Subsequent Dehydration Research Articles

Scaling up a Gas-Phase Process for Converting Glycerol to Propane

It is of interest to study not only the fundamental behavior of catalysts and reactors but also to ensure that they can be scaled up in size. This paper investigates the scale-up of a glycerol-to-propane process starting from fundamental laboratory data from micro-reactor testing to the kilogram scale. The process is described in detail and consist of the use of design documents and computer simulations for determining the sizes of the unit operations involved. The final design included a vaporizer section for a glycerol/water mixture, four reactors in tandem with subsequent dehydration and hydrogenation reactions, a flash vessel to separate the excess hydrogen used, and a compressor for recycling the excess hydrogen with additional light components. The system was commissioned in a linear fashion, which is described, and operated for more than 3000 h and more than 1000 h in the final operating mode including recycle. The major results were that no catalyst deactivation was apparent aside from the slow build-up of carbonaceous material in the first dehydration reactor. That the system design calculations proved to be quite close to the results achieved and that the data generated is believed to be sufficient for up-scaling the process into the 1000 to 10,000 tonnes-per-annum range.

Conversion of Soybean Phytosterol into Androsta-4,9(11)-diene-3,17-dione

In this study, we developed a method for the production of androsta-9(11)-diene-3,17-dione (Δ9(11)-AD), which is a combination of phytosterol side-chain microbial oxidation with simultaneous 9α‑hydroxylation and subsequent chemical regio-selective dehydration of 9α-hydroxy-3,17-diketo-intermediate without isolation and purification. Phytosterol was converted into 9α-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione (9-OH-AD) with the use of the wild-type Mycobacterium sp. VKM Ac-1817D strain. The product was extracted from the culture medium with the use of an organic solvent and dehydrated in the extract with mineral acid. The resulting Δ9(11)-AD was purified with the selective crystallization method. Minor products were isolated and identified. It has been shown that this strain is capable of sterol transformation with the formation of methyl ester of 9α-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3-one-20-carboxylic acid. Our approach makes it possible to simplify the flow chart for production of the target compound. It not only eliminates 9-OH-AD loss but also minimizes the amount of production waste.

Premium biofuels from straw – production of advanced biofuels using the Sylvan process

The increasing demand for transportation fuels, especially middle distillates, stimulates the research of new strategies to obtain or synthesize biofuels. The processing of lignocellulosic biomass (for example straw) is a process of great interest, because after its hydrolysis and subsequent dehydration of the resulting sugar monomers, very valuable substances including furfural are obtained. Then, furfural is selectively hydrogenated to 2-methylfuran, sylvan, that is the basic “building block” in the Sylvan process. This manuscript summarizes the knowledge on Sylvan process as a promising way of biofuels synthesis. By sylvan condensing with aldehydes, ketones or even 2-methylfuran itself, it is possible to prepare C13-C16 oxygenates in high yields up to 100 % under mild reaction conditions (30 - 60 °C) over various heterogeneous catalysts. Based on the overview, the heterogeneous catalysts are preferred and the immobilized sulfonic acids are the most active catalysts, however, expensive. The reaction products then may be hydrodeoxygenated commonly over supported noble metal catalysts to provide premium quality C13-C16 hydrocarbons to produce diesel or kerosene. These fractions have great low-temperature properties such as CFPP (-50 °C) or cetane number (70-72). According to the proposed sustainability prediction, this process could be sustainable in the Czech Republic, where 30 % of produced wheat straw could be used for the production of 130 kt advanced biofuels by Sylvan process required by EU directive RED II. Finally, the future approaches have been suggested.

