Hedonism is a species of egoism. Egoism holds that all of our ultimate desires are self-directed. Hedonism goes further; it says that our only ultimate desire is the self-directed desire for pleasure and the avoidance of pain. 1 Although psychological egoism is fundamental to every major school of twentieth century psychology,2 many philosophers believe that decisive objections have been developed against that position. My goal in this article is not to review these various philosophical arguments, but to focus on just one of them. Bishop Butler is widely regarded as having refuted hedonism. His argument is succinctly stated in the following passage: That all particular appetites and passions are towards external things themselves, distinct from the pleasure arising from them, is manifested from hence; that there could not be this pleasure, were it not for that prior suitableness between the object and the passion: there could be no enjoyment or delight from one thing more than another, from eating food more than from swallowing a stone, if there were not an affection or appetite to one thing more than another.3 I'll call this argument stone. Echoes of Butler's reasoning can be heard when subsequent philosophers explain why hedonism is mistaken. C. D. Broad claims that misers and almost any keen politician give the lie to hedonism, since they desire money and power even when these items conflict with the attainment of happiness. He then remarks: