Subshell Photoionization Cross Sections Research Articles

Experimental determination of the sulfur K-shell fundamental parameters employing the holistic approach

Abstract Sulfur and its compounds are both very abundant in the environment and very important for technological applications such as batteries. X-ray spectroscopic characterizations of sulfur compounds for a quantitative determination of the present amount of sulfur often requires a good knowledge on the atomic fundamental parameters involved. These quantitatively describe the processes of photoionization and X-ray fluorescence emission, making them crucial for X-ray spectroscopy-based quantifications. 
By employing the recently demonstrated holistic approach, the atomic fundamental parameters of the sulfur K-shell were experimentally determined using the radiometrically calibrated instrumentation of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB). The transition probabilities of the main K-shell fluorescence lines, the K-shell fluorescence yield, the K-shell Auger yield, the subshell photoionization cross section and fluorescence production cross section were determined by means of photon energy dependent X-ray fluorescence and transmission measurements on a thin InS coated silicon nitride membrane. The results are also downloadable from Zenodo as plain text.

Experimental determination of the hafnium L-subshell fundamental parameters using the holistic approach

By employing the recently demonstrated new holistic approach, the atomic fundamental parameters (FPs) of the three Hf-L subshells were experimentally determined using the radiometrically calibrated instrumentation of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt. The Coster–Kronig factors, the L-subshell fluorescence yields, the L-subshell Auger yields, the subshell-photoionization cross sections, and the subshell fluorescence production cross sections were determined by means of photon energy dependent x-ray fluorescence and transmission measurements. The recently demonstrated new holistic evaluation approach allows to determine the FPs with significantly lower uncertainties as compared to the former data evaluation scheme, where only a limited regime of incident photon energies is being probed and the data evaluation scheme is performed in a sequential manner.

Experimental L-series x ray production cross sections for Re by tuning synchrotron radiation across its Li (i=1–3) sub-shell ionization thresholds

In the present work, the Lk (k = l, α, η, β1, β3, β6, β4, β2,15, β5,7, β9,10, γ1,5, γ2,3,6,8, γ4) x ray production (XRP) cross sections have been measured for Re at energies across its Li (i = 1–3) sub-shell ionization threshold energies covering the region 10.5 keV–14.0 keV using synchrotron radiation. The measured values have been compared with the three sets of XRP cross sections calculated using the Dirac-Fock model based x ray emission rates, the non-relativistic Hartree-Fock-Slater model based Li (i = 1–3) sub-shell photoionization cross-sections and three sets of the fluorescence (ωi) and Coster-Kronig (fij) yields based on the Dirac-Hartree-Slater model based values, the semi-empirical values and the experimental values reported earlier by us. The present measured XRP cross sections are found to be in a good agreement with those calculated using the experimental ωi/fij values; whereas these are found to be significantly lower (~30%) than those calculated using the theoretical and the semi-empirical ωi/fij values. In view of the observed good agreement of the present measured Lk XRP cross sections with those calculated using the experimental fluorescence and Coster-Kronig yields and that of the measured branching ratios (ILl/ILα,; ILβ2,15/ILα,; ILη/ILβ1; ILγ1,5/ILβ1 and ILγ2,3/ILβ3) with the theoretical values calculated using the Dirac-Fock model based x ray emission rates, the use of these parameters is recommended for different analytical applications.

Measurements of mass attenuation coefficients for 51Sb over energy region 4 keV–14 keV using synchrotron radiation

In the present work, the X-ray mass attenuation coefficients have been measured for 51Sb (a medium-Z element) at forty energies across its Li (i = 1–3) sub-shell absorption edges covering an extended energy region within 4.0 keV–14.0 keV. The aim of this study is to experimentally determine the key X-ray fundamental parameters for 51Sb with improved accuracy by using tunable energy synchrotron radiation. From the present measured mass attenuation coefficients, the Li (i = 1–3) sub-shell photoionization cross sections (σLiP) have been deduced at twenty four energies across the Li (i = 1–3) edge-energies of 51Sb covering the region 4.150 keV–5.0 keV by using experimentally deduced Li (i = 1–3) edge jump ratios. Two theoretical datasets of X-ray mass attenuation coefficients and total photoionization cross sections were served to evaluate their consistency with the present experimental values and reveal possible discrepancies, in particular, across the Li (i = 1–3) edge-energies of 51Sb.

