Subsequent Citations Research Articles

The History Manifesto, History of Science, and Big Narratives: Some Pending Questions.

The History Manifesto, History of Science, and Big Narratives: Some Pending Questions.

Fifty Shades of Corporate Culture

We develop a new measure of integrity as it relates to corporate culture - the number of employees who use corporate emails to register for a website that facilitates extramarital affairs. This measure is associated with firm-level unethical behavior: it predicts a greater probability of SEC enforcement actions for accounting misstatements, and lower corporate ethics ratings by external analysts. However, consistent with research in psychology, we find that the measure also predicts more innovation (R&D intensity, successful patenting rates, subsequent patent citations, and patent diversity) and risk-taking (leverage, volatility, probability of default). Our results suggest that it is difficult to engineer a perfect corporate culture due to potential trade-offs between employee creativity, risk-taking, and integrity.

Publicize or Perish! A Guide to Social Media Promotion of Scientific Articles: Featuring the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery "Author Tool Kit".

Sir: A recent blog examining promotion of scientific publications in the mainstream press concluded that academia has become part of the problem in generating biased interpretations of those studies.1 In contrast, we suggest that close collaboration between authors and public relations teams of scientific publications may ensure the accuracy of news items. There are incentives to authors to promote their scientific work: scientists compete for increasingly scarce grants; expanding journal numbers leads to dilution of scientific data. Authors need to keep their work afloat in this torrent of information. It is easy to see how exaggerated claims arise. First, authors may exaggerate the implications of their findings: we agree with the British Medical Journal’s proposal of accountability by having named authors on press releases.2 Second, distortion may arise during creation of press releases by marketing teams. Third, journalists may accept assertions in press releases without checking original studies. The Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery “Author Tool Kit” advises authors as to how a social media response can help build traffic for an article, ensuring that work will be read, spread, and cited beyond the confines of libraries and journal Web sites.3 It also provides information on making articles discoverable by search engine optimization, use of e-mail, and contacting press outlets. It is easier for authors to learn about social media than it is for commercial marketing companies to learn about scientific method. As a starting point, authors need a clear interesting message with widespread public relevance. Twitter has been central to disseminating research findings providing customized real-time news delivery. We have learned a great deal about the use of social media through the promotion of our article “Population Analysis of the Perfect Breast: A Morphometric Analysis” released in the September issue of the Journal.4 Authors should control press releases themselves to minimize bias, working directly with the public relations teams of scientific journals after acceptance of their article. These teams may have good connections with the press. By following the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Author Tool Kit advice, we have gained a following of 15,000 genuine Twitter users with over 12,000 profile views per week. The study was featured internationally in a number of magazines, newspapers, and countless blogs (Fig. 1).5–8 The article was the most viewed in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery for 4 months after its publication. If a story has public interest, the journal may promote it by means of press releases6 or using media such as video.9Fig. 1: Blog of our September Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery article on Health magazine Web site. (Lombardi L. Available at: What the perfect breast looks like, according to men and women. http://news.health.com/2014/11/04/what-the-perfect-breast-looks-like-according-to-men-and-women/. Accessed April 7, 2015.)Article-level metrics measure impact at an article level instead of journal level. Other alternative metrics, or “altmetrics,” include full-text and PDF downloads and mentions in social media. Online “hit counts” and the number of tweets related to an article, or “tweetations,” correlate well with subsequent citations and therefore impact factor.10,11 Public appetite for science news is healthy and growing and may ultimately serve to support high-quality translational research with real-world application. For a small time investment, social media provides authors a way of disseminating information while minimizing bias. DISCLOSURE The authors have no financial interest to declare in relation to the content of this article. Olivier Alexandre Branford, Ph.D., M.R.C.S., F.R.C.S.(Plast.) Patrick Mallucci, F.R.C.S., F.R.C.S.(Plast.) The Cadogan Clinic London, United Kingdom

Plenary presentations and public citations from The American Association for Thoracic Surgery

