Subsequent Demise Research Articles

True Reflections on Barron’s Reflections of Canada: “Canada 150: Music and Belonging”

Esteemed Canadian music educator John Barron (1939–2014) commissioned and edited Reflections of Canada (RofC)—a three-volume collection of 147 Canadian folk songs arranged for a cappella choirs between 1985 and 1991. Published by Frederick Harris Music, RofC contains folk songs derived from Indigenous, French, and English traditions and was considered to be a fine resource for music educators. In the late 1990s, RofC was declared out of print, with publishing rights returned to the editor, composers of the arrangements, and other copyright holders. To celebrate confederate Canada at 150 and brought back by popular demand, a two-volume second edition of RofC has been created and will be released by Cypress Music in June 2017. Through narrative and ethnographic inquiry, the factors that influenced the genesis and subsequent demise of the first edition will be discussed, followed by an examination of the process and challenges encountered in the creation of a culturally sensitive second edition that embodies a realistic reflection of twenty-first-century Canada.

Language in pursuit of professional branding: The case of scientific costing

The period between the 1880s and 1930 witnessed the development of concepts and discourses associated with costing as a science. Against this background, and in the context of the professionalization campaign pursued by the newly established Institute of Cost and Works Accountants (formed in 1919), we employ insights from hermeneutic analysis to examine the ascendancy and subsequent demise of 'scientific costing' as a branding strategy. Building on the earlier work of Loft (1986, 1990), we place these developments within both the internal machinations of the Institute in its early years and the wider context of the business, professional and regulatory environment of the period. We find that the rise and fall from favour of 'scientific costing' was conditioned by a number of contextual factors, not least the changing environment of the early decades of the twentieth century surrounding the emergence of scientism, its links to the efficiency gospel, and a changing rhetoric which shifted towards a business budgeting discourse. These, together with difficulties in finding a common specification of 'scientific costing' limited its usefulness as an organisational branding strategy. Implications are drawn from our study for contemporary attempts to develop branding strategies by professional accounting bodies.

The industrial ethic, corporate refusal and the demise of the social function in mining

AbstractThe social function in mining is in a state of decline. Recent changes among the world's major mining companies suggest that corporations are responding to the dual pressure of profit maximization and sustainable development by cutting back on the social function of their business. Our approach draws on two conceptual platforms to describe and analyse the development and the subsequent demise of the “social function” in the global mining industry. This approach captures the various exchanges that occur within and across place defining boundaries of “company” and “community”, and importantly, as a means for explaining the significance of changes to the industry's organizational configurations. We argue that mining companies are places of refusal and resistance. A redirection of organizational flows of capital, information and other resources is required for mining companies to meet the increasing demand for social performance capability, and avoid creating costly legacies for the future.

Chromosomal instability in first trimester miscarriage: a common cause of pregnancy loss?

First trimester miscarriage without underlying medical conditions is most commonly caused by chromosomal abnormalities reported to occur in 50% or more of cases. These chromosomal changes in early losses include both numerical abnormalities and structural alterations that result in gain and/or loss of genetic information. Structural alterations are much less common than numerical changes. Jumping translocations (JTs) are considered extremely rare with only four cases previously reported. We report 12 examples of chromosome instability seen in the fetal material of spontaneous first trimester miscarriages in a single study population. In these examples, we observed different cell lines with related chromosomal alterations. Some may be considered to be JT, where a single donor site was observed with different recipients. Others involved more than one site on the "donor" chromosome. One reported miscarriage involved multiple aneuploidy. All alterations resulted in partial trisomies and monosomies which predisposed the pregnancy to chromosomal imbalance and subsequent demise. Patient demographic data did not indicate possible causes of the errors observed. This is the first report of such a large cohort and is believed to be the result of increased knowledge and depth of analysis in this area, rather than a representation of confounding factors in this population. It is therefore proposed that identifying these chromosomal changes must be incorporated into the system of testing within the clinical environment. We must also recognize that some routine laboratory techniques will fail to detect such genetic changes.