Эффективная очистка донных отложений водоемов от нефтяного загрязнения с помощью геоконтейнерной технологии

Статья посвящена актуальной в настоящее время теме очистки донных отложений водоемов от их загрязнения углеводородами, произошедшего в результате аварийных утечек нефти и нефтепродуктов или в процессе эксплуатации нефтяных скважин. Одним из перспективных способов их очистки является недавно появившаяся в России геоконтейнерная технология, суть которой состоит в изъятии донных отложений для их последующего обезвоживания в геоконтенерах и доведения качества почвы до установленных нормативов. Геоконтенеры изготовлены из специальной ткани, способной пропускать воду и растворенные в ней вещества, но хорошо задерживать твердые частицы различных размеров. Приведены результаты исследования применения геоконтейнерной технологии для ремедиации донных отложений трех озер, сильно загрязненных нефтью, в Западной Сибири, Ханты-Мансийском автономном округе - Югре (Нижневартовск) в 2013 году. Сорок четыре геотубы были заполнены пульпой донных отложений трех озер, размещены на платформе нефтяных скважин и оставлены на два года в естественных климатических условиях. После этого случайным образом были отобраны пробы из 14 геотуб и проведена оценка изменений физико-химических свойств, биологической активности и фитотоксичности проб по сравнению с исходными загрязненными пробами. Показано, что за два года произошло значительное снижение концентрации общих нефтяных углеводородов на 81-98%. Очищенные почвы из геоконтейнеров содержали большое количество нефтеокисляющих бактерий, гетеротрофных и автотрофных микроорганизмов и обладали высокой биологической активностью при отсутствии острой фитотоксичности. Данная технология отличается высокой эффективностью, простотой и экологичностью и может конкурировать с другими способами очистки, используемыми для данных целей. The article is devoted to the currently relevant issue of cleaning up bottom sediments of water bodies polluted with hydrocarbons as a result of accidental leakage of oil and oil products or oil spills during routine operations of oil production. One of the promising ways of their recovery is the geotube technology recently introduced in Russia, which involves removing bottom sediments from the site of pollution with their subsequent dehydration in geocontainers and cleaning up the soil quality to the established standards. Geocontainers are made of a special fabric, capable for transmitting water with the dissolved substances with safely retaining solid particles of various sizes. The results of a case study of using of geocontainer technology for remediation of bottom sediments of three lakes heavily contaminated with oil in Western Siberia, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Ugra (Nizhnevartovsk) are presented. In 2013, forty-four geotubes were filled up with pulp from the bottom sediments of three lakes, then placed on an oil well platform and left for two years. After that, samples from 14 geotubes were randomly selected and tested for changes in physicochemical properties, biological activity, and phytotoxicity compared to the initial oil-polluted samples. A significant decrease was found in the concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons, i.e. by 81-98%. Purified soils from geotubes contained a noticeable amount of oil-oxidizing bacteria, heterotrophic and autotrophic microorganisms, and exhibited high biological activity without acute phytotoxicity. The proposed technology is characterized by high efficiency, simplicity and environmental friendliness and can compete with the known cleaning procedures used for the same purposes.

Recovery of pentoses-containing olive stones for their conversion into furfural in the presence of solid acid catalysts

Olive stones were employed as feedstock for furfural production in two stages: 1) autohydrolysis of hemicellulosic fraction to recover their pentoses, mainly xylose, and 2) subsequent dehydration of pentoses into furfural. Autohydrolysis step was optimized by using different experimental conditions (temperature: 160−200 °C and time: 30−75 min), giving rise to liquors with different xylose concentrations, since hydrolysis was incomplete in some cases. The combined use of a commercial γ-Al2O3 and CaCl2 led to total hydrolysis of non-hydrolyzed pentosans after autohydrolysis step, and the subsequent dehydration of pentoses into furfural. The maximum values of furfural yield and efficiency were 23 and 96 %, respectively, after only 60 min at 150 °C by using liquor obtained by autohydrolysis at 180 °C and 30 min (L5.1) as source of pentoses. This liquor, L5.1, provided better catalytic results than other liquors which had shown higher xylose concentration after autohydrolysis, probably due to these latter also exhibited a higher concentration of organic acids; thus, the presence of organic acids, such as acetic and lactic acids, could promote undesired reactions leading to lower furfural yields. Finally, γ-Al2O3 was more effective for furfural production under these experimental conditions than other solid acid catalysts, such as mesoporous Nb2O5, Nb-doped SBA-15 and Zr-doped HMS silicas, probably due to alumina has a higher density of acid sites.