The Chandrasekhar function for modeling photoelectron transport in solids

The objective of this study was to design an algorithm for calculating the Chandrasekhar function (H-function) dedicated for theoretical models of photoelectron transport in condensed matter. It has been shown that only the H-function values for non-conservative isotropic scattering are needed with the largest albedo, ω, values reaching 0.85. Different algorithms for calculating the H-function were analyzed to identify values of arguments for which an accuracy of 14 decimals is reached. It turned out that the most universal approach was an algorithm implementing the double-exponential rule which provided accurate values of the H-function for arguments varying over 10 orders of magnitude. However, the execution time was found to be shorter for algorithms implementing approximate analytical expressions in the region of small argument values, and the Stibbs and Weir algorithm (Stibbs and Weir, 1959) in the region of largest albedo values considered here. Based on these results, a mixed algorithm was created, and tested in calculations of integrals with integrands containing the H-function that are needed in the formalism for photoelectron transport. The execution time of calculations of the photoelectron current emitted from a solid or the photoelectron mean escape depth usually was very short, well below 1 s despite the fact that several such integrals were calculated, and the desired and attained accuracy was 13 decimals or better. Program summaryProgram title: H_FUNProgram Files doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/xf4k25cnpk.1Licensing provisions: GNU General Public License 3 (GPL)Programming language: Fortran 90Nature of problem: Analytical formalism of photoelectron transport requires access to a program providing accurate values of the Chandrasekhar H-function within a possibly short execution time. However, the theory is based on non-conservative scattering; thus the albedo values associated with photoelectron transport vary in a limited range of values, not exceeding ω=0.85. Furthermore, the H-function in the range of small arguments is expressed by analytical formulas that can be implemented in programs providing the H-function with high speed and high accuracy. It would be of interest to develop an algorithm for calculating the H-function with the following features: (i) optimized with respect to execution time, (ii) providing the results with accuracy of 14 decimals, and (iii) taking into account the limited range of albedo values.Solution method: It has been proved that the H-function for both arguments smaller than about 10−5–10−4 are obtained with the desired accuracy from analytical formulas. In the remaining region of arguments, algorithms involving the integral representation need to be used. In recent reports, the integration method based on the double-exponential rule was recommended as an accurate and fast approach. Similarly, an algorithm implementing the Stibbs and Weir theory was also recently indicated as a very effective source of the H-function. In the present work, the execution times for the above algorithms were compared for different pairs of arguments. Finally, separate domains were ascribed to tested algorithms in such a way that the execution times were always the shortest. Based on these results, a program HFUNELE dedicated to calculations of photoelectron transport was developed.Additional comments:(i) Restrictions: The program HFUNELE optimized with respect to speed can be used for the directional variable, μ, varying in the range from zero to unity, while the allowed albedo, ω, range is from zero to 0.85, i.e., the range needed for applications in photoelectron transport theory.(ii) Unusual features: The enclosed test program demonstrates the fact that the typical integrals over the integrands containing the H-function reach or even exceed an accuracy of 13 decimals. Furthermore, application of the program HFUNELE is illustrated in exemplary calculations related to photoelectron transport theory (determination of the photoelectron signal intensity or the photoelectron mean escape depth). To facilitate the performance of the test program, several databases of parameters needed for the calculations are implemented using the DATA statement (electron inelastic mean free paths, albedo values for elements, atomic weights and densities), or included as accompanying text files: BAND_MG.TXT and BAND_AL.TXT (atomic subshells, subshell photoionization cross sections, electron binding energies, and asymmetry parameters).