High-resolution chemostratigraphy of a Miocene wedge-top carbonate shelf (San Marino Fm., Northern Apennines, Italy): The major role of the Monterey global fertility event

The evolution of the San Marino carbonate succession, developed on a wedge-top basin of the northern Apennines during the Middle Miocene (Torriana outcrop, Marecchia Valley), was studied through a high-resolution stable isotope analysis on different carbonate components. A marked positive carbon isotopic excursion is identified at ca. 16 Ma. The excellent correlation of the San Marino δ13C carbonates with the global δ13C reference curve from Zachos et al. (2008) allows to link the marked positive δ13C present in the San Marino section with the global carbon isotope maximum of the Monterey event. Subordinate long-eccentricity-driven δ13C cycles (~405 kyr) as recorded by Holbourn et al. (2007) were also identified. The correlation with carbon signatures of coeval successions of the Mediterranean region shows that this main carbon isotopic excursion at the Burdigalian–Langhian boundary is widely recorded and predates the crisis of these heterozoan shelves. The demise of the San Marino shelf resulted from a combination of global and regional factors that controlled the nutrient budget, the detrital input and the subsidence of the basin. The high-resolution chemostratigraphy of San Marino succession shows that even though the shelf evolved in the complex setting of a wedge-top basin, which should be largely influenced by local factors (i.e. tectonic subsidence and detrital input), it records the Monterey event and its eccentricity paced rhythms with high precision. This highlights the strong connection of the Monterey event with the development and subsequent demise of shallow water carbonate depositional systems in the Mediterranean, irrespective of variable and changing local conditions.

Beyond the Human Terrain System: a brief critical history (and a look ahead)

ABSTRACTThis article provides a brief critical history of the Human Terrain System (HTS), a US Army counterinsurgency programme designed to embed anthropologists and other social scientists with combat brigades in Iraq and Afghanistan. It lasted from 2007 to 2015 and at its peak employed more than 500 people. The programme, which was among the most expensive social science programs in history, was controversial for many reasons. Among anthropologists, HTS sparked heated debates about the ethics of professional social science. Soon after its creation, the American Anthropological Association’s executive board described the program as ‘an unacceptable application of anthropological expertise’. The article explores the reasons behind the program’s rapid rise and its subsequent demise, and it also discusses the long-term impacts of the programme – most notably the survival and propagation of the ‘human terrain’ concept within military and intelligence agencies, particularly as applied to techno-scientific methods of counterinsurgency. The article ends by reflecting upon broader questions of anthropological ethics in the post-9/11 world.

The evolution of the Dogger Bank, North Sea: A complex history of terrestrial, glacial and marine environmental change

This paper presents a summary of the results of a detailed multidisciplinary study of the near surface geology of the Dogger Bank in the southern central North Sea, forming part of a site investigation for a major windfarm development undertaken by the Forewind consortium. It has revealed that the Dogger Bank is internally complex rather than comprising a simple “layer cake” of the Quaternary sediments as previously thought. Regional and high-resolution seismic surveys have enabled a revised stratigraphic framework to be established for the upper part of this sequence which comprises the Eem (oldest), Dogger Bank, Bolders Bank formations and Botney Cut Formation (youngest), overlain by a typically thin Holocene sequence. Detailed mapping of key horizons identified on the high-resolution seismic profiles has led to the recognition of a series of buried palaeo-landsystems which are characterised by a range of features including; glacial, glacifluvial and fluvial channels, a large-scale glacitectonic thrust-moraine complex with intervening ice-marginal basins, a lacustrine basin and marine ravinement surfaces. Interpretation of these buried landscapes has enabled the development of an environmental change model to explain the evolution of the Dogger Bank. This evolution was driven by the complex interplay between climate change, ice sheet dynamics and sea level change associated with the growth and subsequent demise of the British and Irish and Fennoscandian ice sheets during the Weichselian glaciation. Following the decay of these ice sheets the Dogger Bank entered a period of significant climatic and environmental flux which saw a terrestrial landscape being progressively inundated as sea levels rose during the Holocene.