Environmentally friendly, hydrothermal treatment of mixed fabric wastes containing polyester, cotton, and wool fibers: Application for HMF production

Herein, a mild and efficient method for the production of 5′-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from polyester/cotton mixed fiber waste is reported for the first time. This is expected to be the first step in a continuous flow process for the recovery of HMF from cotton-containing fabric wastes. It was found that under hydrothermal reaction conditions, at temperatures of 160–225 °C, and in the presence of citric acid, the hydrolysis of cotton fibers to glucose and the subsequent dehydration of glucose to HMF were enhanced. The yield of HMF reached 12.5% for 60 min at 225 °C and 3.2% for 180 min at 160 °C. According to the chemical analysis of saccharides and organic acids in the product mixture, this process is fairly selective for the production of HMF and glucose, thereby facilitating the purification of HMF from hydrothermally treated materials.

Catalytic Hydroconversion of Runbei Lignite over a Highly Active Solid Superacid

AbstractA highly active solid superacid, denoted as TFMSA/CNOFW, was prepared by calcining Ni‐organic framework (NOFW) to get calcined NOFW (CNOFW), into which trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TFMSA) was impregnated. It was used to catalyze the hydroconversions of both oxybis(methylene)dibenzene (OBMDB) and the extraction residue (ERRL) from Runbei lignite (RL). The results show that over TFMSA/CNOFW, OBMDB was hydrocracked to toluene as the main product, indicating that TFMSA/CNOFW can heterolytically spit H2 to relatively mobile H+ and immobile H− attached on TFMSA/CNOFW. The addition of H+ to the oxygen atom (OA) in OBMDB produces phenylmethylium (PMI) and phenylmethanol (PMII). Toluene was yielded by the following 2 reactions: (1) the abstraction of H− by PMI from the TFMSA/CNOFW surface and (2) H+ addition to the OA in PMII, subsequent dehydration to form PMI, and the abstraction of H− by PMI from the TFMSA/CNOFW surface. In the similar mechanism, ERRL was hydrocracked to acetone‐soluble portion in the yield of 78.6% over TFMSA/CNOFW under 4 MPa of initial hydrogen pressure at 310 °C for 4 h.

Carbenium ion-mediated oligomerization of methylglyoxal for secondary organic aerosol formation

Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) represents a major constituent of tropospheric fine particulate matter, with profound implications for human health and climate. However, the chemical mechanisms leading to SOA formation remain uncertain, and atmospheric models consistently underpredict the global SOA budget. Small α-dicarbonyls, such as methylglyoxal, are ubiquitous in the atmosphere because of their significant production from photooxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons from traffic and industrial sources as well as from biogenic isoprene. Current experimental and theoretical results on the roles of methylglyoxal in SOA formation are conflicting. Using quantum chemical calculations, we show cationic oligomerization of methylglyoxal in aqueous media. Initial protonation and hydration of methylglyoxal lead to formation of diols/tetrol, and subsequent protonation and dehydration of diols/tetrol yield carbenium ions, which represent the key intermediates for formation and propagation of oligomerization. On the other hand, our results reveal that the previously proposed oligomerization via hydration for methylglyoxal is kinetically and thermodynamically implausible. The carbenium ion-mediated mechanism occurs barrierlessly on weakly acidic aerosols and cloud/fog droplets and likely provides a key pathway for SOA formation from biogenic and anthropogenic emissions.

Independent Generation and Time-Resolved Detection of 2'-Deoxyguanosin-N2-yl Radicals.

