Subsequent Practice Research Articles

Combination of physical exercises and poems about nature as an integral method of development of preschool children

The purpose of this work is to highlight the features of the author's systems of integral development of preschool children.Methods. A system of lessons with newborns and infants with the help of dynamic exercises has been developed, as well as an author's system of lessons with children from 1 to 7 years old. The exercises are performed with verses about nature.Results. The use of dynamic gymnastics for newborns and infants "Miracle of Nature" helps to strengthen the musculoskeletal system and all body systems; development of strength, flexibility, agility, endurance, and later - speed; prevention or reduction of child injuries during the subsequent development of walking, running, jumping, etc .; increasing resistance to adverse environmental influences; formation of a base for the tolerance of intellectual workloads associated with studies; creating a solid foundation for subsequent practice of any sport.Conclusions. It is shown that performing exercises not counting, but under poetic images, which is most acceptable for children from 1 year old, promotes integral development, reduces the feeling of fatigue, saturates emotionally classes, making gymnastics very attractive for children and adults.

The International Court of Justice as a “Shortcut” to Identifying Custom

Abstract A frequently used shortcut to identifying rules of customary international law is to rely on statements by the International Court of Justice instead of conducting a more cumbersome investigation of state practice and opinio iuris. The purpose of this article is to consider when the Court’s statements align or may come to align with customary rules and, consequently, to what extent this shortcut is justified. Its value is in systematically exploring ideas that international lawyers may already have internalised; it may also help students of the subject to understand why reliance is placed on judicial decisions. Often, the Court simply elucidates pre-existing customary rules. But examples such as Factory at Chorzów, Fisheries, and Reservations to the Genocide Convention suggest that an additional or alternative justification for the shortcut may be stronger. This is the tendency of states to endorse or “ratify” statements by the Court through subsequent practice and opinio iuris.

Public health moves to innocence and evasion? Graduate training programs' engagement in truth and reconciliation for Indigenous health.

Indigenous peoples are the first peoples of what is now called Canada. Canadians have benefitted from their largesse and contributions in a myriad of ways that remain unacknowledged. Indeed, ongoing colonization and systemic anti-Indigenous racism in all quarters of our society have had heinous impacts on their health and well-being. Despite this reality and multiple calls for redress, Indigenous health is still missing from the Core Competencies for Public Health in Canada, having obvious implications for public health training programs and subsequent practice. Our objective in this paper is to critically explore the reasons behind institutional apathy for reconciliation in Indigenous health. Interviews were conducted with 19 leaders in Canadian Graduate Public Health Programs (CGPHPs) at 15 universities to explore the extent to which CGPHPs engage with Canada's 2015 Truth and Reconciliation Commission's Calls to Action to address Indigenous health. We used thematic discourse analysis to illuminate the landscape and make recommendations. Participants agree that Indigenous health is important, but our data reveal an uneven landscape for addressing the Calls to Action. Curriculum was limited though we noted modest positive change. On the whole, the non-Indigenous (white) professoriate still needs to educate themselves while not all see the need to do so. Many deflected responsibility. Yet anecdotally, there is desire among CGPHP students who are already unsettling themselves to see such competency in their training. It is a settler evasion to claim lack of expertise, to express a desire to limit the burden on Indigenous academics, and to stand on the sidelines of institutional inertia. Our findings are a call to CGPHPs to do better.

Thinking Time in Music Practice

We asked school- and college-aged instrumentalists ( N = 32) to imagine an ideal performance of a brief passage of music, record a performance of the passage, and describe discrepancies they noticed between their imagined and actual performances. The more experienced participants took at least as much time to imagine their idealized performances as it took to perform them; less experienced participants took less time to imagine what they were about to play. There were no differences among experience levels in the numbers or types of discrepancies identified. The differences between more and less experienced participants were also evident in a subsequent practice period. More experienced musicians’ practice included more frequent moments of pause, whereas school-aged participants seldom paused and tended to address performance issues other than those identified in their commentaries.

Interpretation of Tax Treaties and the Decisions of Foreign Tax Courts as a “Subsequent Practice” under Articles 31 and 32 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969)

Professor Guglielmo Maisto, in contributing to the 75th anniversary issue of the Bulletin for International Taxation, considers the topic of interpretation of tax treaties and the decisions of foreign tax courts as “subsequent practice” under articles 31 and 32 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969).