Captain Scott: icy deceits and untold realities

Captain Scott holds a unique position in human exploration in that, despite his failures, he has obtained a status often above and beyond his ultimately more successful adversary Roald Amundsen. In a field which only celebrates the victor how did this come to pass? Perhaps it is because that, although failing to reach the South Pole first, his subsequent demise on the icy continent symbolized the extremes humans undergo in the name of exploration, the very real prospect of failure, and the strength of the human spirit. His untimely death elevated Scott from second place finisher to that of martyr – a man sacrificing himself in the name of discovery. Until now a multitude of books have analysed Scott’s expedition to the Pole in great detail, without ever questioning whether Scott’s legendary status is justified or indeed deserved.

The Rise and Fall of Cork Model Collections in Britain

AbstractCommencing in the late 1760s, cork models of classical monuments in Italy were purchased by wealthy British collectors while on their Grand Tour. Initially commissioned by tourists with specific antiquarian and architectural interests, the models were an expression of the collector's knowledge of classical history and of their Neoclassical sensibility. Models soon appeared in the Society of Antiquaries of London and the British Museum, in the private displays of Charles Townley and John Stuart, Earl of Bute, and in George III's royal collection. In the early 1800s, architect John Soane began purchasing models from the secondary market for his house museum. Interest in cork architectural models waned during the Nineteenth Century. Descendants of the original owners transferred them to public institutions, while museums that had at first enthusiastically welcomed the donations or made their own purchases, relegated the models to storage. In the twentieth century the majority of the models were discarded or lost. This paper explores the reasons for the enthusiastic acquisition of architectural cork models and their subsequent demise.

Editorial

i EDITORIAL Bruce Osborne The academic journal market has always been very competitive and this seems to be increasing every year, with various options available for both traditionally published print copies as well as online editions. The number of subjects covered in journals is also increasing, with publications that provide a more general focus vying with those that specialise in a particular topic or area of interest. Clearly, it would be very difficult for us to compete directly with the journals that are out there but we can still provide an alternative high-quality option that is broad in its scope of biological and environmental research, focusing largely on ­ issues of Irish interest whilst still retaining an international dimension.This does and will continue to require a significant commitment to the work of the journal and I would like to thank all those on the editorial board and the staff in the RIA publications office, particularly Jonathan Dykes and Susan Dolan for all their work over the last year.The continued success of the journal still, as always, depends on the submissions we receive and I would like to encourage further submissions , particularly from early stage researchers and students in the final years of their postgraduate programmes.We continue to advertise the journal as widely as possible at international conferences and workshops as well as at local meetings and we will have a presence at the next Environmental Colloquium, which is held in Cork this year. We continue to explore new initiatives for the journal, including, most recently, the possibility of publishing data papers.Essentially these are a unique type of research paper that can be used to present large bodies of data and are accompanied by a description of the relevance,context,quality and structure of the data.They will be subject to peer review, which will provide an evaluation of their ecological significance and quality.I should be able to report in more detail on this in forthcoming issues. Of particular interest is an initiative to collect all the Praeger Reviews into a unique online supplement , which will be made freely available as an open access document. As you are probably aware, Praeger Reviews, which are articles written by internationally recognised researchers, are a popular feature of the journal and are highly cited. As well as these initiatives, we are always open to other ideas, including special issues, conference proceedings, reviews or features related to topical issues in the biological or environmental areas, so please keep the suggestions coming in. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3318/BIOE.2017.18 Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy,Vol. 117, No. 3, i–ii (2018). © Royal Irish Academy Cite as follows: Osborne, B. 2018, Editorial. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 2018. DOI: 10.33318/ BIOE.2017.18 IN THIS ISSUE The Kerry Slug There is growing recognition that very little of the earth has not been influenced by human activities , with even some of what were thought to be pristine habitats now considered to have an anthropogenic stamp. Directly or indirectly, man has contributed to the dispersal of a variety of plants,animals and microbes.Whilst the focus has been mainly on the spread of alien species,more subtle roles,including the range extension of native species, go largely unobserved and are often undocumented. Reich et al., in this issue, report on the unusual distribution of the Kerry Slug (Geomalacus maculosus) in Ireland .This species has a very restricted global range, with sites in Ireland and on the Iberian Peninsula. Although this species was thought to be largely confined to the west of Ireland, a population was found at Cloosh forest, Co Mayo, in 2010, 200km north of its previously accepted distribution. Reich et al.’s survey of putative sites for the Kerry Slug (ranging from the newly discovered location to the historical population sites) showed no evidence of the presence of the species,although a number of other slug species were identified.Whilst there could be several reasons for this disjunct distribution—including earlier range extension and the subsequent demise of populations in many areas—Reich et al.conclude that this is a...