Guanine radicals are important reactive intermediates in DNA damage. Hydroxyl radical (HO. ) has long been believed to react with 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG) generating 2'-deoxyguanosin-N1-yl radical (dG(N1-H). ) via addition to the nucleobase π-system and subsequent dehydration. This basic tenet was challenged by an alternative mechanism, in which the major reaction of HO. with dG was proposed to involve hydrogen atom abstraction from the N2-amine. The 2'-deoxyguanosin-N2-yl radical (dG(N2-H). ) formed was proposed to rapidly tautomerize to dG(N1-H). . We report the first independent generation of dG(N2-H). in high yield via photolysis of 1. dG(N2-H). is directly observed upon nanosecond laser flash photolysis (LFP) of 1. The absorption spectrum of dG(N2-H). is corroborated by DFT studies, and anti- and syn-dG(N2-H). are resolved for the first time. The LFP experiments showed no evidence for tautomerization of dG(N2-H). to dG(N1-H). within hundreds of microseconds. This observation suggests that the generation of dG(N1-H). via dG(N2-H). following hydrogen atom abstraction from dG is unlikely to be a major pathway when HO. reacts with dG.

Independent Generation and Time‐Resolved Detection of 2′‐Deoxyguanosin‐N2‐yl Radicals

AbstractGuanine radicals are important reactive intermediates in DNA damage. Hydroxyl radical (HO.) has long been believed to react with 2′‐deoxyguanosine (dG) generating 2′‐deoxyguanosin‐N1‐yl radical (dG(N1‐H).) via addition to the nucleobase π‐system and subsequent dehydration. This basic tenet was challenged by an alternative mechanism, in which the major reaction of HO. with dG was proposed to involve hydrogen atom abstraction from the N2‐amine. The 2′‐deoxyguanosin‐N2‐yl radical (dG(N2‐H).) formed was proposed to rapidly tautomerize to dG(N1‐H).. We report the first independent generation of dG(N2‐H). in high yield via photolysis of 1. dG(N2‐H). is directly observed upon nanosecond laser flash photolysis (LFP) of 1. The absorption spectrum of dG(N2‐H). is corroborated by DFT studies, and anti‐ and syn‐dG(N2‐H). are resolved for the first time. The LFP experiments showed no evidence for tautomerization of dG(N2‐H). to dG(N1‐H). within hundreds of microseconds. This observation suggests that the generation of dG(N1‐H). via dG(N2‐H). following hydrogen atom abstraction from dG is unlikely to be a major pathway when HO. reacts with dG.

Impact of fluid-rock interaction on water uptake of the Icelandic crust: Implications for the hydration of the oceanic crust and the subducted water flux

Oceanic crust is a major transport medium of water into the mantle wedge and the convecting mantle. Yet, the water content of the oceanic crust remains uncertain. Active geothermal systems situated at on-land spreading centers provide a unique opportunity to study the hydration of the oceanic crust, with well constrained systems and boreholes reaching depths of >4 km. Here, we present hydrogen isotope data of geothermal fluids and altered basalt for three Icelandic geothermal systems: the meteoric water fed system at Krafla and the seawater fed systems at Reykjanes and Surtsey. The bulk rock δD values of altered and hydrated basalts from these localities, which exhibit significantly higher water contents (up to 8.9 wt.%) than magmatic (non-hydrated) basalts, vary greatly from −125 to −96‰ at Krafla, from −80 to −46‰ at Reykjanes and from −78 to −46‰ at Surtsey. The corresponding fluids have δD values of −84.1 to −81.1‰ at Krafla, −23.1 to −14.9‰ at Reykjanes and +2.1 to +4.3‰ at Surtsey. Comparison of isotope modeling results to the natural data reveals that hydration of the Icelandic crust and corresponding hydrogen isotopic characteristics are controlled by (1) the isotope composition of the source fluid, (2) isotope fractionation between the aqueous geothermal fluids and the alteration minerals formed, and (3) the type and quantity of alteration minerals formed. These factors in turn depend on the extent of fluid-rock interaction and temperature. Using the same modeling approach and expanding it to datasets available for the oceanic crust, we assessed the hydration state and δD values of the oceanic crust as a function of depth. We show that 1400 to 1650 Tg H2O/yr is added to the igneous oceanic crust upon alteration by seawater and that the upper part (<2 km) of oceanic crust hosts almost 50% of the added water. The corresponding hydrogen isotope composition of the hydrated crust was calculated to an average of −55±6‰. Upon subduction and subsequent dehydration, 80–90% of water with δD values of −35 to −10‰ will be released to the crustal forearc and mantle wedge. The remaining dehydrated slab with δD values of ∼−160 to −85‰ is expected to be transported to deeper levels modifying the mantle's water budget and isotopic composition.

Influence of morphology of zirconium-doped mesoporous silicas on 5-hydroxymethylfurfural production from mono-, di- and polysaccharides

Different zirconium-doped mesoporous silicas (Zr-KIT-6, Zr-SBA-15, Zr-MCM-41 and Zr-HMS) were synthesized and evaluated in the glucose dehydration to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). A Si/Zr molar ratio of 5 was chosen for this purpose after the optimization of this parameter for the KIT-6 support. These materials were characterized by using XRD, N2 sorption, TEM, XPS, NH3-TPD and pyridine adsorption coupled to FTIR spectroscopy. All catalysts were active in glucose dehydration, being HMF the main product, and their catalytic performance was enhanced after CaCl2 addition to the reaction medium. However, Zr-doped mesoporous HMS silica showed the highest values of glucose conversion and HMF yield, mainly at short reaction times, due to this catalyst displayed the highest surface zirconium concentration and its 3D morphology favored the access of glucose molecules to active sites. This fact also caused a faster deactivation due to coke deposition on the catalyst surface, although leaching of zirconium was negligible. The Zr-HMS(5) catalyst could be reused for four catalytic runs without any treatment and the initial catalytic activity could be recovered after washing with water and acetone. This catalyst also demonstrated to be active for hydrolysis of disaccharides and polysaccharides, such as sucrose, maltose, cellobiose, inulin and cellulose, and subsequent dehydration of resulting monomers for HMF production.

Thermal gelation and hardening of whey protein beads for subsequent dehydration and encapsulation using vitrifying sugars

Solid beads were developed using whey protein isolate (WPI) and sugars for controlled hardening and vitrification of wall materials. A concentrated mixture of WPI and sucrose in water, intended for use as gelling and glass-forming ingredients, respectively, was used to form liquid feeds with varying pH, viscosities, surface tensions, solids contents and compositions. Using a peristaltic pump, feeds flowed continuously through silicon tubing and formed droplets. Rapid solidification occurred when droplets were submerged in heated, stirred oil; beads were harvested for vacuum oven drying. Dispersions were characterized by viscosity and flow testing. Dried beads were characterized for porosity, hardness, diameters, and water activity, and microstructures were analyzed with microscopy. Drop-forming dispersions comprised of 40% WPI with 10% sucrose by mass possessed structure forming and shape retention qualities. Feed composition influenced characteristics of the final product more strongly than processing conditions including heating times and temperatures.

Direct conversion of carboxylic acid to olefins over Pt-loaded, oxygen-deficient alkali hexatitanate catalysts with ketonization-hydrogenation-dehydration activity

