Subsequent Displacement Research Articles

The Pulseless Supracondylar Elbow Fracture: A Rational Approach.

Supracondylar humerus fractures are the most common type of pediatric elbow fracture, accounting for 60-70% of all elbow fractures in children. Initial trauma and subsequent fracture displacement may damage surrounding neurovascular structures, leading to reports of associated neurovascular injury at rates as high as 49%, with vascular compromise reported in 3-19% of cases. This may be attributable to complete transection, kinking of the artery with reduced flow, thrombosis, intimal tear, arterial contusion or spasm, entrapment of the vessel within the fracture site or traumatic aneurysm of the brachial artery with subsequent thrombus formation. While there is general agreement that a child presenting with a pulseless white (dysvascular) hand associated with a displaced supracondylar humerus fracture requires emergent operative management, whether or not surgical exploration of the brachial artery is warranted in a patient with a pulseless pink hand is debatable. Given the lack of consensus, an individualized approach based on clinical findings at initial presentation, including quality of distal perfusion including doppler signal, associated median nerve injury, availability of a surgeon with microvascular skill-set, and access to vigilant post-operative monitoring, combined with an open discussion of the pros and cons of various treatment options with the family is prudent. Herein we outline our management principles, developed with careful consideration of the available literature and informed by practical experience. We recommend emergent management of pulseless supracondylar fractures, especially those that present with a pulseless white hand or with a dense median nerve palsy, with operative fracture reduction and fixation. In all children presenting with a pulseless supracondylar humerus fracture, the vascular status should be reassessed after adequate fracture reduction and fixation, and in patients with continued signs of abnormal distal perfusion, such as weak or absent Doppler signals or sluggish capillary refill, surgical exploration of the brachial artery with reestablishment of adequate distal flow should be conducted immediately. Much of the existing evidence surrounding the supracondylar humerus fracture associated with a pink, pulseless hand is of low quality. This shortcoming should serve as an impetus for establishment of an international registry of all dysvascular pediatric supracondylar fractures, with adequate documentation of the vascular exam before and after reduction, intra-operative and post-operative management and long term follow-up, to provide optimal management guidelines based on robust evidence.

Site-specific electrodeposition enables self-terminating growth of atomically dispersed metal catalysts

The growth of atomically dispersed metal catalysts (ADMCs) remains a great challenge owing to the thermodynamically driven atom aggregation. Here we report a surface-limited electrodeposition technique that uses site-specific substrates for the rapid and room-temperature synthesis of ADMCs. We obtained ADMCs by the underpotential deposition of a non-noble single-atom metal onto the chalcogen atoms of transition metal dichalcogenides and subsequent galvanic displacement with a more-noble single-atom metal. The site-specific electrodeposition enables the formation of energetically favorable metal–support bonds, and then automatically terminates the sequential formation of metallic bonding. The self-terminating effect restricts the metal deposition to the atomic scale. The modulated ADMCs exhibit remarkable activity and stability in the hydrogen evolution reaction compared to state-of-the-art single-atom electrocatalysts. We demonstrate that this methodology could be extended to the synthesis of a variety of ADMCs (Pt, Pd, Rh, Cu, Pb, Bi, and Sn), showing its general scope for functional ADMCs manufacturing in heterogeneous catalysis.

Factors affecting the performance of forward osmosis treatment for oilfield produced water from surfactant-polymer flooding

Oilfield produced water from surfactant-polymer (SP) flooding has long been regarded as a problematic type of industrial wastewater. In this study, the forward osmosis process was employed to treat SP-produced water with anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) as the draw solution. APAM was then used as a component of the agent for subsequent SP oil displacement. The individual and combined effects of crude oil concentration, surfactant concentration, APAM molecular weight (MW), and cation type on the water flux were investigated. The results showed that the amount of water flux reduction decreased with decreasing crude oil concentration; i.e., Scenario C (1.32 L/m2•h (LMH)) > Scenario B (1.12 LMH) > Scenario A (0.92 LMH). In addition, the water flux reduction was positively but not linearly related to the concentration of pollutant components; i.e., a 50% decrease of water flux occurred within the first 60 min of the forward osmosis process. Cation type and APAM MW had a large combined effect on water flux reduction, especially for divalent Ca2+. Crude oil concentration exhibited the greatest contribution to water flux reduction. The combined effect of APAM and ions, and crude oil and SDBS to water flux reduction was comparable and greatest in both Scenario G and H, with a maximum contribution of 68.1%.