ObjectiveWe examined the impact of work presented in the plenary sessions at the meeting of The American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS), by determining how frequently the published papers corresponding to the session presentations during the past 20 years, were cited; those that were most cited were identified. MethodsWe reviewed the AATS meeting programs from the 20-year period from 1994 to 2014 and identified the corresponding publications in the Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (JTCVS) from all abstracts presented at the plenary sessions. Papers were categorized as cardiac, thoracic, or congenital. References were evaluated for subsequent citation in the Web of Science (WoS), and Google Scholar (GS). We determined both the median number of citations overall, and per year. For comparison, we evaluated numbers of citations in WoS from current JTCVS papers in issues containing the 3 most-cited plenary session papers. ResultsAmong 195 published plenary papers, the median number of citations in WoS and GS was 49 and 76, respectively. The median total number of citations in WoS was as follows: 51 for cardiac-category papers (n = 105); 61 for thoracic (n = 55), and 41 for congenital (n = 35). These values were higher than the median total number of citations for contemporary nonplenary JTCVS papers: cardiac (22, n = 55; P < .001); thoracic (31.5, n = 8; P = .183); and congenital (15.5, n = 24; P = .002) papers published in JTCVS. The median number of citations per year since publication for plenary publications was 5.9 (cardiac), 6 (thoracic), and 3.7 (congenital), respectively. ConclusionsPublications corresponding to the plenary sessions of the AATS are highly cited and include some of the seminal studies in our field in the past 20 years.

Association of percentile ranking with citation impact and productivity in a large cohort of de novo NIMH-funded R01 grants.

Previous reports from National Institutes of Health and National Science Foundation have suggested that peer review scores of funded grants bear no association with grant citation impact and productivity. This lack of association, if true, may be particularly concerning during times of increasing competition for increasingly limited funds. We analyzed the citation impact and productivity for 1755 de novo investigator-initiated R01 grants funded for at least 2 years by National Institute of Mental Health between 2000 and 2009. Consistent with previous reports, we found no association between grant percentile ranking and subsequent productivity and citation impact, even after accounting for subject categories, years of publication, duration and amounts of funding, as well as a number of investigator-specific measures. Prior investigator funding and academic productivity were moderately strong predictors of grant citation impact.

An Analysis of Firms' Self-Reported Anticorruption Efforts

ABSTRACT We use Transparency International's ratings of self-reported anticorruption efforts to analyze factors underlying the ratings. Our tests examine whether these disclosures reflect firms' real efforts to combat corruption or are cheap talk. We find that the ratings are related to enforcement and monitoring, country and industry corruption risk, and governance variables. Controlling for these effects and other ratings determinants, we find that firms with lower residual ratings have higher subsequent citations in corruption news events. They also report higher future sales growth and show a negative relation between profitability change and sales growth in high corruption geographic segments, but not in low corruption segments. The net effect on valuation from sales growth and changes in profitability is close to zero. The findings are robust to a number of sensitivity tests, including analysis of disclosures for a larger sample over multiple years. We conclude that, on average, firms' disclosures signal real efforts to combat corruption.

Knee Society Award Papers Are Highly Cited Works.

Since 1993, The Knee Society has presented three annual awards recognizing the best research papers presented at the annual meetings. To date, no quantitative evaluation has determined whether the selection process identifies the most meritorious papers based on subsequent citations. In the absence of validation of this process, it is unclear whether the journal readership should view the award-winning papers as those with potentially greater impact for the specialty. (1) Are award papers cited both more than nonaward papers published in the same Knee Society proceedings issue of CORR(®) and more than all other knee research papers published in all issues of CORR(®) during any given year? (2) Does the award selection process identify potentially highly influential knee research? Subsequent citations for each award and nonaward paper published in The Knee Society proceedings issue for 2002 to 2008 were determined using the SCOPUS citation index. The citations for all papers on knee surgery published in CORR(®) during the same years were also determined. Mean citations for an award paper were statistically greater than for a nonaward paper: 86 (SD 95; median 55; 95% confidence interval [CI] of the mean, 44-128) versus 33 (SD 30; median 24; 95% CI of the mean, 28-37; p < 0.001). Mean number of citations for award papers was also higher than for all other knee research papers published in nonproceedings issues of CORR(®): 86 (SD 95; median 55; 95% CI of the mean, 44-128) versus 30 (SD 31; median 20; 95% CI for the mean, 25-35; p < 0.001). Twelve of the 22 (54.6%) award papers were in the top five cited papers from the proceedings issue for the respective year versus 24 of the 190 (12.6%) of the nonaward papers (difference in the percentages is 41.9% and the 95% CI for the risk difference is 20.6%-63.3%; p < 0.001). In 3 of 7 years, an award paper was the most cited knee paper published in CORR(®). The selection process for The Knee Society scientific awards identifies potentially influential papers that are likely to be highly cited in future research articles about the knee. The selection process for Knee Society Award Papers appears to identify papers that are potentially influential in the field of knee surgery and are likely to be highly cited in future published articles. As such, these award papers deserve special attention from the readership.