Birth after previous caesarean section

Midwifery and obstetric involvement in supported decision making and subsequent clinical practice around birth after caesarean section has been much debated and negotiated for some time. This article discusses some of the clinical evidence and factors to be taken into account when providing support and information for women and birthing people considering their options for birth after caesarean. The article focuses on the currently published guidelines to support practice and guide discussions with women and birthing people. In the article, the terms ‘planned vaginal birth’ and ‘vaginal birth after caesarean’ are used interchangeably.

Counselling Skills and Competencies Tool: Scale Development and Preliminary Data

This paper reports on the development of the Counselling Skills and Competencies Tool (CSCT) as a practical instrument that can be used in teaching and assessing counselling skills and competencies. Members of an entry-level counselling course, experienced and beginning counsellors, and people not involved in the counselling profession, assisted in the development and validation process. The outcome was a 23-item, six-scale tool measuring Attending, Reflecting, Questioning, Therapeutic Alliance, Core Counselling Conditions, and Facilitating the Session. The CSCT includes the range of skills and competencies expected of beginning counsellors, was constructed in a way that assists feedback to trainees, and received good interrater and test-retest reliability with this sample. Used appropriately, it has the potential to improve counsellors’ assessment skills in training, and in turn the effectiveness of their subsequent practice.

Changes in practice patterns in Japan from before to after JSDT 2013 guidelines on hemodialysis prescriptions: results from the JDOPPS

BackgroundThe Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy (JSDT) published in 2013 inaugural hemodialysis (HD) guidelines. Specific targets include 1.4 for single-pool Kt/V (spKt/V) with a minimum dose of 1.2, minimum dialysis session length of 4 hours, minimum blood flow rate (BFR) of 200 mL/min, fluid removal rate no more than 15 mL/kg/hr, and hemodiafiltration (HDF) therapy for certain identified symptoms. We evaluated the effect of these guidelines on actual practice in the years spanning 2005 – 2018.MethodsAnalyses were carried out to describe trends in the above HD prescription practices from December 2005 to April 2013 (before guideline publication) to August 2018 based on prevalent patient cross-sections from approximately 60 randomly selected HD facilities participating in the Japan Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study.ResultsFrom April 2006 to August 2017 continual rises occurred in mean spKt/V (from 1.35 to 1.49), and percent of patients having spKt/V>1.2 (71% to 85%). Mean BFR increased with time from 198.3 mL/min (April 2006) to 218.4 mL/min (August 2017) , along with percent of patients with BFR >200 ml/min (65% to 85%). HDF use increased slightly from 6% (April 2006 and August 2009) to 8% by April 2013, but increased greatly thereafter to 23% by August 2017. In contrast, mean HD treatment time showed little change from 2006-2017, whereas mean UFR declined from 11.3 in 2006 to 8.4 mL/Kg/hour in 2017.ConclusionsFrom 2006 – 2018 Japanese HD patients experienced marked improvement in reaching the spKt/V target specified by the 2013 JSDT guidelines. This may have been due to moderate increase in mean BFR even though mean HD session length did not change much. In addition, HDF use increased dramatically in this time period. Other HD delivery changes during this time, such as increased use of super high flux dialyzers, also merit study. While we cannot definitively conclude a causal relationship between the publication of the guidelines and the subsequent practice changes in Japan, those changes moved practice closer to the recommendations of the guidelines.

“Intensely white”: psychology curricula and the (re)production of racism

ABSTRACT Psychology has witnessed an upsurge in discussions around institutional racism as a response to global anti-racist activism following the murder of George Floyd in May 2020 by a police officer in Minneapolis, USA. Within academic institutions, students have been challenging institutional racism for years, highlighting how the whiteness of curricula serves to uphold systems of racial injustice. Such calls are often met with denial and sometimes active backlash. Nevertheless, further reflection is crucial if universities and accrediting bodies endorsing educational and professional courses seek meaningful systemic change. Informed by Critical Race Theory, this study uses original empirical data to uncover how students of colour experience psychology curricula by conducting six face-to-face focus groups with 22 undergraduate and postgraduate students of colour on psychology courses at a UK university. Results from reflexive thematic analysis reveal, first, how the psychology curricula are marked by knowledges that (re)produce racism; second, how students are calling for change; and finally, confusion over where responsibility for change lies. We argue that this analysis has important implications for the perpetuation of institutional racism within psychology, academia in general, and subsequent professional psychological practice.