Fringe slope discrimination in laser self-mixing interferometry using artificial neural network

Due to high sensitivity, self-aligned configuration and laser type independence, Laser Self-Mixing Interferometry (SMI) has always been an interesting and attractive technique in the field of laser interferometry, with displacement and vibration measurements being the most frequently encountered applications. Fringe slope is the most distinctive merit which traditional two-beam interferometry does not have, and it is always utilized to indicate the moving direction of external targets. Due to the existence of noise and even speckle effect, the slope of SMI fringes may be difficult to determine and therefore attracts much more research attention. In order to bring about a robust and easy-to-use method in fringe detection, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model established by a well-known Machine Learning (ML) framework named pytorch is proposed to recognize SMI fringes, and through elaborate training, it can distinguish left or right tilted unseen fringes at the accuracy of about 100% in the simulations under good Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and 96% during the experiments without any noise filtering. Relatively satisfactory results can still be obtained with the feedback strength parameter C lowed to about 0.4 and the SNR reduced to 5 dB. The manuscript explores the application of ML in the field of SMI, with a focus on the accurate and effective SMI fringe recognition, while the subsequent displacement or vibration measurement is not in our research scope.

A choice of surgical approach for osteosynthesis in fractures of the lateral tibial condyle

Intention. To conduct a comparative analysis of the dynamics of the consolidation of intraarticular fractures of the posterolateral parts of the lateral tibial condyle, the anatomical and functional outcomes of surgical treatment of these patients after plate osteosynthesis with traditional anterolateral and posterolateral transfibular surgical approaches as well.Methodology. A comparative prospective study of the effectiveness of osteosynthesis in patients with fractures of the posterolateral part of lateral tibial condyle in two compatible clinical groups was performed in dynamics for periods of 7–10 days, 1, 3, 6 and 9 months after surgery. In the first group (25 patients), bone osteosynthesis was performed from traditional anterolateral approach (TALA), and in the second group (20 patients), from the posterolateral transfibular approach (PLTFA). The average duration of osteosynthesis operations was compared. The displacements of fragments of the articular surface of the lateral tibial condyle, the indices of the KSS and Lysholm scales, the results of measurements of the angle of flexion and valgus stress test of the knee joint were evaluated. Data processing was performed using the Data Analysis and Chart Master modules (Excel), the Basic Statistics / Tables module (Statistic for Windows) as well.Results and Discussion. In the PLTFA group, the average operation time was (81.0 ± 8.5) minutes (from 67 to 96 minutes), in the TALA group, the duration of operations was 35.8 % longer and averaged (110 ± 5.2) minutes (from 82 to 125 minutes) (p < 0.05). The values of the KSS and Lysholm scales in dynamics showed a steady and statistically significant (p < 0.01) increase with increasing time after surgery without significant differences between the groups. The angle of flexion of the knee joint increased more rapidly during the first three months, then the rate decreased from 6 to 9 months (p < 0.05) without significant differences between the groups. The frequency of displacements of fragments of the articular surface in the first group was statistically significantly (p < 0.05) higher than in the second group. Differences in the valgus-stress test indices in both groups reached a maximum after 9 months – 52 and 30 %, respectively.Conclusion. With PLTFA, surgery duration decreases, articular surface fragments are better reduced, and their subsequent displacement at the stages of treatment is less likely; therefore, this approach is preferable for osteosynthesis of fractures of the posterolateral parts of the lateral tibial condyle.

A Predictive, Two-Parameter Model for the Movement of Reservoir Landslides

Monitoring data show that many landslides in the Three Gorges region, China, undergo step-like displacements in response to the managed, quasi-sinusoidal annual variations in reservoir level. This behavior is consistent with motion initiating when the reservoir water level falls below a critical level that is intrinsic to each landslide, with the subsequent displacement rate of the landslide being proportional to the water depth below that critical level. Most motion terminates when the water level rises back above the critical level, so the annual step size is the time integral of the instantaneous displacement rate. These responses are incorporated into a differential equation that is easily calibrated with monitoring data, allowing prediction of landslide movement from actual or anticipated reservoir level changes. Model successes include (1) initiation and termination of the annual sliding steps at the critical reservoir level, producing a series of steps; (2) prediction of variable step size, year to year; and (3) approximate prediction of the shape and size of each annual step. Annual rainfall correlates poorly with step size, probably because its effect on groundwater levels is dwarfed by the 30 m annual variations in the level of the Three Gorges Reservoir. Viscous landslide behavior is suggested.