Measurement of L XRF cross sections for elements with 33 ≤ Z ≤ 51 and their interpretation in terms of L (i = 1–3) subshell vacancy decay parameters

Abstract The Li (i = 1–3) subshell integral X-ray fluorescence (XRF) cross sections have been measured for 17 elements with 33 ≤ Z ≤ 51 following photoionization by the Mn K X-rays (EKαβ = 5.96 keV). The Li (i = 1–3) subshell X-rays were measured using a low-energy Ge (LEGe) detector at an emission angle, ψ = 125°, where angle-dependent emission effects, if any, are nullified as P2(cos ψ) ∼ 0. The XRF cross sections were interpreted in terms of available sets of theoretical Li (i = 1–3) subshell photoionization cross sections, radiative transition probabilities, and the atomic vacancy decay parameters, namely, fluorescence (ωi) and Coster-Kronig (fij) yields. A set of L1 subshell fluorescence (ω1) yields was deduced for the elements with 37 ≤ Z ≤ 51 from the present measured Lγ2,3,(4) [L1-N2,3(O2,3)] XRF cross sections. The ω1 values exhibit jumps at Z = 40 and 49, which are identified to be due to cut-off of the L1L2M4,5 and L1L3M4,5 Coster-Kronig (CK) transitions predicted by calculations based on relativistic Dirac-Hartree-Slater (RDHS) model. However, the measured ω1 values are found to differ considerably from those based on the RDHS model calculations for the elements below Z = 50. The pronounced discrepancies between measured and theoretical ω1 values are likely to be due to overestimation of the L1-L2,3M4,5 CK transition rates by a factor of ∼2–3. Our experiential results demand consideration of extra-atomic relaxation from the solid-state effects and exchange splitting in many-body theoretical calculations of the low-energy CK transitions.

Synchrotron radiation induced X‐ray production cross sections of 66Dy at energies across its Li (i = 1–3) subshell absorption edges

The X‐ray production (XRP) cross sections for the 66Dy Lk (k = l, α, η, β2,6,7,15, β1,6, β1,3,4,6, β2,7,15, γ1,5, γ2,3) emission lines have been measured by tuning the incident synchrotron radiation at energies over the range 7.8–9.2 keV and ~10–370 eV above the respective Li (i = 1–3) absorption edges. These measurements aim to check the reliability of the independent particle approximation models used to generate the theoretical data sets of different physical parameters required to calculate the XRP cross sections and also investigate the influence of many body effects on the photoionization process. The measured values have been compared with 4 sets of XRP cross sections calculated using the Dirac–Fock model‐based X‐ray emission rates, 2 sets of the Li (i = 1–3) subshell photoionization cross sections deduced from the self‐consistent Dirac–Hartree–Fock model‐based values and the nonrelativistic Hartree–Fock–Slater model‐based values, and 2 sets of the fluorescence (ωi) and Coster–Kronig (fij) yields. The present measured Lγ2,3 (originating from decay of the L1 subshell vacancies) XRP cross sections are found to be significantly higher than different sets of theoretical values, whereas a good agreement is generally observed for the various other XRP cross sections and relative intensities.

Measurement of Coster-Kronig vacancy transfer factor of some lanthanides using monoenergetic X-ray photons

Using monoenergetic X-ray photons from Indus-2 synchrotron Centre, the Coster-Kronig vacancy factor(κ) for L3 subshell X-rays of some lanthanide elements such as Gd, Tb, Ho and compounds such as Pr2O3, Pr2(CO3)3·8H2O, Nd2O3, Sm2O3, Sm2(CO3)3.2.85H2O, Sm2(SO4)3·8H2O, Gd2(CO3)3, Tb2O3, Dy2(SO4)3, Ho2O3 and HoF3 have been determined experimentally. By measuring Lα X-ray production cross-section, the L3 subshell fluorescence yield and theoretical values of the L3 subshell photoionization cross-section and level widths, the κ values have been determined. Comparison of the measured experimental κ values with theoretical values indicates that the influence of the chemical environment on κ values in the selected lanthanide targets is not noticeable.

Measurements of mass attenuation coefficients and determination of photoionization cross sections at energies across the Li (i=1–3) edges of 66Dy

The absolute values of the mass attenuation coefficients have been measured at sixty two photon energies across the Li (i=1–3) sub-shell absorption edges of 66Dy covering the region 7.6–14.0keV in order to investigate the influence of near-edge processes on the attenuation coefficients. The present measured attenuation coefficients are found to be higher by up to 10% than the theoretical values evaluated from the computer code XCOM (Berger et al., 2010) and the self-consistent Dirac-Hartree-Slater (DHS) model based values tabulated by Chantler (1995) over the energy region 7.6–14.0keV, except at energies in vicinity (few eV) of the Li (i=1–3) sub-shell absorption edge energies where the measured values are significantly higher (up to 37%) than both the sets of theoretical values. Further, the Li (i=1–3) sub-shell photoionization cross sections, (σLiP)exp, deduced from the present measured mass attenuation coefficients are compared with the non-relativistic Hartree-Fock-Slater (HFS) model based values tabulated by Scofield (1973) and those evaluated from the theoretical total photoionization attenuation coefficients tabulated by Chantler (1995). The deduced (σLiP)exp(i=1–3) values are found to be in better agreement with those evaluated from the tabulations given by Chantler (1995) than the values given by Scofield (1973) over the energy region 7.8 – 14.0keV included in this study. However, at photon energies up to few eV above the Li edges, the deduced (σLiP)exp(i=1–3) values are found to be significantly higher (up to 32%) than both the sets of theoretical values.

Relative total L‐subshell X‐ray emission intensities and their impact on the fitting of complex X‐ray fluorescence spectra

Relative total L‐subshellX‐ray emission intensities, IL2/IL3 and IL1/IL3, are reported for the elements Er, Tm, Yb, Hf, Ta, W, Pt and Au, measured using approximately monoenergetic X‐rays at 17.4 keV. X‐ray spectra were recorded using a filtered X‐ray tube source and a silicon drift detector. Careful fitting was used to determine the intensities of the individual line transitions, accounting for line broadening and detector artefacts. The line intensities were summed to obtain the L1, L2 and L3 total X‐ray emission rates. Relative total L‐subshell emission intensities were also calculated using recommended values of subshell photoionization cross sections, fluorescence yields and Coster–Kronig transition probabilities. We find poor agreement between these accepted literature values and our experimental results. A simple modelling exercise was conducted to explore the impact on fitting complex L‐shellX‐ray fluorescence spectra using inaccurate literature values for line intensities and total subshell X‐ray emission rates. We find that large errors can be introduced when fitting with incorrect values for the total relative X‐ray emission from different L‐subshells. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

L X-ray intensity ratios for high Z elements induced with X-ray tube

Abstract We have studied the intensity ratios I(Lα1,2)/I(Lβ1,2), I(Lα1,2)/I(Lγ) and I(Lβ1,2)/I(Lγ) for elements Ta, W, Au and Pb by 13.1 keV bremsstrahlung radiation. In this work, experimental values were compared with the theoretical results and other experimental results. Theoretical results of the intensity ratios were calculated with theoretical subshell photoionization cross sections, fractional X-ray emission rates, fluorescence yields, and Coster–Kronig transition probabilities. Good agreement can be observed between experimental values and theoretical results. Comparing with L1 and L2 subshells, the ionization cross section of L3 subshell shows a large increase for Ta and W with the variation of excitation energy from 59.5 keV to 13.1 keV.

Experimental verification of the individual energy dependencies of the partial L-shell photoionization cross sections of Pd and Mo.

An experimental method for the verification of the individually different energy dependencies of L(1)-, L(2)-, and L(3)- subshell photoionization cross sections is described. The results obtained for Pd and Mo are well in line with theory regarding both energy dependency and absolute values, and confirm the theoretically calculated cross sections by Scofield from the early 1970 s and, partially, more recent data by Trzhaskovskaya, Nefedov, and Yarzhemsky. The data also demonstrate the questionability of quantitative x-ray spectroscopical results based on the widely used fixed jump ratio approximated cross sections with energy independent ratios. The experiments are carried out by employing the radiometrically calibrated instrumentation of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt at the electron storage ring BESSY II in Berlin; the obtained fluorescent intensities are thereby calibrated at an absolute level in reference to the International System of Units. Experimentally determined fixed fluorescence line ratios for each subshell are used for a reliable deconvolution of overlapping fluorescence lines. The relevant fundamental parameters of Mo and Pd are also determined experimentally in order to calculate the subshell photoionization cross sections independently of any database.