Research on Structure Characteristics of Surrounding Rock of a Large Underground Oil Storage in Rock Cavern

A series of analyses have been carried out based on geological data uncovered during the investigation and construction of the large underground oil storage in rock cavern, including the geological causes of the joints, structure characteristics of the surrounding rock, and the correlation between rock mass structure and quality. As a result, some significant understandings and practical conclusions were obtained. First, the investigation’s standard technical methods: geophysical exploration and drilling, are effective and applicable in revealing the engineering area’s large-scale structure. In the cavern, however, it is challenging to fully represent the structural characteristics of the surrounding rock. As a result, it is recommended that the adit survey method be used to improve precision and accuracy during the investigation period. Secondly, the existence of noticeable differences in the structural characteristics of granite from different locations is confirmed due to the influence of geological background. Therefore, the statistical distribution of joints based on data collected from a location far from the cavern may not accurately reflect the structural characteristics of the cavern’s surrounding rock mass. Finally, the closer the joints are to the ground surface, the more densely distributed they are and the more complex their geological characteristics become. As a result, the water curtains and main caverns should be designed with similar hydrogeological conditions and buried depths. Finally, because cavern engineering prioritizes hydrogeological characteristics such as surrounding rock permeability, joints with good engineering geological characteristics, such as the dense fracture zone, should be prioritized during the investigation and construction phases. This study gives the typical characteristics of large-scale faults, secondary faults, main permeable structures, secondary structural planes, and other structures of different levels in the survey and construction periods. In addition, the analysis and research methods of various discontinuities are summarized, which can serve as a reference for the subsequent similar cavern engineering practice.

Effect of Independent Resident Night Call Versus 24-7 Attending Radiologist Coverage on Subsequent Practice Performance.

The traditional model of residency education in radiology, which has prevailed since the first residency programs in radiology were established in the 1930s, has included independent or autonomous after-hours coverage, in which radiology residents provide after-hours interpretations independently. Under this scenario, referring clinicians base their care decisions on the radiology residents’ preliminary interpretations, which are accepted as being subject to revision following attending radiologist review.

Prior episodic learning and the efficacy of retrieval practice

In three experiments we investigated how the level of study-based, episodic knowledge influences the efficacy of subsequent retrieval practice (testing) as a learning event. Possibilities are that the efficacy of a test, relative to a restudy control, decreases, increases, or is independent of the degree of prior study-based learning. The degree of study-based learning was manipulated by varying the number of item repetitions in the initial study phase between one and eight. Predictions of the dual-memory model of test-enhanced learning for the case of one study-phase repetition were used as a reference. Results support the hypothesis that the advantage of testing over restudy is independent of the degree of prior episodic learning, and they suggest that educators can apply cued-recall testing with the expectation that its efficacy is similar across varying levels of prior content learning. Implications for testing effect theory are discussed.

Legal justifications for gender parity on the bench of the International Court of Justice: An argument for evolutive interpretation of Article 9 of the ICJ Statute

AbstractThe UN General Assembly and the UN Security Council should amend their rules of procedure to create gender parity on the bench of the International Court of Justice. Only 3.7 per cent of all judges on the ICJ have been women. The UN Charter, ICJ Statute, and long-standing practice of the Court underscore the importance of representation, but the focus has been on geographical representation. Using the law of international organizations, combined with the law of treaty interpretation and international human rights law, this article argues that Article 9 of the ICJ Statute should be interpreted to include a requirement of gender parity. Established practice, subsequent practice, and the UN’s multi-decade gender parity in staffing policy establish an evolutive interpretation of what is required to fulfil equality at the UN and the ICJ. The nomination and election procedures for ICJ judges are sufficiently flexible to facilitate this interpretation.

Interconception Care for Primary Care Providers: Consensus Recommendations on Preconception and Postpartum Management of Reproductive-Age Patients With Medical Comorbidities.