Caesarean Scar Ectopic Pregnancies—Case Series from a District General Hospital

Caesarean Scar Ectopic Pregnancy (CSEP) is a rare, but potentially catastrophic complication of a previous Caesarean Section (CS) birth. This is a review of 5 cases of CSEP managed in our Early Pregnancy Unit at Watford General Hospital within a 10-month period. Two patients had only one previous CS, whilst 2 had two and the last had 3 previous CS. All our patients presented within the first trimester of pregnancy (range 6 to 11 weeks’ gestation) with light vaginal bleeding; 4 of them had associated mild to moderate abdominal pain. All were diagnosed using transvaginal ultrasound scan. Three of our patients were managed surgically by Suction Evacuation under Ultrasound guidance and insertion of a Foley’s catheter prophylactically for tamponade in order to reduce blood loss both intra- and post-operatively. One of our patients had a heterotopic pregnancy with a viable intrauterine pregnancy and a live CSEP. She declined any intervention so she was managed conservatively with weekly Consultant appointments and scans. There was a subsequent demise of the CSEP and she continued with a singleton pregnancy. None of our patients were managed medically. There is no absolute consensus on diagnostic criteria and there is no standard management protocol so each woman should be given all the available information and the opportunity to decide on the management of her pregnancy. The risk of a CSEP in a subsequent pregnancy should be part of the consent process for CS.

A budavári koronázó főtemplom mint királyi temetkező hely

After his death Béla III (r. 1172-96) was buried in the venue of coronations and burials of medieval Hungarian kings, the provost church of the Virgin in Székesfehérvár. After the Ottoman rule and the subsequent demise of the church the location of the grave fell into oblivion. The king’s and his wife’s mortal remains were found accidentally in December 1848. Custos of the National Museum János Érdy had the valuable finds and the rest of the grave goods transported to the museum. The significance of the discovery was largely enhanced when scientific research soon verified that it was Béla III’s grave, the only identified royal grave in Székesfehérvár. During the military operations of the ongoing war of liberation of 1848/49, then in the period of retaliations after the crushing of the freedom fighting the idea of reburying the royal remains in the manner they reserved could not even be raised. In 1859 Ágoston Kubinyi, director of the National Museum commissioned Ferenc Reitter to make a plan for the extension of the museum. The arcade in classical or Rundbogenstil to be erected on the rear limit of the plot would have been terminated at either end with a chapel. Kubinyi wanted to deposit the royal remains and the grave goods in a worthy environment in the chapels. Governor of Hungary Móric Pálffy was shocked to find during a visit to the museum that the bones were in the museum and visitors were allowed to view them without, he thought, the right conditions of reverence being available. He immediately ordered the remains to be buried quietly. In vain did Kubinyi argue that the planned chapels would be worthy places of rest for them, the political situation still did not allow that the grave of the only identified king of the Árpád dynasty be buried in the museum of the nation, in such an exposed place. The remains of the royal couple were buried in the baroque crypt of the Matthias Church on 10 July 1862 in a simple funeral ceremony celebrated by archbishop of Esztergom János Scitovszky. The memorial service was held a year later on 26 March 1863 when a (new) verification process at the Academy of Sciences had confirmed that the remains did belong to Béla III and his wife. Owing to the reconstruction of the Matthias Church begun under Frigyes Schulek’s guidance in 1873, the remains were transferred to the Anthropological Institute in 1883 where the director Aurl Török put them to scrutiny. The protraction of the renovation also kept putting off the case of reburial. The consecration of the church took place in 1896 as part of the millenary festivities. However, the theme of the festive series was much more Francis Joseph I and the restored Hungarian constitutionalism than the thousand-year-old Hungarian state, consequently the ceremonious reburial of Béla III was left out of the program, although it had been called for by the press. After 1896 at last Aurél Török launched a press campaign and a parliamentary interpellation on 13 February 1897 cata lyzed the events. Under the leadership of Prime Minister Dezső Bánffy the minister of religion and public education Gyula Wlassics organized the royal reburial in cooperation with the Monuments Commission and the building committee of the church. After a long debate the funerary monument was built in the Holy Trinity chapel of the upper church after plans by Frigyes Schulek. (At the beginning Schulek designed a more modest tomb for the crypt, but now it was out of the question.) He took the carvings of French portal pediments (Chartres, Arles) as his models. The sculptural work was done by Ferenc Mikula. A genealogical table on the monument announced that Francis Joseph I descended from the Árpád dynasty on female line. This reference is also included in the royal deed of gift by which the king granted 25 000 florins for the monument and the burial. At last on 21 October 1898 the ceremonious burial took place as a national holiday, officiated by archbishop of Esztergom Kolos Vaszary.