The etiology and outcome of non-traumatic coma in critical care: a systematic review.

BackgroundNon-traumatic coma (NTC) is a serious condition requiring swift medical or surgical decision making upon arrival at the emergency department. Knowledge of the most frequent etiologies of NTC and associated mortality might improve the management of these patients. Here, we present the results of a systematic literature search on the etiologies and prognosis of NTC.MethodsTwo reviewers independently performed a systematic literature search in the Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane databases with subsequent reference and citation checking. Inclusion criteria were retrospective or prospective observational studies on NTC, which reported on etiologies and prognostic information of patients admitted to the emergency department or intensive care unit.ResultsEventually, 14 studies with enough data on NTC, were selected for this systematic literature review. The most common causes of NTC were stroke (6-54%), post-anoxic coma (3-42%), poisoning (<1-39%) and metabolic causes (1-29%). NTC was also often caused by infections, especially in African studies affecting 10-51% of patients. The NTC mortality rate ranged from 25 to 87% and the mortality rate continued to increase long after the event had occurred. Also, 5-25% of patients remained moderately-severely disabled or in permanent vegetative state. The mortality was highest for stroke (60-95%) and post-anoxic coma (54-89%) and lowest for poisoning (0-39%) and epilepsy (0-10%).ConclusionNTC represents a challenge to the emergency and the critical care physicians with an important mortality and moderate-severe disability rate. Even though, included studies were very heterogeneous, the most common causes of NTC are stroke, post anoxic, poisoning and various metabolic etiologies. The best outcome is achieved for patients with poisoning and epilepsy, while the worst outcome was seen in patients with stroke and post-anoxic coma. Adequate knowledge of the most common causes of NTC and prioritizing the causes by mortality ensures a swift and adequate work-up in diagnosis of NTC and may improve outcome.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12871-015-0041-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Editorial delay and its relation to subsequent citations: the journals Nature, Science and Cell

This investigation tries to determine if, for highly visible journals, namely Nature, Science and Cell, articles with a short editorial delay time generally, receive more citations than those with a long editorial delay. Based on data for the period from 2005 to 2009, it is found that there is a clear, although statistically weak, tendency for an inverse relation between editorial delay time and number of received citations.

A retrospective analysis of dissemination biases in the brief alcohol intervention literature.

This study examined dissemination and reporting biases in the brief alcohol intervention literature. We used retrospective data from 179 controlled trials included in a meta-analysis on brief alcohol interventions for adolescents and young adults. We examined whether the magnitude and direction of effect sizes were associated with publication type, identification source, language, funding, time lag between intervention and publication, number of reports, journal impact factor, and subsequent citations. Results indicated that effect sizes were larger for studies that had been funded (b = 0.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.04, 0.23]), had a shorter time lag between intervention and publication (b = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.05, -.001]), and were cited more frequently (b = 0.01, 95% CI [+0.00, 0.01]). Studies that were cited more frequently by other authors also had greater odds of reporting positive effects (odds ratio = 1.10, 95% CI [1.02, 1.18]). Results indicated that time lag bias has increased recently: Larger and positive effect sizes were published more quickly in recent years. We found no evidence, however, that the magnitude or direction of effects was associated with location source, language, or journal impact factor. We conclude that dissemination biases may indeed occur in the social and behavioral science literature, as has been consistently documented in the medical literature. As such, primary researchers, journal reviewers, editors, systematic reviewers, and meta-analysts must be cognizant of the causes and consequences of these biases, and commit to engage in ethical research practices that attempt to minimize them. (PsycINFO Database Record