Severe maternal morbidity and mortality continue to increase in the United States, largely owing to chronic and newly diagnosed medical comorbidities. Interconception care, or care and management of medical conditions between pregnancies, can improve chronic disease control before, during, and after pregnancy. It is a crucial and time-sensitive intervention that can decrease maternal morbidity and mortality and improve overall health. Despite these potential benefits, interconception care has not been well implemented by the primary care community. Furthermore, there is a lack of guidelines for optimizing preconception chronic disease, risk stratifying postpartum chronic diseases, and recommending general collaborative management principles for reproductive-age patients in the period between pregnancies. As a result, many primary care providers, especially those without obstetric training, are unclear about their specific role in interconception care and may be unsure of effective methods for collaborating with obstetric care providers. In particular, internal medicine physicians, the largest group of primary care physicians, may lack sufficient clinical exposure to medical conditions in the obstetric population during their residency training and may feel uncomfortable in caring for these patients in their subsequent practice.The objective of this article is to review concepts around interconception care, focusing specifically on preconception care for patients with chronic medical conditions (eg, chronic hypertension, chronic diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, venous thromboembolism, and obesity) and postpartum care for those with medically complicated pregnancies (eg, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, gestational diabetes mellitus, excessive gestational weight gain, peripartum cardiomyopathy, and peripartum mood disorders). We also provide a pragmatic checklist for preconception and postpartum management.

Development of an instrument to measure opportunities for imagination, creativity, and innovation (ICI) in schools

This article describes the development of an instrument for examining schools as institutions where teaching practices and school structures provide opportunities and support for student imagination, creativity, and innovation, as well as initial comparisons using the instrument, using a sample of n = 5020 students and n = 268 teachers ( n = 161 classes of students nested within teachers). The three five-item subscales show acceptable reliability across groups (.73–.90). Paired sample t tests indicate that, on average, students reported significantly more opportunities for creativity as compared to imagination or innovation. There were also significant differences between actual student reports and teachers’ predictions only for creativity and innovation. Students reported more opportunities for creativity and innovation than their teachers predicted. However, students reported significantly less opportunity for imagination, creativity, and innovation than their teachers’ ideals. Implications for subsequent research and practice are also discussed.

Awareness of, attitudes towards, and practices of health information management professionals in South Korea relating to privacy of personal health information.

Background: While information and communication technology has continued to advance, privacy of personal health information (PHI) has remained a challenge for health information management (HIM) professionals. Objective: This study aims to examine the awareness, attitude and practice relating to PHI privacy among HIM professionals in South Korea. Method: A survey questionnaire was developed for the study based on critical appraisal of relevant literature and expert consensus. It was completed by a sample of 312 respondents who were members of the Korean Health Information Management Association, over the age of 21, and worked in a healthcare organisation. Demographic data and questionnaire items (assessed on a 5-point Likert-type scale) were analysed using descriptive statistics, t-tests and ANOVA. Results: Mean scores and SDs for awareness, attitude and practice related to PHI privacy were calculated: 4.21 (0.60) for awareness, 4.17 (0.60) for attitude and 4.31 (0.63) for practice. Significant positive correlations were found between awareness and attitude scores (r = 0.765, p < 0.01); awareness and practice scores (r = 0.585; p < 0.01); and attitude and action scores (r = 0.672; p < 0.01). HIM professionals' awareness, attitude, and practice towards PHI privacy differed significantly according to age, level of education, years of HIM experience, type of employment, main task, number of completed privacy education activities within the previous 3years and whether or not they had signed a pledge of confidentiality on PHI. More highly-educated, full-time employed respondents, those who had completed a greater number of privacy education activities and had more experience as HIM professionals, achieved higher scores on awareness, attitude and practice than did other respondents. These differences were all statistically significant (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Although causality cannot be inferred from results of this study, findings suggest that there is a relationship between PHI being a core responsibility of HIM professionals and their subsequent awareness, attitude and practice to ensure its privacy and confidentiality. To improve privacy practice, educational efforts should be prioritised and supported at all levels, including national, organisational, individual, and by professional HIM associations.

States’ Obligation of Non-refoulement of Refugees under International Law

This article does not aim to provide a full analysis of the obligation of non-refoulment of refugees under international law. Rather, it mainly focuses on the extra-territorial application of the obligation. That is, whether the obligation is only applied to the refugees that have already crossed the State of refuge’s borders or it is also applied to those who are still outside the concerned State’s borders. It also discusses the feasibility of applying the human rights’ principle of effective control to identify the state’s responsibility for the refoulment policies that take place beyond the state’s borders and when these policies could be attributed to a certain state. The article attempts to answer the question of whether the obligation of non-refoulment, with its extraterritoriality, has acquired the customary international law status or not. It emphasizes the implications of the inconsistent practices of the states with regards to the non-refoulment obligation on the customary international law status of the obligation. To that end, it analyses the US different Administrations inconsistent practices towards the Haitian refugees’ claims. By doing so, the article aims to answer whether these inconsistent practices create varying norms or that they rather establish a certain rule to which any subsequent inconsistent practice should be considered as a violation of the precedent rule not a creation of a new one. This article’s thesis is that every state in the world shall refrain from returning refugees to the countries where they would face prosecution whether or not these refugees have crossed its borders and whether or not this state is party to the Refugee Convention or its 1967 Protocol as the obligation of non-refoulment has crystalized into a customary international law norm.