Radiation damage calculations for charged particle emission nuclear reactions

Taking the quantum tunneling and Coulomb barrier into account, the present work proposes the calculation of Primary Knock-on Atom (PKA) energy for charged particle emission reactions. The method proposed in this paper and that used in NJOY have a large difference of PKA energy for charged particle emissions. For a D+T fusion neutron-induced 6Li(n,t)4He PKA, the maximum PKA energy calculated with NJOY is 2.9 MeV, whereas 14.2 MeV is obtained with the formula proposed in the present work. The subsequent total neutron-induced Displacement per Atom (DPA) calculated with the two methods has a small difference for most isotopes of which the DPA is predominated by neutron scattering reactions, such as 56Fe and 58Ni. However, the difference can be important for nuclei with charged particle emission channels open at thermal energy, such as 6Li, 10B, and 59Ni. Using the damage cross sections (calculated by NJOY with and without modifications) and SRIM/TRIM-2008 calculations, the relative differences on total DPA rates of the compound material 90%56Fe-9%58Ni-1%59Ni are within 1% for two fast spectra, 1.5% for fusion first wall, about 5% for the heavy reflector, and 25% for a pressurized water reactor vessel.

Fuzzy-ball fluid self-selective profile control for enhanced oil recovery in heterogeneous reservoirs: The techniques and the mechanisms

Conventional water flooding and polymer flooding are common approaches to improve oil recovery. However, flooding agents injected into heterogeneous reservoirs preferentially enter the seepage channels in high-permeability zones. As a result, it is difficult to displace the hydrocarbons in low-permeability areas. Therefore, using the agents with selective plugging capability to block the high-permeability channels and promote the subsequent displacement in the low-permeability area has become a potentially preferable solution for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in heterogeneous reservoirs. In this study, the techniques and mechanisms of the novel fuzzy-ball fluid for enhancing oil recovery in heterogeneous reservoirs are discussed. Laboratory tests were conducted using 45 mm × 45 mm × 300 mm artificial cores with permeability ranging from 200 to 1200 mD to simulate the formation channels. Two cores with different permeabilities were connected in parallel to simulate the heterogeneous formations. The oil displacement performance of fuzzy-ball fluid was compared with that of polymer and surfactant fluids. Flooding the cores with fuzzy-ball fluid could significantly increase the oil recovery rate of the low-permeability cores. Field tests were conducted in two polymer injection wells located in a heterogeneous conglomerate reservoir in Karamay Oilfield, China. After fuzzy-ball fluid flooding, the average daily liquid production rate decreased, the average daily oil production rate increased and the overall water content decreased. There was a significant improvement in oil displacement effect in low-permeability areas.

Distribution of impurities in ceramics based on zirconium nitride obtained using the oxidative constructing approach

The localization of impurity phases in ceramics created by direct nitridation of zirconium rolled metal was established. For ceramics synthesized at temperatures above the melting point of the metal, the impurity phases are localized along grain boundaries and at macrodefects. In a composite heterostructure of the composition ZrN –(ZrN x/α --solid solution of nitrogen in metal/ZrN x ) – ZrN, impurity phases are predominantly localized in an α-solid solution of nitrogen with their subsequent displacement to grain boundaries and macrodefects at the end of the nitridization process.

Assessment of rainfall erosivity (R-factor) during 1986-2015 across Nepal: a step towards soil loss estimation.