The production of long chain olefins from fatty acids via decarbonylation is limited by low olefins selectivity at high conversion. Here, we reported the direct acid-to-olefins conversion via the ketonization-hydrogenation-dehydration sequence at 400 °C and atmospheric 10 %H2/Ar. The oxygen vacancy defects (VO) were essential in acetic acid ketonization over the oxygen-deficient alkali hexatitanate A2Ti6O13-x (AK, Na and Li) catalysts, as evidenced from the activity of reduced vs non-reduced catalysts. The presence of VO was deduced spectroscopically with XPS and DRUV-VIS, and the ease of VO formation was ranked via the DFT calculations. The ketonization activity was proportionated to the square of the VO content (x2), consistent with the bimolecular reaction mechanism. The Pt-loaded K2Ti6O13-x enabled the direct acid-to-olefins transformation as shown by a complete conversion of two model compounds (heptanoic acid and lauric acid) with ∼30–40 % yield of long chain olefins. Heptanoic acid (C7) underwent ketonization to 7-tridecanone (a C13 ketone) prior to the hydrogenation-dehydration to 7-tridecene, a C13 olefin. The strong metal-support interaction (SMSI) between Pt and K2Ti6O13-x inhibited further hydrogenation of the olefin to a low-value alkane. For lauric acid (C12), 12-tricosene (a C23 olefin) was produced analogously. The catalytic activity and products selectivity over Pt-loaded K2Ti6O13-x significantly depended on the Pt content (0–1.0 wt%). The simultaneous CC coupling and oxygen removal prior to the subsequent hydrogenation and dehydration is a potential approach toward the production of long chain olefins with the (2n-1) carbon atoms from Cn-fatty acids.

Facile Synthesis of Novel Benzoylthiophene C-Nucleoside Analogues via Coupling of Sugar Alkynes, Aroyl Chlorides, and 1,4-Dithiane-2,5-diol

Concise synthesis of novel benzoylthiophene C-nucleoside analogues has been achieved by the reaction of various terminal sugar alkynes with substituted benzoyl chlorides and 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol, and subsequent dilute HCl-promoted dehydration in one pot. The sugar alkynes include pyranosides, furanosides, and acyclic sugar. The benzoyl chloride has various substituents. Twenty-eight examples are given. The desired products are obtained in 70–89% yields, and the mechanism has been clarified by isolation of the intermediate.

Controlling Deoxygenation Pathways in Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass and Its Components by Using Metal-Oxide Nanocomposites.

SummarySelectively breaking the C-O bonds within biomass during catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) is desired, but extremely challenging. Herein, we develop a series of metal-oxide nanocomposites composed of W, Mo, Zr, Ti, or Al. It is demonstrated that the nanocomposites of WO3-TiO2-Al2O3 exhibit the highest deoxygenation ability during CFP of lignin, which can compete with the commercial HZSM-5 catalyst. The nanocomposites can selectively cleave the C-O bonds within lignin-derived phenols to form aromatics by direct demethoxylation and subsequent dehydration. Moreover, the nanocomposites can also achieve the selective breaking of the C-O bonds within xylan and cellulose to form furans by dehydration. The Brønsted and Lewis acid sites on the nanocomposites can be responsible for the deoxygenation of lignin and polysaccharides, respectively. This study provides new insights for the rational design of multifunctional catalysts that are capable of simultaneously breaking the C-O bonds within lignin and polysaccharides.

One-Pot Synthesis of Renewable Phthalic Anhydride from 5-Hydroxymethfurfural by using MoO3 /Cu(NO3 )2 as Catalyst.

Herein, a synthetic pathway to renewable phthalic anhydride (PA) from 5-hydroxymethfurfural (HMF) in one pot is reported. The commonly available catalysts MoO3 and Cu(NO3 )2 play a crucial role in integrating the multiple steps of the reaction, namely decarbonylation of HMF to active furyl intermediate (AFI), oxidation of HMF to maleic anhydride (MA), Diels-Alder cycloaddition of AFI and MA, and subsequent dehydration, in one pot. Under mild reaction conditions, a 63.2 % yield of PA is obtained from HMF. Compared with the currently reported route to renewable PA based on the Diels-Alder cycloaddition of biomass-derived MA and furan, this convenient one-pot synthesis represents a great improvement in efficiency.

