milk production. Milk production in India is mainly concentrated on small farms in rural areas as a subsidiary occupation to agriculture. In addition to this, there are a number of organized dairy farms under the cooperatives milk producers’ union. In this country, the low genetic potential of the animals results in the high cost and low milk production. The profit margin can be increased, by decreasing the cost of production. The average cost of production per litre milk was 14.27 and the average net return per litre of milk was 8.28. The input-output ratio was worked out 1.58 at overall level. The cost C was 1867599.61 per dairy farm and 333449.99 per milch animal and the net income was 1053011.60 per dairy farm and 18803.77 per animal. The average dairy milk yield of local cow was 8.20litre. It was 10.50 litres, 11.53 and 15.80 litres for buffalo, Jersey cow and Holstein Friesian cow, respectively.

Indebtedness and Poverty Among Rural Labour Households in Punjab

The present study was carried out with the objective of studying the incidence of poverty and indebtedness and to work out the determinants and factors affecting poverty and indebtedness among rural labour households in Punjab. The analysis revealed that major source of income for rural labour was hiring out labour in the agriculture sector. The incidence of indebtedness was found to be quite in direct relationship with the consumption-income ratio. This indicated that the rural labour households have to take loan for consumption needs also. As far as the sources of debt are concerned, the farmers and landlords advanced the major share of debt to the rural labour households for want of easy access to the institutional sources of debt. The analysis highlighted the need to extend the loan at nominal rate of interest to the rural labour households so as to enable them to adopt subsidiary occupation in order to eradicate poverty.

Evaluation of Vocational Training Programmes on Mushroom Cultivation

To address the livelihood security of the small and marginal farmers, adoption of subsidiary occupations have been constantly advocated by the extension scientists. Mushroom cultivation, having no requirement of arable land, can be an important subsidiary enterprise for small and marginal farmers. The present study was conducted to evaluate the training programmes on mushroom cultivation organized by KVK, Moga (Punjab). Study revealed that majority of the trainees were found to be satisfied with respect to various aspects of training programmes like subject matter content, training duration, practical exercises, provision of literature. More than 90 per cent trainees found their training programme effective in meeting their expectations. Study further reveals that most of the trainees scored medium to high knowledge scores after attending the training programme on mushroom cultivation. There was significant gain in knowledge of trainees after participating in mushroom cultivation training programmes. It was also observed that 37.24 percent of the trainees had adopted mushroom cultivation enterprise after training whereas 29.79 percent of the trainees discontinued the enterprise over time. Lack of proper infrastructure, discouragement by fellow farmers, lack of assured market, non-remunerative prices, and poor quality of spawn were found to be the main reasons for non-adoption and discontinuance of the mushroom cultivation enterprise.

Determinants of poverty among bee farmers: An antidote for apicultural development in Kwara State, Nigeria

The study examined the poverty status of bee-farmers in two ecological zones of Kwara State, Nigeria with modern bee-keeping farmers as a case study. Primary data subjected to a pre-survey which involved structured questionnaire and interview schedule were administered using multistage random technique to selected 80 bee farmers in the two ecological zones. Sixty five percent of bee farmers earned at least .25,000 per annum each and averaged .30,800 from bee production. This shows positive contribution to bee household’s welfare. Majority of the pooled farmers (75%) had subsidiary occupations with average yearly off-farm income of .35,600. This shows that the rural farmers have developed capacity to cope with increasing vulnerability associated with apicultural practices by diversification and migration. The result of logit regression revealed that years of experience; level of education; adjusted household size; number of hives; bee income and non-bee income were found to be significant in poverty determinants of bee farmers. The Foster-Greer-Thorbecke index analysis estimated a poverty line of .236.50 (US$1.48) per household head per day. The results revealed that improvement in level of training, amount of credit accessed and increasing number of hives invested were inversely related to poverty status of bee farmers. The results also showed prevalence of poverty among rural bee households that utilized open spaces for disposing their faeces, stream water for drinking and local lamp for lightening compared to bee farmers that utilized pit toilets, well water or boreholes and electricity respectively. Keywords : Bee farmers, education, extension contact, poverty

Alternatives to Flue Cured V irginia Tobacco Cultivation: Preliminary Observations from a Tobacco Growing Region In India