Kinematics of post-orogenic extension and exhumation of the Taku Schist, NE Peninsular Malaysia

Recent studies imply that the formation and evolution of many SE Asian basins was driven by extensional detachments or systems of low-angle normal faults that created significant crustal exhumation in their footwalls. In this context, the architecture of the Triassic Indosinian orogen presently exposed in Peninsular Malaysia is compatible with significant extension post-dating the orogenic event. In this study we performed a kinematic analysis based on fieldwork and microstructural observations in the Taku Schist, Kemahang granite and the surrounding Gua Musang sediments of northern Peninsular Malaysia in order to shed light on processes related to the build-up and subsequent demise of the Indosinian orogen. The first three phases of deformation were related to an overall period of E–W oriented contraction and burial metamorphism. These phases of deformation are characterized by isoclinal folding with flat lying axial plane cleavages (D1), asymmetrical folding, top-to-the-W–SW shearing (D2) and upright folding (D3). All are in general agreement with observations of the previously inferred Permo–Triassic Indosinian orogeny. During these times, the Taku Schist, a sequence of Paleozoic clastic sediments with mafic intercalations was metamorphosed to amphibolite facies. These rocks are most likely equivalent to the ones exposed in the Bentong–Raub suture zone. Structural relations suggest that the Triassic Kemahang pluton is syn-kinematic, which provides important constraints for the timing of these contractional events. We demonstrate that the overall shortening was followed by a hitherto undescribed extension in NW–SE direction resulting in the formation of a large-scale detachment, the Taku detachment, in northern Peninsular Malaysia. Extension probably reactivated the former subduction plane as a detachment and exhumed previously buried and metamorphosed rocks of similar lithological composition to the neighboring Bentong–Raub suture zone. Such a mechanism is similar to that observed in other regions, such as the Aegean, Apennines, Dinarides or the Betics–Rif system, where exhumation of (high-pressure) metamorphic rocks is largely controlled by detachments or low angle normal shear/fault systems.

From dysfunctional to destitute: the governance of regional economic development in Newfoundland and Labrador

ABSTRACTOn 22 May 2012, the federal government announced that it was discontinuing the funding for all regional economic development (RED) organizations in Atlantic Canada, including the regional economic development boards (REDBs) in Newfoundland and Labrador (NL). Shortly after the federal announcement the provincial government in NL also withdrew its financial support, which led to the demise of the REDBs across the province. In this paper, we critically explore the governance of RED in NL and examine the REDB approach and its subsequent demise using Stoker’s five propositions of governance. While the REDBs were conceived as a fundamentally ‘new regional economic development approach’, they were never granted the level of autonomy, support, and resources that was envisioned in this new approach. However, we argue that the demise of the REDBs has shifted the governance of RED from dysfunctional to destitute. These changes are also situated within a ‘retreat from rural’ policy agenda and devolved responsibilities to local levels of government across Canada and in NL.