Case 3674CollohmanniaSellnick, 1922 (Arachnida, Acari, Oribatida): proposed conservation by giving it precedence over the senior subjective synonymEmbolacarusSellnick, 1919

The purpose of this application, under Article 23.9.3 of the Code, is to conserve the widely used oribatid mite genus name Collohmannia Sellnick, 1922, which is threatened by the obscure senior subjective synonym Embolacarus Sellnick, 1919. The latter is based on a single fossil species whose type and only known specimen is lost; most subsequent literature citations are simple, unenhanced listings. By contrast, Collohmannia has been used in a significant body of literature relating to morphology, reproductive biology, development, behavior, chemical ecology and phylogeny, as well as appearing in molecular databases. It is proposed that Collohmannia be given precedence over Embolacarus whenever they are considered to be synonyms.

Plagiarism: an egregious form of misconduct.

Background:Publishing research papers for academic fraternity has become important for career advancement and promotion. Number of publications in peer reviewed journals and subsequent citations are recognized as measures of scientific success. Non-publishing academicians and researchers are invisible to the scientific community.Discussion:With pressure to publish, misconduct has crept into scientific writing with the result that research misconduct, plagiarism, misappropriation of intellectual property, and substantial unattributed textual copying of another's publication have become common. The Office of Research Integrity, USA, defines research misconduct as “fabrication, falsification or plagiarism in proposing, performing or reviewing research, or in reporting research results.” Although plagiarism is difficult to define in few words, it can be viewed as the stealing of another person's ideas, methods, results, or words without giving proper attribution. The Office of Research Integrity defines plagiarism as being “theft or misappropriation of intellectual property and the substantial unattributed textual copying of another's work.” Plagiarism is one of the most vehemently derided breaches of research integrity as it undermines the original and honest contribution to an existing body of knowledge.Conclusion:Plagiarism has many forms viz. blatant plagiarism, technical plagiarism, patchwork plagiarism, and self-plagiarism. In any form, the plagiarism is a threat to the research integrity and is unacceptable. We do need to detect such acts and effectively prosecute the offenders.

Patterns of text reuse in a scientific corpus

We consider the incidence of text "reuse" by researchers via a systematic pairwise comparison of the text content of all articles deposited to arXiv.org from 1991 to 2012. We measure the global frequencies of three classes of text reuse and measure how chronic text reuse is distributed among authors in the dataset. We infer a baseline for accepted practice, perhaps surprisingly permissive compared with other societal contexts, and a clearly delineated set of aberrant authors. We find a negative correlation between the amount of reused text in an article and its influence, as measured by subsequent citations. Finally, we consider the distribution of countries of origin of articles containing large amounts of reused text.

Alpha: the Figure in the Cage

Drawing is sometimes referred to as a definitively human activity. In this article drawings by nonhuman animals, particularly primates, are discussed as evidence that the activity is not essentially or exclusively human. In particular the research focuses on one chimpanzee, Alpha, whose drawings were the subject of an experiment in Gestalt psychology published in 1951. The article traces her early life as the first chimpanzee to be born as part of a breeding program established by Robert Yerkes, whose scientific project has been critically examined by Donna Haraway (1989, 1991). Alpha was cared for in the home of two scientists in infancy but later moved to an enclosure with other chimpanzees, indicating that her desire to draw developed in the context of both human contact and physical captivity. Subsequent citations of the drawing experiment with Alpha are discussed as evidence that drawings by nonhuman primates have provoked academic interest, although commentators are cautious in attributing significance to them. With reference to Birke, Bryld and Lykke (2004), the continuing potential of Alpha’s drawings to generate discussion and disrupt anthropocentric assumptions is suggested as a sign of the agency of this particular laboratory animal within the process of knowledge production.