Rainfall is a main cause of soil erosion which varies spatially and temporarily. R-factor is an erosive power of the rainfall that is responsible for soil detachment and subsequent displacement. Mathematically, it is expressed as a sum of the product of kinetic energy and maximum 30-min rain intensity. A precise assessment of R-factor needs higher temporal resolution rainfall data (sub-hourly) for a period of several years, which is rarely available. Many empirical approaches are used to predict R-factor as a function of mean monthly and annual rainfall amount. In this study, we used Loureiro and Countinho (Journal of Hydrology 250:12-18, 2001) approximation approach to estimate R-factor and explore its intra-annual variability using 30years (1986-2015) of daily rainfall data from 280 stations distributed across Nepal. This study employs different intra-annual variability indices and calculates erosivity density (ED) and weighted erosivity density (WED). The country average mean annual R-factor (MAR), annual ED, and WED are found to be 9434.8MJmmha-1h-1year-1, 4.39MJha-1h-1,and 1.61MJha-1h-1, respectively. On a monthly scale, July is the highest erosive month followed by August (> 2000MJmmha-1h-1month-1). Likewise, November is the lowest erosive month followed by December (~ 50MJmmha-1h-1month-1). Spatial distributions of these indices show clear delineations of areas with different erosivity patterns at different time of the year. In addition, this study explores inter-annual variation, temporal evolution, and trend estimation of R-factors over the country (for the first time). Significant rising trends are observed in the western region of the country. We found that the mean soil erosion for Nepal is estimated at 21.01 tonha-1year-1. The smallest R-factors are observed in the north-western region of the country and the maximum values are observed at mid hills and southern plains of the country. Our study could be an initial but important step for effective soil conservation, land use planning, and agricultural production.

Niobium doping induced mirror twin boundaries in MBE grown WSe2 monolayers

Mirror twin boundary (MTB) brings unique 1D physics and properties into two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), but they were rarely observed in non-Mo-based TMDCs. Herein, by post-growth Nb doping, high density 4|4E-W and 4|4P-Se MTBs were introduced into molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) grown WSe2 monolayers. Of them, 4|4E-W MTB with a novel structure was discovered experimentally for the first time, while 4|4P-Se MTBs present a random permutations of W and Nb, forming a 1D alloy system. Comparison between the doped and non-doped WSe2 confirmed that Nb dopants are essential for MTB formation. Furthermore, quantitative statistics reveal the areal density of MTBs is directly proportional to the concentration of Nb dopants. To unravel the injection pathway of Nb dopants, first-principles calculations about a set of formation energies for excess Nb atoms with different configurations were conducted, based on which a model explaining the origin of MTBs introduced by excess metal was built. We conclude that the formation of MTBs is mainly driven by the collective evolution of excess Nb atoms introduced into the lattice of host WSe2 crystal and subsequent displacement of metal atoms (W or Nb). This study provides a novel way to tailor the MTBs in 2D TMDC materials via proper metal doping and presents a new opportunities for exploring the intriguing properties.

Enhancing ORR Performance of Bimetallic PdAg Electrocatalysts by Designing Interactions between Pd and Ag

Precise tuning of the electronic properties of Ag/C using under potentially deposited (UPD) Cu and subsequent galvanic displacement to deposit atomically dispersed loading of Pd resulted in a robus...

Synthesis of Acridin-2-yl(Phenyl)Methanone via Palladium Catalyzed Carboannulation of Internal Acetylene and Its Antibacterial and Anti-biofilms Activity

Many substituted acridin-2-yl(phenyl) methanones have been successfully prepared in good yields by reacting functionally substituted aryl halides with many internal acetylenes in presence of a palladium catalyst Pd(dba)2. The end product of this reaction has also been synthesized via reaction of cis- and trans3-(2-chloro-6-methoxyquinolin-3-yl)-1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one palladium complexes towards acetylene in an aqueous medium. This reaction was believed to proceed via region-selective arylpalladation of the acetylene and subsequent nucleophilic displacement of the palladium, which further produced vinylpalladium intermediates. The intermediates and the final products have been tested for broad-spectrum antibacterial and antibiofilm activities.

Cuero de lobo “emprestao”: State of Exception and the Wolf in José Hernández’s Martín Fierro

This article provides a biopolitical reading of José Hernández’s Martín Fierro. The passage of Fierro’s political life, from soldier to bandit, is elucidated by the suspension of law known as the state of exception, manifested through the draft at the time. Fierro’s subsequent displacement to the military outpost on the frontier can be likened to a form of camp—a space of perpetual state of exception. It is here that life is placed on the threshold between human and animal existence, leading Fierro to the creaturely existence of a bandit, represented in the poem by the trope of the werewolf.

