Subsequent Energy Metabolism Research Articles

Choroby mitochondrialne — co powinien wiedzieć kardiolog?

Mitochondrial diseases (MD) are a heterogeneous group of rare genetically determined disorders, characterized by mitochondrial respiratory chain defect and subsequent energy metabolism imbalance. Due to almost exclusive aerobic metabolism of the heart, cardiac involvement in MD is common and can be accompanied by other manifestations of the multi-organ involvement, but may be also the first or the sole clinical manifestation of MD. All tissues of the heart may be affected but the most frequently affected tissue is the myocardium. The most frequent cardiac manifestation found in MD are cardiomyopathies, but cardiac abnormalities may be varied and include arrhythmias, heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, dilation of the aortic root and pericardial effusion. Given the progressive nature of cardiac involvement in MD associated with poor prognosis and increased mortality and the fact that it can remain asymptomatic until an advanced stage is reached, often due to limited mobility of patients, cardiac screening should be a part of standard management of MD patients. All patients with cardiac involvement should be reviewed by a cardiologist with an experience and understanding of MD.

Predictors Linking Obesity and the Gut Microbiome (the PROMISE Study): Protocol and Recruitment Strategy for a Cross-Sectional Study on Pathways That Affect the Gut Microbiome and Its Impact on Obesity.

BackgroundThe prevalence of obesity has increased substantially over recent decades and is associated with considerable health inequalities. Although the causes of obesity are complex, key drivers include overconsumption of highly palatable, energy-dense, and nutrient-poor foods, which have a profound impact on the composition and function of the gut microbiome. Alterations to the microbiome may play a critical role in obesity by affecting energy extraction from food and subsequent energy metabolism and fat storage.ObjectiveWe report the study protocol and recruitment strategy of the PRedictors linking Obesity and the gut MIcrobiomE (PROMISE) study, which characterizes the gut microbiome in 2 populations with different metabolic disease risk (Pacific and European women) and different body fat profiles (normal and obese). It investigates (1) the role of gut microbiome composition and functionality in obesity and (2) the interactions between dietary intake; eating behavior; sweet, fat, and bitter taste perception; and sleep and physical activity; and their impact on the gut microbiome, metabolic and endocrine regulation, and body fat profiles.MethodsHealthy Pacific and New Zealand (NZ) European women aged between 18 and 45 years from the Auckland region were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Participants were recruited such that half in each group had either a normal weight (body mass index [BMI] 18.5-24.9 kg/m2) or were obese (BMI ≥30.0 kg/m2). In addition to anthropometric measurements and assessment of the body fat content using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, participants completed sweet, fat, and bitter taste perception tests; food records; and sleep diaries; and they wore accelerometers to assess physical activity and sleep. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for metabolic and endocrine biomarkers and DNA extracted from fecal samples was analyzed by shotgun sequencing. Participants completed questionnaires on dietary intake, eating behavior, sleep, and physical activity. Data were analyzed using descriptive and multivariate regression methods to assess the associations between dietary intake, taste perception, sleep, physical activity, gut microbiome complexity and functionality, and host metabolic and body fat profiles.ResultsOf the initial 351 women enrolled, 142 Pacific women and 162 NZ European women completed the study protocol. A partnership with a Pacific primary health and social services provider facilitated the recruitment of Pacific women, involving direct contact methods and networking within the Pacific communities. NZ European women were primarily recruited through Web-based methods and special interest Facebook pages.ConclusionsThis cross-sectional study will provide a wealth of data enabling the identification of distinct roles for diet, taste perception, sleep, and physical activity in women with different body fat profiles in modifying the gut microbiome and its impact on obesity and metabolic health. It will advance our understanding of the etiology of obesity and guide future intervention studies involving specific dietary approaches and microbiota-based therapies.Trial RegistrationAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12618000432213; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=370874International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)RR1-10.2196/14529

The roads to mitochondrial dysfunction in a rat model of posttraumatic syringomyelia.

The pathophysiology of posttraumatic syringomyelia is incompletely understood. We examined whether local ischemia occurs after spinal cord injury. If so, whether it causes neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction and depletion, and subsequent energy metabolism impairment results in cell starvation of energy and even cell death, contributing to the enlargement of the cavity. Local blood flow was measured in a rat model of posttraumatic syringomyelia that had received injections of quisqualic acid and kaolin. We found an 86 ± 11% reduction of local blood flow at C8 where a cyst formed at 6 weeks after syrinx induction procedure (P < 0.05), and no difference in blood flow rate between the laminectomy and intact controls. Electron microscopy confirmed irreversible neuronal mitochondrion depletion surrounding the cyst, but recoverable mitochondrial loses in laminectomy rats. Profound energy loss quantified in the spinal cord of syrinx animals, and less ATP and ADP decline observed in laminectomy rats. Our findings demonstrate that an excitotoxic injury induces local ischemia in the spinal cord and results in neuronal mitochondrial depletion, and profound ATP loss, contributing to syrinx enlargement. Ischemia did not occur following laminectomy induced trauma in which mitochondrial loss and decline in ATP were reversible. This confirms excitotoxic injury contributing to the pathology of posttraumatic syringomyelia.

110 BARLEY SUPPLEMENTATION AT MID-GESTATION IN BROODMARES DOES NOT AFFECT FETAL DEVELOPMENT AND IS ACCOMPANIED BY MINIMAL PLACENTAL ADAPTATIONS

Modifications of maternal environment could alter fetal growth and development through the placenta and thus health in adulthood. The developmental origins of health and disease suggest that maternal nutrition during pregnancy may affect offspring development and subsequent energy metabolism. To understand the effect of common feeding practices during gestation, 24 saddlebred mares were allocated to 1 of 2 groups: group B was supplemented twice a day with barley (B) and group F was fed only with fodder (F) between month 7 of gestation and foaling. B mares maintained an optimal body condition score through gestation, with an increase in glycaemia and insulinemia after each meal and insulin resistance in month 9 of gestation. F mares lost condition as assessed by body condition score in the last part of gestation, leading to a moderate undernutrition and a transitional increase in nonesterified fatty acid plasma concentrations. Diets had no effect on feto-placental biometry or on placental structure. In contrast, an increase in microcotyledonary vessel volume was observed in F placentas, indicating placental adaptation, possibly to increase fetomaternal exchanges. There was no overall difference in the expression of genes involved in vascularization, nutrient transfer, growth, and development between placentas from B and F mares. Nevertheless, as seen in other species, sex-specific effects of maternal nutrition were observed in placentas from female foals, with differences in the expression of endogline, kinase insert domain receptor, insulin-like growth factor 2 and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor genes. This study demonstrates that breeding practices such as supplementation in concentrate at mid-gestation do not seem to affect fetal development. More work is ongoing to evaluate postnatal health.

Quantitation of plasma 13C‐galactose and 13C‐glucose during exercise by liquid chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry

The utilisation of carbohydrate sources under exercise conditions is of considerable importance in performance sports. Incorporation of optimal profiles of macronutrients can improve endurance performance in athletes. However, gaining an understanding of the metabolic partitioning under sustained exercise can be problematical and isotope labelling approaches can help quantify substrate utilisation. The utilisation of oral galactose was investigated using (13)C-galactose and measurement of plasma galactose and glucose enrichment by liquid chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (LC/IRMS). As little as 100 μL plasma could readily be analysed with only minimal sample processing. Fucose was used as a chemical and isotopic internal standard for the quantitation of plasma galactose and glucose concentrations, and isotopic enrichment. The close elution of galactose and glucose required a correction routine to be implemented to allow the measurement, and correction, of plasma glucose δ(13)C, even in the presence of very highly enriched galactose. A Bland-Altman plot of glucose concentration measured by LC/IRMS against glucose measured by an enzymatic method showed good agreement between the methods. Data from seven trained cyclists, undergoing galactose supplementation before exercise, demonstrate that galactose is converted into glucose and is available for subsequent energy metabolism.

Development of a mobile, open-circuit indirect calorimetry system

A system for the rapid determination of O2 consumption, CO2 production and subsequent indirect estimation of energy metabolism of ruminants has been updated and validated. The accurate determination of gas temperature, relative humidity, absolute pressure and flow is important to the overall use of the system. Analogue outputs from the specific analyzers were multiplexed and then routed to a data acquisition system with appropriate software control. Subsequent data processing included modification to fit LOTUS 1-2-3 files. The analyzers were calibrated with standard test gases for the gas meters. In an experimental confirmation trial, eight sheep were fed at maintenance (M) or 2× maintenance (2M) or fasted 48 h after each level of intake (MF and 2MF, respectively) and subsequent energy metabolism was determined. Oxygen consumption (mL min−1), metabolic rate (W) and CO2 production (mL min−1) were greater (P &lt; 0.05) for animals fed 2M (111.2, 379.5 and 101.9, respectively) than for those fed M (85.4, 291.2 and 86.1, respectively). Maintenance values were, in turn, also higher (P &lt; 0.05) than those for either MF (56.7, 193.4 and 48.0, respectively) or 2MF (54.6, 186.4 and 46.3, respectively). M sheep had a higher respiratory quotient (1.03) (P &lt; 0.05) than either MF sheep (0.86) or 2MF sheep (0.89), with 2M sheep being intermediate (0.95). There were no differences (P &gt; 0.05) between the two fasted states for all parameters. Results from the confirmation experiment agree with previously published work and were consistent with those from similar systems. Key words: Indirect calorimetry, oxygen consumption, sheep

Effects of low temperature storage upon subsequent energy metabolism of rabbit embryos

The oxidation of pyruvate by two-cell rabbit embryos occurred at a very low rate at 10 °C, but increased 10–15 times upon rewarming to 37 °C. Pyruvate utilization of these embryos increased with continued development parallel to embryos not cooled to 10 °C, but incubated directly at 37 °C. Storage at 10 °C did not affect the amount of glucose subsequently oxidized at 37 °C, nor the shift from the pentose shunt to glycolysis and the Krebs cycle that normally occurs between the morula and blastocyst stage. Thus, the temporary inhibition of carbohydrate metabolism induced through temperature reduction did not impair the subsequent ability of the embryos to metabolize pyruvate and glucose normally.

The Effects of B-Vitamin Deprivation on Subsequent Energy Metabolism

LITTLE is known about the effects of B-vitamin deprivation of the chick on subsequent energy metabolism after vitamin repletion. Sibbald et al. (1961, 1962), reported on work in which practical type diets were deficient and were supplemented with pantothenic acid, riboflavin and/or niacin. In these studies the degree of vitamin deprivation was apparently not to the degree of the data here reported.Jacobs and Coen (1958), working with rats, reported that an intraperitioneal injection of deoxypyridoxine hydrochloride inhibited the intestinal absorption of both d-and l-methionine. Pyridoxine depletion by dietary means gave a similar response. Dosing the rat with supplementary B6 improved amino acid absorption in both cases without a subsequent depressing effect.PROCEDURE AND MATERIALSBroiler-type chicks were the experimental animals used in both trials. All chicks with the exception of the controls were fed vitamin depletion diets starting at one-day of age. The depletion period for chicks receiving the …