X-ray relative intensities at incident photon energies across the [formula omitted] ([formula omitted]) absorption edges of elements with [formula omitted

The intensity ratios, ILk/ILα1 (k=l,η,α2,β1,β2,15,β3,β4,β5,7,β6,β9,10,γ1,5,γ6,8,γ2,3,γ4) and ILj/ILα (j=β,γ), have been evaluated at incident photon energies across the Li (i=1–3) absorption edge energies of all the elements with 35≤Z≤92. Use is made of what are currently considered to be more reliable theoretical data sets of different physical parameters, namely, the Li (i=1–3) sub-shell photoionization cross sections based on the relativistic Hartree–Fock–Slater (RHFS) model, the X-ray emission rates based on the Dirac–Fock model, and the fluorescence and Coster–Kronig yields based on the Dirac–Hartree–Slater model. In addition, the Lα1 X-ray production cross sections for different elements at various incident photon energies have been tabulated so as to facilitate the evaluation of production cross sections for different resolved L X-ray components from the tabulated intensity ratios. Further, to assist evaluation of the prominent (Li−Sj) (Sj=Mj, Nj and i=1–3, j=1–7) resonant Raman scattered (RRS) peak energies for an element at a given incident photon energy (below the Li sub-shell absorption edge), the neutral-atom electron binding energies based on the relaxed orbital RHFS calculations are also listed so as to enable identification of the RRS peaks, which can overlap with the fluorescent X-ray lines.

Measurement of Photon-Induced <i>L</i> X-Ray Fluorescence Cross Sections for Ho and Yb in the 16.04 - 24.68 keV Energy Range

Lα, Lβ, and Lγ X-ray fluorescence cross sections for Ho and Yb have been measured at various incident photon energies in the energy range 16.04 ≤ E ≤ 24.68 keV. The measurements have been done using an X-ray tube with a secondary-excitor system of Zr, Nb, Mo, Cd, and In. The experimental values of the cross-sections were determined by measuring the absolute yield of L subshell X-rays emitted from a standard target of a given energy. Theoretical tabulated values of subshell photoionization cross-sections, fluorescence yields, Coster-Kronig transition probabilities and radioactive decay rates have been used to calculate the theoretical values of the cross-sections. The experimental results of the cross-sections at various excitation energies have been compared with theoretically calculated values. Fairly good agreement is obtained between the present experimental results and the calculated values.

Relative sub-shell photoionization cross-sections of nickel metal determined by hard X-ray high kinetic energy photoemission

Recently, hard X-ray high kinetic energy photoelectron spectroscopy has lead to a break-through due to its non destructive way of investigating the bulk electronic properties of materials. However, due to the relatively new development of this technique there is a lack of information concerning the photoionization cross sections at high energies. Whenever compound materials are investigated or when estimating signal levels and the feasibility of an electron spectroscopy experiment the knowledge of cross sections is essential. In the present work the experimentally determined relative sub-shell photoionization cross sections of shallow levels of nickel metal in the energy range of 2–9keV will be shown. The data are compared with calculated sub-shell photoionization cross sections.

Valence-band electronic structure of iron phthalocyanine: An experimental and theoretical photoelectron spectroscopy study