Flue Cured Virginia (FCV) tobacco also known as cigarette tobacco is a commercial crop grown in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Orissa and Maharashtra states in India. Tobacco is considered a de-merit good because of its adverse effects on the health of the consumers and there is growing concern to replace tobacco with suitable alternative crops and livelihoods in tobacco growing regions. The main purpose of undertaking this study is to make a situation analysis of the tobacco growing region with respect to cropping pattern, background of farmers growing different crops, their perceptions on tobacco cultivation, institutional benefits available for growing tobacco and, to identify economically viable alternate crops for FCV tobacco if any and examine the factors governing their adoption. The review of literature and this study suggest that farmers are interested or willing to shift from tobacco. But, this willingness is conditional or is responsive to fulfillment of demands. Although there are alternatives that are being tried out, they are backed by huge investment in infrastructure. Studies in Tanzania, Bangladesh and India reveal that institutional support is the main factor inducing continuation of tobacco cultivation. Based on the net returns per unit of cultivation, this study indicates the possibilities of promoting ginger, chilly, sugarcane and plantation crops as alternatives to tobacco. In the case of alternative livelihoods, we could not find any instances of other remunerative livelihoods taken up by tobacco growers and non tobacco growers on large scale from the sample covered in this study. The earnings from livestock rearing, which is one of the subsidiary occupations reported by farmers is at subsistence level and cannot be compared with earnings from tobacco cultivation. As observed from the field and noted from secondary sources, FCV tobacco crop in India is like a pampered child. Its cultivation is profitable because of the domestic and international demand and institutional support extended towards its cultivation. In this background the cultivation of other crops cannot be left to the providence of natural factors. Shifting from tobacco may be possible only if similar treatment on par with tobacco is given to selected alternative crops expected to get comparable returns.

Jacob Green’s Revolution: Radical Religion and Reform in a Revolutionary Age, by S. Scott Rohrer

Jacob Green's Revolution: Radical Religion and Reform in a Revolutionary Age, by S. Scott Rohrer. University Park, Pennsylvania State University Press, 2014. xiv, 304 pp. $79.95 US (cloth), $34.95 US (paper). S. Scott Rohrer's of New Jersey Presbyterian minister Jacob Green is a welcome addition to the subject of religion in the American Revolution. Interest in this important subject has grown immensely since the analyses of Jerald C. Brauer in the 1970s, thanks to the work of Patricia Bonomi, Thomas Kidd, Mark Noll, Nancy Rhoden, and William Sweet, among others. Studies in this area typically focus on religious movements, church evolutions, doctrinal debates, and their connections to revolutionary culture, without dwelling specifically on the personal dimension of history. Rohrer's book contributes to bridging the gap by putting flesh in that realm of ideas. core interest of this lies in the way it brings forth the richness and complexity of the minister's life experience while still embracing the wider historical picture. Students and general readers will appreciate the fascinating details and interesting twists and turns of Green's career. They will certainly be led to reflect not only on how the connection between religion and revolution played out in Green's life, but also on whether he was motivated mostly by religious tenets or worldly pursuits. comes in three parts in a standard chronological arrangement. Part I covers the world of Jacob Green as a student, pastor, and father. It highlights his religious angst during his boyhood and student years at Harvard, and delves into the dilemmas arising from the connection of predestination, free will, and political activism. It also describes the challenge of balancing duties at the head of a church and of a numerous family, and the contentious relations Green had with his congregation over his salary, life style, and subsidiary occupations. Part II focuses on Green's engagement for the Revolution at the local and national levels as a polemicist, revolutionary, politician, and host to rebel forces. Part III takes up his post-Revolutionary activities as a religious and social reformer. structure features a novelty. Each chapter ends with a short aside devoted to The Loyalist down the Road, Anglican minister Thomas Bradbury Chandler. Rohrer intends the parallel as an alternative biography (p. xii), a contrasting foil to put Green into sharper focus and to show that the impact of religion in the era of Revolution was not uniform. two-tales approach may be appreciated by the general reader or the undergraduate student who is discovering the field; however, it may be considered a distracting and superfluous side show by the specialist who will not find much that enhances the understanding of Green, especially as the parallel lives do not intersect in any dynamic manner. book is a good example of how important it is to study second-tier leaders of the American Revolution. It succeeds in illuminating Green's multiple roles and motivations, his ethics and inconsistencies, his accomplishments and shortcomings, his struggle to reconcile spiritual beliefs and worldly concerns, and the constant interplay of his Calvinist tenets with the wider circles of family, church, community, state, and nation. …

Change in livestock holdings, adaptation strategies and livelihood security of the farmers affected by national calamity in Bihar, India.