Cochliodonts and chimaeroids: Arthur Smith Woodward and the holocephalians

Abstract Fossil chondrichthyan teeth played an important part in the establishment of a scientific understanding of ‘formed stones’. Following a slowly emerging taxonomy, Louis Agassiz presented the first comprehensive guide to Palaeozoic chondrichthyans in the 1830s. The next contribution of any substance was Arthur Smith Woodward's Catalogue of Fossil Fishes in the British Museum (Natural History) with a historical, descriptive and systematic review of the chondrichthyans, a group on which he already had an impressively large publication record. Initially stimulated by his observations on an articulated petalodont dentition ( Climaxodus ), Smith Woodward erected the Bradyodonti in 1921. Defined on the possession of dentitions with very slow growth rates, only seven or eight successional teeth produced throughout the lifetime of the fish, and retention rather than shedding of earlier teeth, primarily by fusion to later ones, the bradyodonts embraced petalodonts, psammodonts, copodonts and cochliodonts. The establishment and subsequent demise of the bradyodonts is briefly reviewed here.

Historic Fishery of the Blackwater River

Abstract This paper examines the changes in the Blackwater River's fishery from presettlement wilderness conditions to the present, and concludes with comments regarding the future of this resource. I estimate the extent of the native Salvelinus fontinalis (Brook Trout) fishery present prior to European settlement based on writings of the era and results of trout-stream restoration in West Virginia. I also describe the effects of logging, fire, and coal mining on the river's water quality and the subsequent demise of the Brook Trout fishery. I examine the partial recovery of the watershed and its fishery using records of the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources (WVDNR) and its predecessors that provided data regarding Blackwater River fish stockings, creel censuses, and fish surveys, and from conversations with local anglers. I also report on efforts to restore the lower Blackwater River in the mid-1990s when a limestone treatment facility was installed just upstream from Davis, WV to neutralize th...

Evidence That Rhesus Macaques Self-Cure from a Schistosoma japonicum Infection by Disrupting Worm Esophageal Function: A New Route to an Effective Vaccine?

BackgroundRhesus macaques are unusual among schistosome hosts, self-curing from an established infection and thereafter manifesting solid immunity against a challenge, an ideal model for vaccine development. Previously, the immunological basis of self-cure was confirmed; surviving worms had ceased feeding but how immunological pressure achieved this was unclear. The schistosome esophagus is not simply a conduit for blood but plays a central role in its processing. Secretions from the anterior and posterior esophageal glands mix with incoming blood causing erythrocyte lysis and tethering and killing of leucocytes.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe have analysed the self-cure process in rhesus macaques infected with Schistosoma japonicum. Faecal egg output and circulating antigen levels were used to chart the establishment of a mature worm population and its subsequent demise. The physiological stress of surviving females at perfusion was especially evident from their pale, shrunken appearance, while changes in the structure and function of the esophagus were observed in both sexes. In the anterior region electron microscopy revealed that the vesicle secretory process was disrupted, the tips of lining corrugations being swollen by greatly enlarged vesicles and the putative sites of vesicle release obscured by intense deposits of IgG. The lumen of the posterior esophagus in starving worms was occluded by cellular debris and the lining cytoplasmic plates were closely adherent, also potentially preventing secretion. Seven proteins secreted by the posterior gland were identified and IgG responses were detected to some or all of them. Intrinsic rhesus IgG colocalized with secreted SjMEGs 4.1, 8.2, 9, 11 and VAL-7 on cryosections, suggesting they are potential targets for disruption of function.Conclusions/SignificanceOur data suggest that rhesus macaques self-cure by blocking esophagus function with antibody; the protein products of the glands provide a new class of potential vaccine targets.