The electronic structure of iron phthalocyanine (FePc) in the valence region was examined within a joint theoretical-experimental collaboration. Particular emphasis was placed on the determination of the energy position of the Fe 3d levels in proximity of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) measurements were performed on FePc in gas phase at several photon energies in the interval between 21 and 150 eV. Significant variations of the relative intensities were observed, indicating a different elemental and atomic orbital composition of the highest lying spectral features. The electronic structure of a single FePc molecule was first computed by quantum chemical calculations by means of density functional theory (DFT). The hybrid Becke 3-parameter, Lee, Yang and Parr (B3LYP) functional and the semilocal 1996 functional of Perdew, Burke and Ernzerhof (PBE) of the generalized gradient approximation (GGA-)type, exchange-correlation functionals were used. The DFT/B3LYP calculations find that the HOMO is a doubly occupied π-type orbital formed by the carbon 2p electrons, and the HOMO-1 is a mixing of carbon 2p and iron 3d electrons. In contrast, the DFT/PBE calculations find an iron 3d contribution in the HOMO. The experimental photoelectron spectra of the valence band taken at different energies were simulated by means of the Gelius model, taking into account the atomic subshell photoionization cross sections. Moreover, calculations of the electronic structure of FePc using the GGA+U method were performed, where the strong correlations of the Fe 3d electronic states were incorporated through the Hubbard model. Through a comparison with our quantum chemical calculations we find that the best agreement with the experimental results is obtained for a U(eff) value of 5 eV.

Synchrotron-radiation-based determination of XeL-subshell Coster-Kronig yields: A reexamination via high-resolution x-ray spectroscopy

The xenon $L$-subshell Coster-Kronig (CK) transition yields were revisited via high-resolution measurements of the $L{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1,2}$ (${L}_{3}\ensuremath{-}{M}_{4,5}$) and $L{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{1}$ (${L}_{2}\ensuremath{-}{M}_{4}$) x-ray emission lines. The $L$ x-ray spectra were measured employing a Johansson-type curved crystal spectrometer and energy-tunable synchrotron radiation. The CK yields were derived from the relative $L$ x-ray intensity jumps at the $L$ edges by fitting the fluorescence intensities as a function of the photon energy to the $L$-subshell photoionization cross sections. The latter were obtained from the measured $L$-edge photoabsorption spectrum. Values of $0.118\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.029$, $0.383\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.037$, and $0.096\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.016$ were found for the ${f}_{23}$, ${f}_{13}$, and ${f}_{12}$ CK yields, respectively. Thanks to high resolution, the ${L}_{1}$ fluorescence yield of $0.059\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002$ was also determined from intensity ratios of the well-resolved $L{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{4}$ (${L}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{M}_{2}$) and $L{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{1}$ (${L}_{2}\ensuremath{-}{M}_{4}$) lines.

Radiative recombination and photoionization cross sections for heavy element impurities in plasmas: II. Ions of Si, Cl, Ar, Ti, Cr, Kr, and Xe

Total cross sections for radiative recombination with an electron for 36 ions of Si, Cl, Ar, Ti, Cr, Kr, and Xe as well as subshell photoionization cross sections are presented. The electron kinetic energy is ≲50 keV. The calculations were performed using the relativistic Dirac–Fock method and the results have been included in a database of radiative recombination and photoionization cross sections for the heavy element impurity ions occurring in plasmas. The data are required for modelling fusion and astrophysical plasmas. To obtain the total radiative recombination cross section, calculations have been carried out for ground and all excited electron states up to states with the principal quantum number n = 20. The subshell photoionization cross sections for all states with n ⩽ 12 and orbital momenta ℓ ⩽ 6 have been fitted by an analytical expression with five fit parameters which are tabulated.

F-64 L Shell X-ray Fluorescence Cross-Sections for Elements with 33 ≤ Z ≤ 50

Accurate experimental data regarding the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) cross sections and fluorescence yields are important in basic studies of nuclear and atomic processes leading to the emission of X-ray and Auger electrons. The data is also required for many practical applications like elemental analysis by x-ray emission technique, dosimetric computation for medical physics and irradiation processes [1]. A systematic study of the Li (i =1-3) subshell x-ray fluorescence cross sections at the 5.89 keV photon energy has been undertaken for the elements in the atomic region 33  Z  50. The measurements have been performed under vacuum ~10 -2 torr using energy-dispersive spectrometer involving an LEGe (FWHM 150 eV at 5.895 keV) detector. The cross sections for the possible resolved L x-ray components were deduced and compared with those evaluated using the most reliable theoretical values of Li (i = 1, 2, 3) subshell photoionization cross sections, fluorescence yields, x-ray emission rates and Coster-Kronig transition probabilities [2]. For the L, L and L1,5 groups of x rays, the measured cross sections for all the elements are in agreement with theoretical cross sections. The measured L2,3 cross sections in the atomic region 39  Z  46 are in general agreement within ~10% except for 39Y, where the difference ~25% was observed. The comparison provides the insight regarding the cutoff energy of the L1-L2M4,5 and L1-L3M4,5 CK transitions at Z~39, and L1-L3M4,5 and L2-L3M4,5 CK transitions at Z ~50 as predicted by the RDHS model [2].

