Subsequent Resurgence Research Articles

COVID-19, bar crowding, and the Wisconsin Supreme Court: A non-linear tale of two counties

The Wisconsin Supreme Court’s nullification of a carefully crafted, statewide regulatory scheme led to the substitution of a motley collection of asynchronous, uncoordinated local reopening plans that ultimately facilitated a resurgence of COVID-19. The distinct paths of epidemic containment and subsequent resurgence in Wisconsin’s two most populous counties, Milwaukee and Dane, can be directly mapped into their respective volumes of bar traffic. A seemingly small relaxation of social distancing rules can result in a relatively large increase in the incidence of new infections.This study relies exclusively on publicly available, aggregate health data that contain no individual identifiers. The author has no competing interests and no funding sources to declare. This article represents to the sole opinion of its author and does not necessarily represent the opinions of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the National Bureau of Economic Research, Eisner Health, or any other organization.

COVID-19, Black Lives Matter and making a difference.

COVID-19, Black Lives Matter and making a difference.

Pesticide-Induced Planthopper Population Resurgence in Rice Cropping Systems.

Planthoppers are serious rice pests in Asia. Their population resurgence was first reported in the early 1960s, caused mainly by insecticides that indiscriminately killed beneficial arthropods and target pests. The subsequent resurgence involved two mechanisms, the loss of beneficial insects and insecticide-enhanced planthopper reproduction. In this review, we identify two forms of resurgence, acute and chronic. Acute resurgence is caused by traditional insecticides with rapid resurgence in the F1 generation. Chronic resurgence follows application of modern pesticides, including fungicides and herbicides, with low natural enemy toxicity, coupled with stimulated planthopper reproduction. The chemical-driven syndrome of changes leads to later resurgence in the F2 or later generations. Chronic resurgence poses new threats to global rice production. We review findings on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of chronic planthopper resurgence and suggest research directions that may help manage these new threats.

Stranger Under Siege

This case study and analysis explores the brief, 17-month tenure of Sam Olens as President of Kennesaw State University, including his controversial appointment, leadership mis-steps, and eventual resignation. The political and social contexts of his tenure, which coincided with political turmoil in the wake of the 2016 election and a subsequent resurgence in progressive activism throughout the country, are considered as contributing factors to his downfall. Likewise, his status as an outsider to higher education at the time of his appointment, his visibility as an outspoken conservative, and his employment being the perceived benefit of political corruption are all noted as a contributing elements to his inability to earn the confidence of the faculty and student body of Kennesaw State University, along with his divisive, misguided, and ill-conceived actions while in his executive position. The role of institutional context in regards to the recent histories of Kennesaw State University, the University System of Georgia, and the state of shared governance in American higher education as a whole are respectively explored in how they set the stage for Olens’ tumultuous and temporary reign at Kennesaw State. A set of recommended courses of action are presented as counterfactual alternatives to the events as they actually occurred, based on higher education leadership literature.

History of the Scarlet Ibis Eudocimus ruber in south and south-east Brazil

In Brazil Scarlet Ibis Eudocimus ruber occurs mainly in the north, southeast and south. During the 1900s, there was a significant reduction in the number of records in the latter two regions of the country, but this began to change in the early 1980s, when numbers of Scarlet Ibis gradually started to increase over the years. We contextualise the history of the species in south and south-east Brazil, and discuss the causes for its apparent disappearance and reappearance in these regions. We believe that anthropogenic factors, coupled with the species' ecology, were responsible for the reduction and subsequent resurgence of Scarlet Ibis.

Macroeconomic Research, Present and Past

What is the state of macroeconomics? We answer this question by hand collecting information about the epistemological approaches, theoretical and empirical methods, and data sources used by macroeconomists in their research. During the past 40 years there has been an increasing reliance on mathematical theory, particularly DSGE models, with theory-based papers now occupying the majority of space in macro journals. This shift is mirrored by a decline in the use of empirical falsification methods testing theoretical predictions. Microeconometric techniques have displaced time series methods, and empirical papers increasingly rely on micro and proprietary data sources. We document a decline and subsequent resurgence of financial frictions appearing in macro theory. Finally, we find that topics outside of macroeconomics are studied in more than three fourths of macro field journal publications.

Origens do Conselho de Estado

In this article, a historical journey is made around the creation, evolution, disappearance and subsequent resurgence of the Council of State corporation, as an institution that legislates on the destinies of the newly liberated provinces of the Spanish monarchy in what are today Colombia and Venezuela. There are two conjunctural moments that make up this institutional event. The first experience occurs in 1817, in the newly liberated province of Angostura. Promoted by Bolívar, this provisional Council of State is within the institutional limitations of a government that is still insurgent, in the emergence of a state of war and barracks. Already in the time of the Republic, and after the failure of the Convention of Ocaña (1828) and the extinction of the validity of the Constitution of Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta (1821), Bolívar stands as the supreme head of the Colombian nation through decree to rule the State until 1830, with the obvious and bitter political disputes that such a decision would arousein the new Republic. The Council of State obtains its constitutional sanction in 1830 and is formalized in the Constitution of 1832. The experience of the civil war of 1840- 1841 raises doubts about its authority and suitability, which lead the State Council to a political dispute that will lead to its repeal, on the part of the constituents of 1843.Only 43 years later, in the Constitution of 1886, this corporation of the State Council will come back to life to maintain itself to this day.

Resurgence Following Response Cost in a Human-Operant Procedure

Resurgence is the reemergence of a previously reinforced behavior following the extinction of an alternative behavior. Although several variables are known to impact resurgence, few studies have examined resurgence when the target response was previously punished. Results of two studies examining resurgence after punishment have been mixed. In the current study, we employed a human-operant procedure to compare resurgence following differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) with extinction and DRA with extinction and response cost. For the three participants, target responding was eliminated more rapidly and fully following DRA with response cost. Similar levels of resurgence, however, occurred following both procedures. These data provide evidence that arranging response cost during DRA facilitates suppression of target responding without affecting subsequent resurgence. The results further our understanding of the role of negative punishment in resurgence as a process and have implications for the development of clinical intervention packages.

“A Shooting Star of Conservatism”: George S. Benson, the National Education Program and the “Radical Right”

This article reassesses the so-called “Radical Right,” a political phenomenon that emerged in the early 1960s and was especially associated with a controversial conservative anticommunism. The article argues that the National Education Program (NEP), which was founded in Arkansas in 1943, made an important and unheralded contribution to the Radical Right and the consequential activism it stimulated in pockets of the South and Southwest. The article also, however, argues that the Radical Right ultimately made a less significant contribution to the subsequent resurgence of conservatism than has often been suggested. Conventional wisdom maintains that it aligned religious, economic, and racial concerns under the umbrella of anticommunism and thereby fostered a distinctly modern conservatism; the NEP demonstrates that these concerns were not as disparate or marginal prior to the 1960s as this narrative assumes. The Radical Right's fixation with communist subversion also often diluted efforts to promote conservative principles – the NEP became less focussed on advancing ideological principles during this period. After the mid-1950s, moreover, the declining legitimacy of McCarthyite politics outwith parts of the South and Southwest undermined the NEP's wider efforts, precipitated the organization's terminal decline, and ensured that the Radical Right created problems for the broader conservative movement.

ECT: Examining a controversial therapy in the armamentarium of psychiatry

Historically, treatments for severe psychoses and affective disorders were nonexistent, and patients with mental disorders were transferred to asylums for public safety. This deficiency in treatment inspired the inception of somatic therapies, of which electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was the most efficacious. This paper will outline the birth of ECT, the controversies leading to its decline, and the subsequent resurgence back into practice.

Analysis on the Age Distribution of Sternum Fractures.

Sternum fractures (SFs) are described as a rare entity of bony fractures. Various accident mechanisms may cause SF such as the direct impact of traffic accidents and also by indirect mechanisms within the framework of falls. Osteoporotic fractures also play an increasing role in SF, but no reliable data on the age distribution of SF in a representative collective have been published so far. The age distribution of all inpatients treated with SF (S22.2) in Germany from 2005 to 2012 using diagnosis-related group-based routine data was evaluated. Various accident statistics are included in the interpretation of age peaks. A total of 47,893 patients (24,960 as main diagnosis and 22,933 as secondary diagnosis) were included in the study. SF is a rarity in childhood, with a share of 1.83% before the age of 16 years, followed by a sudden increase in the frequency up to the age of 20 years. A decrease in the frequency is observed up to the age of 35 years before it increases again to the age of 75 years. Three age peaks can be observed at 18, 55, and 75 years. Those who are older than 65 years account for 43.3% of total SF. The first age summit after the age of 16 years shows an identical course to the frequency of traffic accidents of this age group, as well as the decline to the fourth decade and the subsequent resurgence up to the fifth decade. After 65 years, the incidence of accidents increases, in particular, the risk of falling in elderly people. In the context of a weaker bone structure, low falls are a common course for fragility fractures. The present analysis of routines shows for the first time the age distribution of the SF taking into account all hospital cases of the observation period.