From heterosexuality to holiness: Psychoanalysis and ex-gay ministries

The ex-gay movement in the United States has undergone major changes in recent years, including Exodus International’s repudiation of reparative therapies and the organization’s subsequent demise. However, the movement continues to exist even as the efficacy and ethics of reparative therapies are debated. It is possible to identify three intersections between psychoanalysis and the ideology of sexuality that constitute the foundation of the ex-gay movement. The first of these is the role of psychoanalytic thought and clinical practice in constructing the intellectual foundations of ex-gay ideology. The second intersection is the use of psychodynamic critiques that Christian-therapeutic readings of emotional responses associated with non-normative sexualities seem to invite. And the third intersection is the use of psychoanalytic thought to interpret fundamental facets of ex-gay ideology. What these intersections suggest is that psychoanalysis can be a fruitful source of critique of the ex-gay movement and reparative therapies as well as a source of sexual regulation.

The Two Prostitutes or the Two Kingdoms? A Critical Reading of King Solomon’s Wise Ruling (1 Kgs 3:16-28)

The familiar story of King Solomon and the two prostitutes is often assumed to showcase the wise arbitration of King Solomon through the help of the divinely—endowed wisdom of Yahweh. In this standard reading of the passage, there is a quick intellectual fixation to show the relationship between the passage and the preceding divine encounter at Gibeon. Against the limitations of these traditional readings, the paper resituates the ideological/theological importance of the two prostitutes beyond its immediate literary landscape to encompass the entirety of the Deuteronomistic History (DtrH). Through verbal resonance and symbolic connections to the rest of the DtrH, the work underscores that the presence of these two prostitutes, at the opening of the book of Kings, is a significant prelude to the Dtr’s narratives on the subsequent demise of the two kingdoms.

Neurodegeneration with inflammation is accompanied by accumulation of iron and ferritin in microglia and neurons

Chronic inflammation in the substantia nigra (SN) accompanies conditions with progressive neurodegeneration. This inflammatory process contributes to gradual iron deposition that may catalyze formation of free-radical mediated damage, hence exacerbating the neurodegeneration. This study examined proteins related to iron-storage (ferritin) and iron-export (ferroportin) (aka metal transporter protein 1, MTP1) in a model of neurodegeneration. Ibotenic acid injected stereotactically into the striatum leads to loss of GABAergic neurons projecting to SN pars reticulata (SNpr), which subsequently leads to excitotoxicity in the SNpr as neurons here become vulnerable to their additional glutamatergic projections from the subthalamic nucleus. This imbalance between glutamate and GABA eventually led to progressive shrinkage of the SNpr and neuronal loss. Neuronal cell death was accompanied by chronic inflammation as revealed by the presence of cells expressing ED1 and CD11b in the SNpr and the adjacent white matter mainly denoted by the crus cerebri. The SNpr also exhibited changes in iron metabolism seen as a marked accumulation of inflammatory cells containing ferric iron and ferritin with morphology corresponding to macrophages and microglia. Ferritin was detected in neurons of the lesioned SNpr in contrast to the non-injected side. Compared to non-injected rats, surviving neurons of the SNpr expressed ferroportin at unchanged level. Analyses of dissected SNpr using RT-qPCR showed a rise in ferritin-H and -L transcripts with increasing age but no change was observed in the lesioned side compared to the non-lesioned side, indicating that the increased expression of ferritin in the lesioned side occurred at the post-transcriptional level. Hepcidin transcripts were higher in the lesioned side in contrast to ferroportin mRNA that remained unaltered. The continuous entry of iron-containing inflammatory cells into the degenerating SNpr and their subsequent demise is probably responsible for iron donation in neurodegeneration. This is accompanied by only a slight increase in neuronal ferritin and not ferroportin, which suggests that the iron-containing debris of dying inflammatory cells and degenerating neurons gets scavenged by invading macrophages and activated microglia to prevent an increase in neuronal iron.