L-subshell vacancy decay processes for elements with52≤Z≤57following ionization using MnKαx rays

The ${L}_{i}$- $(i=1--3)$ subshell x-ray spectra for the $_{52}\text{T}\text{e}$, $_{53}\text{I}$, $_{55}\text{C}\text{s}$, $_{56}\text{B}\text{a}$, and $_{57}\text{L}\text{a}$ elements excited by Mn $K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ (${E}_{K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{2}}=5.888\text{ }\text{keV}$ and ${E}_{K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1}}=5.899\text{ }\text{keV}$) x rays have been investigated using the $^{55}\text{F}\text{e}$ radioisotope in conjunction with a Cr absorber. A low-energy Ge detector was used to measure the $L$ x rays at an emission angle $\ensuremath{\psi}=126\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$, where the second-order Legendre polynomial term ${P}_{2}$ $(\text{cos}\text{ }\ensuremath{\psi})$ associated with the angular distribution is annulled. In the case of the $_{56}\text{B}\text{a}$ and $_{57}\text{L}\text{a}$ elements, alignment of the ${L}_{3}$-subshell vacancy states was investigated through angular distribution measurements of the emitted ${L}_{3}$-subshell x rays. The $L{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{1,2}$ and $L{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{2,15}$ x-ray groups are observed to be nearly isotropic, while the data for the pure $Ll$ $({L}_{3}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{M}_{1})$ x-ray emission are indicative of a small anisotropic trend, though within experimental error. The integral x-ray fluorescence cross sections are deduced and interpreted in terms of ${L}_{i}$-subshell photoionization cross sections, fluorescence and Coster-Kronig yields, and x-ray emission rates. The ${L}_{2}$-subshell x-ray cross sections for $_{57}\text{L}\text{a}$ measured using targets of lanthanum (III) fluoride and dilanthanum (III) trioxide are found to be unusually higher. The enhancement is observed due to the contribution of the ${L}_{2}$-subshell radiative resonant Raman scattering (RRS) of Mn $K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ x rays having energy around the ${L}_{2}$-subshell binding energy of $_{57}\text{L}\text{a}$ in these compounds. Also, the observed enhancement of the ${L}_{3}$-subshell x-ray cross sections in $_{57}\text{L}\text{a}$ is suggestive of intrashell vacancy transfer via ${L}_{2}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{L}_{3}$ Coster-Kronig RRS transitions. The ${L}_{2}$-subshell total RRS cross sections in $_{57}\text{L}\text{a}$ have been deduced from the present measured attenuation coefficients for Mn $K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ x rays in ${\text{La}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3}$ and ${\text{LaF}}_{3}$. The ${L}_{2}$-subshell radiative and total RRS cross sections in $_{57}\text{L}\text{a}$ using ${\text{LaF}}_{3}$ are higher by $\ensuremath{\sim}30%$ than those using ${\text{La}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3}$. The contribution of processes predicted in the framework of Mozouchi's four-band model involving inner subshells along with the valence and conduction bands of these wide-band-gap insulator compounds is likely to account for the observed results. The ${L}_{2}$-subshell radiative and ${L}_{2}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{L}_{3}$ Coster-Kronig yields and the ratio of the ${L}_{2}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{M}_{4}$ and ${L}_{2}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{N}_{4}$ radiative RRS intensities in both La compounds are found to be same and are consistent with values from photoexcited vacancy decay. The ${L}_{2}$-subshell radiative RRS was also observed to be isotropic.