Beyond Identity Politics: The New Culture Wars and Art Education

With the surprise election of Donald J. Trump as the 45th president of the United States and the subsequent resurgence of conservative social policies, this article situates the culture wars - the mini theme of this issue - within art education’s focus on multicultural and social justice initiatives. Harkening back to the battle between conservative republican moralist legislative policy and liberal values, we situate our work in the populist political landscape of Trump’s victory, which has re-inscribed difference marked by geography, race, class, gender, and religion while simultaneously engendering hostility towards the liberal values that seek to build inclusiveness and political agency for marginalized and oppressed peoples. Addressing rhetorical pastiche, we focus on how the identity politics of postmodern, multicultural art education have failed to give adequate consideration to the material systems of power and production. We then introduce the idea of new material precarity as a way to think about the entanglements of discourse and matter to suggest a more inclusive and intersectional approach to art education.

Globalization routes: The pursuit of conformity and distinctiveness by top business schools in India

In this article, we examine how leading business schools in India orient themselves locally and globally while pursuing conformity and distinctiveness. We expect that these dynamics are particularly complex in ‘emerging’ economies such as India where liberalization and subsequent economic resurgence have led to more intense global exposure for business schools. By exploring changes in the way these responses are applied over time, we identify four globalization routes in the field. Furthermore, we show that these routes make up two broad zones of global–local interaction. In one, we point to the ability of global practices to serve both global and local compulsions, leading to the diffusion of global norms and practices. In the other, we point to how inherent paradoxes lead to possibilities for moderate and radical global distinctiveness.

The Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy): Formation and evolution in interplay with sea-level variations since the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption at 39 ka

To date, the origin of the Campi Flegrei caldera is still under debate and may be related to (1) a single caldera collapse associated with the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (NYT) eruption, (2) two subsequent caldera collapses associated with the NYT and the preceding Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) eruptions forming a nested-caldera complex, or (3) not related to a caldera collapse after all. Here, we study the submerged portion of the caldera, which has favored a marine depositional setting and, thus, represents an ideal location for the reconstruction of its formation history, utilizing multichannel seismic data. Volcanic deposits and edifices were seismically distinguished from sedimentary successions, and the stratigraphy could be refined and extended back to the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption at ~39ka.High-resolution multichannel reflection seismic data revealed the existence of a nested-caldera complex formed during the CI eruption at ~39ka and the more recent NYT eruption at ~15ka. A ring-fault bounding an inner caldera collapse structure was clearly imaged. It appears that this inner ring-fault was initially activated during the CI caldera collapse and later reactivated during the NYT caldera collapse with different amounts of subsidence. The NYT caldera probably formed during an asymmetrical collapse with a maximum subsidence of ~75m in the offshore portion. The vertical displacement related to the CI caldera collapse may be significantly larger.The submerged caldera depression accommodates post-eruption sediments. Within this high-resolution archive, two major unconformities developed at ~8.6ka and 5ka, when resurgence-related uplift exceeded the rate of sea-level rise concurrent with the emersion of the La Starza terrace. A previously unknown post-collapse submarine volcanic mound located between Nisida Island and Nisida Bank probably formed between 4.8 and 3.7ka. Also, the Penta Palummo Bank appears to be constructed of at least two monogenetic volcanic edifices, the Penta Palummo volcano formed at ~100ka and a younger mushroom-shaped unit formed between 39 and 15ka. The main outcome of this study is a conceptual evolutionary model, providing novel insights on the formation of the Campi Flegrei nested caldera in the course of two large-scale eruptions (CI and NYT) with associated caldera collapses along mutual (i.e. reactivated) faults and subsequent caldera resurgence. As both the genesis and subsurface architecture of the Campi Flegrei caldera are still hotly debated topics in literature, our discoveries can be regarded as a substantial advancement in the understanding of the Campi Flegrei volcanic area.