How epistemic injustice maintains norms of the disembodied ideal worker in UK Universities

This paper extends debates usually reserved for philosophy, health and justice systems to a new domain by applying Fricker’s concept of epistemic injustice to the workplace to understand the experiences of academics living with disability and chronic health conditions. It focuses on the experiences of disabled UK higher education institution (HEI) employees, including women with long-term gynaecological health conditions. The paper brings together four studies conducted between 2017 and 2020 specifically: oof interviews with disabled academics (n=75), interviews with key stakeholders in universities (n=35) ((including university executives, line managers and human resources staff) alongside an analysis of the human resource management (HRM) policies (n=84) used by university managers to manage disabled employees and those with long-term health conditions.), a survey of experiences of managing gynaecological health conditions while working in universities (n=627) and : university staff with gynaecological health conditions (n=23) and We utilise the concept of epistemic injustice to explain the complicated spoken and unspoken, written and unwritten ways in which HRM policy and practice in UK HEIs reinforces sexist and ableist barriers, limiting meaningful inclusion of disabled employees and women employees with gynaecological health conditions. The paper reveals the invisibility of embodied experiences in HE HRM policy and subsequent practice, the implicit operationalisation of stigma to maintain silence and the burden of ‘proof’ required from individuals experiencing health conditions or disability that originates from an assumption of disingenuity. The stigmatised nature of many health conditions, particularly those relating to women’s reproductive systems, restricts open discussions of health and the materiality of bodies in the workplace, so limiting the provision of workplace accommodations. HRM policy and practice in UK HEIs requires disclosure and evidence from employees seeking support – obliging them to speak up in a context of institutional silence with no guarantees that they will be believed.

Evaluation of sleep quality, psychological states and subsequent self-medication practice among the Bangladeshi population during Covid-19 pandemic

IntroductionDue to the extended lockdown imposed for SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, many people have experienced problematic sleep patterns and associated health issues worldwide. This study was conducted to assess the sleep quality and psychological states of the Bangladeshi population during the COVID-19 pandemic, respondent's behavioral traits as well as psychological or sleep-related problems induced self-medication practice among the respondents, along with the probability of development of drug dependency. MethodsThe survey was conducted among 2941 respondents from 25th November 2020 to 4th December 2020 where the responses were analyzed by SPSS V22. Results10–29.5% experienced a significant degree of sleep problems whereas some experienced severe anxiety and depression. The associations between the behavioral traits and parameters concerning sleep quality, anxiety and depression showed 5% level of significance in all cases. Self-medication practice of sleep aids during this pandemic was reported by 7.14% of the respondents, with a greater percentage belonging to the female or senior age group. Tendency to repeatedly self-medication was observed in 18.86% of this self-medicating populace, and a greater number of male (10.26%) respondents displayed such tendency as opposed to their female (8.6%) equivalents. However, 48.10% of the respondents reported perceptions of improved physical and/or psychological health following self-medication, and this trait was predominant in men (52.14%). ConclusionResults showed a significant number of Bangladeshi populaces were suffering from psychological issues during this COVID-19 which also influenced a certain number of people towards self-medication practice where signs of drug dependency were observed in a significant number of respondents.

The impact of nurse leadership education on clinical practice: An integrative review.

The aim of this paper is to critically evaluate the literature investigating the impact of nurse leadership education on clinical practice. Effective leadership is vital for high-quality patient care. Leadership education is designed to support nurses to develop the appropriate skills and behaviors to become clinical leaders. However, to date, the impact of such education on subsequent clinical practice is unclear. An integrative review was conducted. Ten papers were included related to the experiences of nurses undertaking leadership education. Analysis of the included papers indicated that leadership education contributed to improving clinical practice in two ways. These two key themes were; impact on the individual and impact on others. While there is a plethora of literature reviewing nurse leadership and clinical practice, there is a gap in understanding how nurse leadership education can contribute to changed practice. Nurse managers can use this information to guide future leadership education programs to ensure that they promote positive work environments and high-quality care that improves clinical outcomes.