On the citation lifecycle of papers with delayed recognition

Abstract Delayed recognition is a concept applied to articles that receive very few to no citations for a certain period of time following publication, before becoming actively cited. To determine whether such a time spent in relative obscurity had an effect on subsequent citation patterns, we selected articles that received no citations before the passage of ten full years since publication, investigated the subsequent yearly citations received over a period of 37 years and compared them with the citations received by a group of papers without such a latency period. Our study finds that papers with delayed recognition do not exhibit the typical early peak, then slow decline in citations, but that the vast majority enter decline immediately after their first – and often only – citation. Middling papers’ citations remain stable over their lifetime, whereas the more highly cited papers, some of which fall into the “sleeping beauty” subtype, show non-stop growth in citations received. Finally, papers published in different disciplines exhibit similar behavior and did not differ significantly.

Radical or Incremental Innovations

We study the impact retirement has on how CEOs spend R&amp;D funds. Consistent with retiring CEOs’ short horizons and growing conservatism, we find evidence that CEOs tend to prefer incremental innovations as they approach retirement. Using patent data to measure firms’ innovation outputs, we find that firms receive fewer patent grants for applications filed toward the end of CEO tenures, and these patent grants receive fewer subsequent citations. Moreover, we find that large amounts of vested, in-the-money option holdings exacerbate retiring CEOs’ preference for incremental innovations, and founder CEOs pursue incremental innovations to a greater extent than non-founder CEOs close to retirement. However, a normal “relay process” of managerial succession and higher stock ownership by independent directors mitigate retiring CEOs’ preference for incremental innovations. We find no evidence that the documented incremental innovations before retirement are driven by either poor firm performance or a general shift from innovation to stability as CEO tenures increase or as CEOs age. Overall, the study identifies a new type of myopic behavior related to CEO retirement and highlights the importance of looking beyond R&amp;D spending in future studies on the managerial investment myopia.

Citations of Most Often Cited Economists: Do Scholarly Books Matter More than Quality Journals?

AbstractThis paper empirically investigates the determinants of citations based on the publication of the top 100 most often cited economists. The effects of publication age and author fame on subsequent citations are found to be positive and significant. Citations are also significantly affected by popular subfields in economics. However, journal quality measures, such as impact factors, download statistics and top‐4 elite journals, have insignificant effects on citations. In contrast, the citation effect of scholarly books is positive and significant, and its impact is even greater than those of journal quality measures.

The kiss of death? The effect of being cited in a review on subsequent citations

This work investigates recent claims that citation in a review article provokes a decline in a paper's later citation count; citations being given to the review article instead of the original paper. Using the Science Citation Index Expanded, we looked at the yearly percentages of lifetime citations of papers published in 1990 first cited in review articles in 1992 and 1995 in the field of biomedical research, and found that no significant change occurred after citation in a review article, regardless of the papers' citation activity or specialty. Additional comparison was done for papers from the field of clinical research, and this yielded no meaningful results to support the notion that review articles have any substantial effect on the citation count of the papers they review.

Too Many Authors Spoil the Credit

Too Many Authors Spoil the Credit

Factors Related to the Frequency of Citation of the Physical Therapy Journal

We conducted a review of the highest impact physical therapy journal (Physical Therapy) to determine factors associated with subsequent citations within three years of publication. We conducted citation counts for all original articles published in Physical Therapy 2008 (12 issues). Study characteristics and citation rates were analyzed using median and interquartile ranges and logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate which factors predicted greater citation rates. The first citation time, study design, number of reference, number of pages and the month of publication were the variables associated with subsequent citation rate. We found significant correlations between the citation rates and the month of publication, study design, number of reference, number of pages and first citation time. In addition, we revealed that review articles were cited more frequently than clinical research articles. We consider that this information may help the readers, authors, reviewers, librarians and promotion committees to plan the studies and also to analyze and evaluate the articles.