Direct catalytic transformation of white phosphorus into arylphosphines and phosphonium salts.

Phosphorus compounds are ubiquitous in the chemical sciences, finding applications throughout industry and academia. Of particular interest to synthetic chemists are organophosphorus compounds, which contain P—C bonds. However, state-of-the-art processes for the synthesis of these important materials rely on an inefficient, stepwise methodology involving initial oxidation of white phosphorus (P4) with hazardous chlorine gas and the subsequent displacement of chloride ions. Catalytic P4 organofunctionalisation reactions have remained elusive, as they require multiple P—P bond breaking and P—C bond formation events to break down the P4 core, all of which must occur in a controlled manner. Herein, we describe an efficient transition metal-catalyzed process capable of forming P—C bonds from P4. Using blue light photocatalysis, this method directly affords valuable triarylphosphines and tetraarylphosphonium salts in a single reaction step.

An Improved Region-Growing Motion Tracking Method Using More Prior Information for 3-D Ultrasound Elastography.

Three-dimensional (3-D) ultrasound elastography can provide 3-D tissue stiffness information that may be used during clinical diagnoses. In the framework of strain elastography, motion tracking plays an important role. In this study, an improved 3-D region-growing motion tracking (RGMT) algorithm based on a concept of exterior boundary points was developed. In principle, the proposed method first determines displacement at some seed points by strictly checking the local correlation and continuity in the neighborhood of those seeds. Subsequent displacement estimation is then conducted from these initial seeds to obtain displacements associated with other locations. This RGMT algorithm is designed to use more known information-including displacements and correlation values of all known-displacement neighboring points-to estimate the displacement of an unknown-displacement point, whereas previous RGMT methods employed information from only one such point. The algorithm was tested on 3-D ultrasound volumetric data acquired from a simulation, a tissue-mimicking phantom, and five human subjects. Motion-compensated cross correlations (MCCCs), strain contrast, and displacement Laplacian values (representing smoothness of an estimated displacement field) were calculated and used to evaluate the merits of the proposed RGMT method. Compared with a previously published RGMT method, the results show that the proposed RGMT method can provide smaller displacement errors and smoother displacements and improve strain contrast while maintaining reasonably high MCCC values, indicating good motion tracking quality. The proposed method is also computationally more efficient. In summary, our preliminary results demonstrated that the proposed RGMT algorithm is capable of obtaining high-quality 3-D strain elastographic data using modified clinical equipment.

Assessment of Intrafraction Motion of the Urinary Bladder Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (cineMRI)

AimTo assess the intrafraction motion of the urinary bladder and delineate the appropriate margin size for radiotherapy planning, for both the full and empty bladder. Materials and methodsThis was a single-site, single-arm study of 20 patients planned to undergo radical cystectomy for histologically confirmed muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (cineMRI) of the entire pelvis using a 3-Tesla system, prior to cystectomy. Patients first underwent a cineMRI with a full bladder, then voided and underwent a second MRI with an empty bladder. All MRI sequences were acquired over 18 min. We assessed the differences in bladder filling and subsequent bladder wall displacement, between the empty and full bladder, during a time period consistent with radiotherapy treatment delivery. ResultsTwenty patients underwent cineMRI of the entire pelvis. The maximum mean directional displacements of the bladder walls over the 18 min duration of the scan for the empty bladders were 9.8 mm superiorly, 1.1 mm inferiorly, 2.39 mm anteriorly, 3.73 mm posteriorly, 2.74 mm to the left and 2.48 mm to the right. The maximal mean displacements for the full bladders were 9.2 mm superiorly, 1.1 mm inferiorly, 2.28 mm anteriorly, 1.08 mm posteriorly, 1.85 mm to the left and 1.73 mm to the right. Statistically significant differences were seen in the posterior, left and right displacements but were quantitatively small. ConclusionsIntrafractional motion secondary to bladder filling showed minimal variation between the full and empty bladder. Similar clinical target volume to planning target volume margins can be applied for the delivery of radiotherapy for a full and empty bladder.

Transient behavior of a cantilever plate subjected to impact loading: Theoretical analysis and experimental measurement

This study employed theoretical analysis and experimental measurements in an exploration of the transient behavior of a cantilever plate subjected to a dynamic impact force. The solution of transient displacement is established as a product of the time function and mode shapes for the cantilever plate. The superposition method was used to obtain the mode shapes and resonant frequencies for free vibrations, and the orthogonality of the mode shapes was used to determine the time function. We demonstrate that the results of transient behaviors including transient displacement, strain, velocity and acceleration of the cantilever plate can be explicitly presented in closed forms. In the experiment, the dynamic external force was produced by the impact of a steel ball on the cantilever plate, and a pair of Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) sensors are used to measure the force history of the impact loading. Fotonic sensor (FS) was also used to obtain the time signals of transient displacement, and PVDF film sensors were used to determine transient strain in the cantilever plate.Our results obtained in the theoretical analysis are highly consistent with experimental measurement and FEM simulations in the time domain. This is a clear demonstration of the effectiveness of pairing theoretical analysis with impact loading histories measured using PVDF sensors in the representation of transient wave propagation behavior in a cantilever plate. Based on the proposed theoretical solution, we established the relationship between transient behaviors and vibrational characteristics that allow us to get more information of the physical phenomenon of the transient response. In transient signal, the contribution of each mode is related to the position of impact point and observation point. The position of exciting force and observation near the nodal lines of particular mode shapes can reduce the contribution of those modes in the transient waveform. We also investigated the influence on the transient response of a cantilever plate subjected to various impact loading duration, and indicate that the amplitude of transient displacement after the release of external force is depended on the impact force duration. Setting the force released at the time of period for specific mode, which provide the maximum contribution, can suppress the amplitude of oscillation in subsequent transient displacement.

Ternary Copper(II) and Nickel(II) chelates of 2,2′-Bipyridyl and glycine: X-ray structures, kinetics, DNA binding and cleavage activities

Ternary copper(II) and nickel(II) chelates of 2,2′-bipyridyl and glycine ligands with the formula of [Cu(BPy)(Gly)Cl] 1, [Cu(BPy)(Gly)(H2O)]NO32 and [Ni(BPy)(Gly)(H2O)2]Cl·H2O 3 were synthesized and structurally characterized by using X-ray crystallography. Copper(II) compounds 1 and 2 form slightly distorted square-pyramidal coordination geometries of CuN3ClO and CuN3O2, respectively. Whereas, nickel(II) compound 3 shows an octahedral coordination geometry of NiN3O3. Kinetic measurements have been made with the objective of correlating the influence of geometry. The thiourea substitution reaction of 1 in water is a monophasic process that involves the subsequent displacement of chloride ligand with k2300 = 21.1 ± 0.8 M−1s−1. The activation parameters, ΔH# = 79.2 ± 2.5 kJ mol−1 and ΔS# = 68.4 ± 8.7 J K−1 mol−1, for the chloride substitution reactions indicate that the reaction follows a dissociative mechanism. The interactions of compounds 2 and 3 towards DNA were examined with the help of absorption spectroscopic technique. The binding constants (Kb) of 2 and 3 to DNA were found to be 4.7 × 105 and 2.4 × 105 M−1, respectively, indicating that both compounds show good binding activity to calf thymus DNA. The nuclease mimic activity of both 2 and 3 was also assessed by its ability to cleave super coiled plasmid DNA to nicked and linear forms in the absence of any external additives. On the other hand, the quasi-reversible CuII/CuI redox couple slightly improves its reversibility with a considerable decrease in current intensity. All the experimental results indicated that the bipyridyl mixed copper(II) complex 2 intercalates more effectively into the DNA base pairs.

A new colorimetric and near-infrared fluorescent probe for biothiols and its application to image GSH in living cells and zebrafish

A new near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe based on 2-Methylchromone was exploited for relay recognition of Cu2+ and biothiols. The mechanism involved in complex between metal ion and probe, and subsequent displacement reaction, which make the probe can detect GSH by NIR fluorescence turn on emission. Probe showed a fluorescence band at 718 nm in PBS-EtOH (3:2, v/v, 10 mM PBS, pH 7.4) solution. Upon the addition of Cu2+, a large fluorescence quenching was observed due to the coordination between probe 1 and Cu2+. The 1-Cu2+ could be used to detect biothiols utilizing high affinity of biothiols with Cu2+. This “on-off-on” fluorescent probe was also successfully applied to image GSH in MCF-7 cells and zebrafish.