A cosmogenic 10Be chronology for the local last glacial maximum and termination in the Cordillera Oriental, southern Peruvian Andes: Implications for the tropical role in global climate

Abstract Resolving patterns of tropical climate variability during and since the last glacial maximum (LGM) is fundamental to assessing the role of the tropics in global change, both on ice-age and sub-millennial timescales. Here, we present a10Be moraine chronology from the Cordillera Carabaya (14.3°S), a sub-range of the Cordillera Oriental in southern Peru, covering the LGM and the first half of the last glacial termination. Additionally, we recalculate existing 10Be ages using a new tropical high-altitude production rate in order to put our record into broader spatial context. Our results indicate that glaciers deposited a series of moraines during marine isotope stage 2, broadly synchronous with global glacier maxima, but that maximum glacier extent may have occurred prior to stage 2. Thereafter, atmospheric warming drove widespread deglaciation of the Cordillera Carabaya. A subsequent glacier resurgence culminated at ∼16,100 yrs, followed by a second period of glacier recession. Together, the observed deglaciation corresponds to Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1: ∼18,000–14,600 yrs), during which pluvial lakes on the adjacent Peruvian-Bolivian altiplano rose to their highest levels of the late Pleistocene as a consequence of southward displacement of the inter-tropical convergence zone and intensification of the South American summer monsoon. Deglaciation in the Cordillera Carabaya also coincided with the retreat of higher-latitude mountain glaciers in the Southern Hemisphere. Our findings suggest that HS1 was characterised by atmospheric warming and indicate that deglaciation of the southern Peruvian Andes was driven by rising temperatures, despite increased precipitation. Recalculated 10Be data from other tropical Andean sites support this model. Finally, we suggest that the broadly uniform response during the LGM and termination of the glaciers examined here involved equatorial Pacific sea-surface temperature anomalies and propose a framework for testing the viability of this conceptual model.

Sarcoidosis with prevalent and severe joint localization: a case report

Background: Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown origin, characterized by the formation of granulomas without central necrosis. Each organ and tissue can be affected by the disease, but in most cases mainly the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes but also skin, heart, eyes and joints are involved, the latter are mainly the metacarpophalangeal joints and bone lesions are often associated with involvement of the overlying skin. The diagnosis is often of exclusion, based on clinical and radiological suspicion, and should be confirmed by biopsy, although in each case it is necessary to exclude other possible causes of granulomatosis, including infections by mycobacteria. Here it is reported a case of particularly aggressive sarcoidosis with primitive involvement of the small joints of the hands and feet, and mediastinal lymph nodes. Case presentation: The subject, a man, 60 years old, born in Morocco but living in Italy for many years, presented important involvement of bone structures and soft periarticular tissue, and was affected by the formation of granulomas without “caseum necrosis”. The painful symptoms and the skin ulceration had led to surgical amputation of the distal phalanges of most fingers of his hands and feet, but with subsequent resurgence of lesions in acral locations after surgery. The PET/CT scan showed an amount of radiotracer in mediastinal lymph nodes, while the lymph nodes sampled by TBNA were normal and the CD4/CD8 ratio was less than 3 in the bronchoalveolar lavage. We ruled out any possible infectious cause, including mycobacterial infection (both tubercular and atypical), so the patient was treated with systemic corticosteroids, with an excellent clinical and radiological response. Conclusions: Such a case shows how the disease can have variable expressions, without primitive lung involvement; therefore, it should be necessary to consider any possible, unpredictable localization of the disease.

Strategies and approaches to vector control in nine malaria-eliminating countries: a cross-case study analysis.

BackgroundThere has been progress towards malaria elimination in the last decade. In response, WHO launched the Global Technical Strategy (GTS), in which vector surveillance and control play important roles. Country experiences in the Eliminating Malaria Case Study Series were reviewed to identify success factors on the road to elimination using a cross-case study analytic approach.MethodsReports were included in the analysis if final English language draft reports or publications were available at the time of analysis (Bhutan, Cape Verde, Malaysia, Mauritius, Namibia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Turkey, Turkmenistan). A conceptual framework for vector control in malaria elimination was developed, reviewed, formatted as a matrix, and case study data was extracted and entered into the matrix. A workshop was convened during which participants conducted reviews of the case studies and matrices and arrived at a consensus on the evidence and lessons. The framework was revised and a second round of data extraction, synthesis and summary of the case study reports was conducted.ResultsCountries implemented a range of vector control interventions. Most countries aligned with integrated vector management, however its impact was not well articulated. All programmes conducted entomological surveillance, but the response (i.e., stratification and targeting of interventions, outbreak forecasting and strategy) was limited or not described. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) was commonly used by countries. There were several examples of severe reductions or halting of IRS coverage and subsequent resurgence of malaria. Funding and operational constraints and poor implementation had roles. Bed nets were commonly used by most programmes; coverage and effectiveness were either not measured or not articulated. Larval control was an important intervention for several countries, preventing re-introduction, however coverage and impact on incidence were not described. Across all interventions, coverage indicators were incomparable, and the rationale for which tools were used and which were not used appeared to be a function of the availability of funding, operational issues and cost instead of evidence of effectiveness to reduce incidence.ConclusionsMore work is required to fill gaps in programme guidance, clarify the best methods for choosing and targeting vector control interventions, and support to measure cost, cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit of vector surveillance and control interventions.

Magic and the British Middle Classes, 1750–1900

AbstractThis essay explores the attitudes of the British middle classes towards witchcraft, ghosts, and other so-called superstitions from the mid-eighteenth to the late nineteenth centuries. Conventional historiographical wisdom maintains that belief in magic among middle-class Britons declined gradually between the early modern and modern eras. Grounded in the study of newspapers, antiquarianism, public lectures, and literary fiction, this essay proposes a more precise chronology for the decline and subsequent resurgence of magic. It argues that it was only from the 1820s that the middle classes, the media that served them, the police, and certain politicians put popular superstitions under significant duress, and examines the agendas and anxieties underlying this temporary cultural shift away from magic. The later Victorian period saw the emergence of greater tolerance towards witchcraft and ghost beliefs, allowing them to be reinterpreted as picturesque folklore or fitting subjects for the enquiries of psychical science.

Mechanism-Based Model of Parasite Growth and Dihydroartemisinin Pharmacodynamics in Murine Malaria

Murine models are used to study erythrocytic stages of malaria infection, because parasite morphology and development are comparable to those in human malaria infections. Mechanism-based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) models for antimalarials are scarce, despite their potential to optimize antimalarial combination therapy. The aim of this study was to develop a mechanism-based growth model (MBGM) for Plasmodium berghei and then characterize the parasiticidal effect of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) in murine malaria (MBGM-PK-PD). Stage-specific (ring, early trophozoite, late trophozoite, and schizont) parasite density data from Swiss mice inoculated with Plasmodium berghei were used for model development in S-ADAPT. A single dose of intraperitoneal DHA (10 to 100 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered 56 h postinoculation. The MBGM explicitly reflected all four erythrocytic stages of the 24-hour P. berghei life cycle. Merozoite invasion of erythrocytes was described by a first-order process that declined with increasing parasitemia. An efflux pathway with subsequent return was additionally required to describe the schizont data, thus representing parasite sequestration or trapping in the microvasculature, with a return to circulation. A 1-compartment model with zero-order absorption described the PK of DHA, with an estimated clearance and distribution volume of 1.95 liters h(-1) and 0.851 liter, respectively. Parasite killing was described by a turnover model, with DHA inhibiting the production of physiological intermediates (IC(50), 1.46 ng/ml). Overall, the MBGM-PK-PD described the rise in parasitemia, the nadir following DHA dosing, and subsequent parasite resurgence. This novel model is a promising tool for studying malaria infections, identifying the stage specificity of antimalarials, and providing insight into antimalarial treatment strategies.

“Willkommen im großen Karaoke, das wir Leben nennen”: Bas Böttcher und die Kulissen des Glücks

Bas Böttcher is one of Germany's most popular and respected spoken-word poets. In 2010 alone, he combined numerous performances in German-speaking countries with international appearances in India, Namibia, Italy, Greece, France, Luxembourg, and Canada. Yet, ever since the advent of poetry slams in the late 1980s and the subsequent resurgence and commercialization of spoken-word poetry, opinion has been divided about this entertaining rediscovery of the inherent orality of poetry. One of the most frequently quoted assessments of performance poetry is Jonathan Galassi's description of it as a “kind of karaoke of the written word.” One of Böttcher's own texts, entitled “Popopfer,” welcomes the reader/listener into a space that is identified as the “groß[e] Karaoke, das wir Leben nennen.” An analysis of other poems by Böttcher reveals a similar concern with themes of imitation and illusion. In “Alles in allem,” Böttcher locates the individual in a cinema-like world reminiscent of Plato's cave, where the concept of illusion is central. Similarly, in “Dran glauben,” illusion is identified as not only a key characteristic of our consumer-driven society, but also a factor necessary for the maintenance of happiness. This article traces Böttcher's exploration of the related themes of imitation, authenticity, illusion, and happiness and thus provides a response to Galassi's criticism of performance poetry.