Our research should be focused for those, who need it ‘the utmost’. So, the present study was conducted on 18 th August 2008 victims of Kosi flood, whose primary or subsidiary occupation was Livestock rearing or Agriculture. The flood was declared as “National Calamity” by Prime minister of India on 28 th August 2008 and so far it is the single calamity in the history of India to be officially declared as a “National Calamity”. The present study was conducted in the purposively selected ‘2008 flood’ affected region of Bihar State. The data were solicited from 160 randomly selected farmers from two districts viz. Supaul and Madhepura because the extents of damage in these two districts were much higher than the other districts. The results indicate that there was a significant change in number of goat and poultry possessing farmers from year 2008 to 2014. There was a significant increase in Livestock population from mean value 2.98 to 4.48 with significant “Z-Value” of 6.99 at 1% level of significance, which consequently resulted in raise in milk production in litres/day from mean value 4.73 to 7.59; the value was also significant at 1% level with “Z-Value” of 11.37. Two prominent adaptation strategies were Inter/Intra-village group dynamics to attain livelihood security and Individual Produce, common marketing policy for attaining livelihood security. To measure the ‘Livelihood Security’ of farmers, an Index was used, which revealed that majority of the respondents of the study area were having insecurity in terms of their Livelihood, as most of respondents happened to possess very low to medium (87.50%) level of Livelihood security with overall mean value of 0.479.

Time utilization and spending pattern of fisher women in house hold task and subsidiary occupation

The extend of participation of women in fish related activities varies from country depending on the local conditions, level of literacy, social customs and economic conditions of states generally involves fish drying, processing, loading and unloading, retail marketing and net making. Marketing is one of the important aspects in fisheries, which is basically looked after by fisherwomen. Time is a unique and valuable resource. Women spend a lot of time not only in managing their homes but also managing their farms and animals, but most of the time their contribution remains unrecognized. Therefore, an attempt was made to know the time spent pattern of fisher women in fishing operation. The data in this regards were collected through interview using 24 hours recall method. Ten different house hold activities were identified related to household work in which fisher women were engaged daily, weekly and seasonal work.

Overdues in Primary Agricultural Co-operative Banks in Vellore District: A Case Study

Primary agricultural co-operative banks are the foundation of the co-operative credit movement in India. The strength of primary co-operative society lies in its internal resource mobilisation, efficient deployment of resources, and least cost operation due to high recovery performance and further relending. The primary agricultural co-operative banks (PACBs) are expected to play, in the context of changing economic environment, a very significant role in making institutional credit accessible to farmers of all categories: small, marginal, and large farmers, besides providing assistance to nonfarm sectors and other weaker sections of the society, petty traders and socially weaker groups in the community. Primary agricultural credit societies, which number about 90,000 at present, constitute the foundation of the three-tier co-operative credit structure in the country. They operate at the village level, along with the Farmers’ Service Societies (FSS) and the Large Sized Adivasi Multi Purpose Cooperative Societies (LAMPS) in tribal areas. In Tamil Nadu, primary agricultural co-operative banks numbering 4,498 have distributed `.698 crore as short term loans and `.101 crore as medium term loans for taking subsidiary occupations. Nearly 65 per cent of the medium term loans are issued to the identified beneficiaries under IRDP Tamil Nadu State Co-operative Bank (apex level) channelises the funds provided by the National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development (NABARD) towards short term loans for seasonal agricultural investment. The aggregate deposit of the PACBs as on 31st March 1998 was `.1,506.23 crore. The aggregate loans issued by the societies steadily increased from `.4,366.52 crore in 2005-06. The overdues of PACBs have been steadily increasing year after year. This trend is found in almost all the states in India. Unless the problem is tackled, it would affect the structure. The mounting overdues in the primary agricultural co-operative banks in the country have been causing serious concern to the Central Government, State Governments and to the co-operative credit institutions themselves. Hence, in this paper an attempt has been made to analyse the trend and causes for overdues pertaining to a primary agricultural co-operative bank, namely, Arcot, Pudupadi primary agricultural co-operative bank in Arcot Block, Vellore district.