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis, Proton Dissociation Processes, and Anticancer Evaluation of Novel D-Ring-Fused Steroidal 5-Amino-1-Arylpyrazoles

Taking into account the pharmacological relevance of heterocycle-fused natural steroids, the objective of the current study was to develop a multistep reaction sequence for the efficient synthesis of novel D-ring-condensed 5-amino-1-arylpyrazoles from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). A condensation reaction of 16-formyl-DHEA with hydroxylamine afforded the corresponding oxime, which was demonstrated to be stable in one of its cyclic isoxazoline forms due to possible ring-chain tautomerism. The subsequent base-induced dehydration to a diastereomeric β-ketonitrile, followed by microwave-assisted heterocyclization with different arylhydrazines led to the desired pyrazoles. The generally good yields of the products depended slightly on the electronic character of the substituent present on the aromatic ring of the reagent. The proton dissociation processes of the DHEA-derived heterocycles were investigated in aqueous solution by UV-visible spectrophotometric titrations to reveal their actual chemical forms at physiological pH. The determined pKa values attributed to the pyrazole NH+ moiety were low (1.8–4.0) and varied by the different substituents of the benzene ring. The antiproliferative effects of the structurally similar compounds were screened in vitro on human cancer cells (namely on HeLa, U2Os, MCF-7, PC-3, and A549), along with a noncancerous cell line (MRC-5). The IC50 values of the most active derivative were determined on all cell lines.

Innovative Production Technology of Drinks from Grape Cryopowders

A technology, based on the production of wine beverages from grape cryopowders in the mountain-valley zone of the Republic of Dagestan, is proposed. The data on the vacuum microwave drying of grape raw materials and subsequent grinding in a cryomill are presented. The modes of grape raw material preparation and its subsequent dehydration and cryo-grinding, which provide the possibility of successful use in the dried state in the production technology of wine drinks, are proposed. The principal feature is the use of whole grapes as a raw material, with rinds and seeds. The physical and chemical indicators, the content of phenolic substances and the organoleptic indicators of wine beverages made according to the traditional technology and the beverage made from grape cryopowders were studied. A comparative assessment of beverages was made. It is established that vacuum microwave drying conduces to better preservation of the properties of raw materials and finished products. The organoleptic assessment showed that the wine drinks developed according to the proposed technology had a more intense color and a more pronounced flavor of sweetness and sourness than traditional wine beverages. The advantage of this technology is the ability to transport grape cryopowders in unregulated temperature conditions to any point close to the consumer and carry out the production of wine beverages there.

Environmental and Technological Problems of Rational Use of Secondary Resources for Processing Grapes

Rational use of grapes processing resources is among environmental problems of AIC of Republics of the North Caucasus and Krasnodar Territory. Currently, waste from grapes processing is not practically used and worsen the ecological state of environment. The research subject is a technology based on the production of cryo-powder from pulp, squeeze, seeds and grapes skin grown in the foothill and mountainous regions. The prerequisites for research were previously performed author works on related topics. The data on vacuum SHF-drying of grape raw materials and subsequent grinding in a cryomiller are given. Modes of preparation of grape raw materials and its subsequent dehydration and cryo-grinding, which provide the possibility of successful use in the dried state in the production technology of wine beverages, are proposed. The principal feature is the use of whole grapes as a raw material, with skin and seeds. Physico-chemical parameters, the content of phenolic substances and organoleptic characteristics of wine beverages made according to the traditional technology and the beverage made from grape cryo-powders are studied. A comparative assessment is made. It is established that vacuum SHF-drying contributes to better preservation of the properties of raw materials and finished products. The organoleptic assessment has shown that wine beverages developed according to the proposed technology had a more intense color and a more pronounced taste of sweetness and acid than traditional wine beverages. The advantage of this technology is the ability to transport grape cryo-powders in unregulated temperature conditions to any point close to the consumer and carry out the production of nutritional food there.