Subsequent Appearances Research Articles

Population dynamics and palaeoenvironmental inferences of Turonian planktonic foraminiferal assemblages from SE Tanzania and ODP Site 762 (Exmouth Plateau, eastern Indian Ocean)

The Tanzania Drilling Program (TDP) recovered hemipelagic sediments from land-based boreholes that yielded extraordinarily well-preserved, diverse Turonian foraminifera. Reliable oxygen and carbon isotopic analyses through most of the Turonian Stage and biostratigraphic data were documented. This study compares Turonian foraminiferal population dynamics and associated geochemical proxy records among the TDP boreholes with correlative records from Ocean Drilling Program Site 762 (Exmouth Plateau, eastern Indian Ocean). The two regions were separated by ∼12° latitude and ∼5000 km of ocean, with the Indian continental plate located between. Taxonomic turnover is similar and is nearly simultaneous in both regions across the transition from the Helvetoglobotruncana helvetica Zone to the Falsotruncana maslakovae Zone (∼93.0 Ma). Changes include overlapping extinctions of all helvetoglobotruncanids, most dicarinellids and one species of Praeglobotruncana and subsequent first appearances of marginotruncanid and falsotruncanid species. Increased abundance of biserial planktonic foraminifera is recorded at multiple TDP sites and at Site 762 across the contact of the Fa. maslakovae and Huberella huberi zones c. 0.5 Myr after the Hv. helvetica / Fa. maslakovae transition. Geochemical records at the two sites do not indicate associated palaeoenvironmental changes in surface water conditions that would explain coordinated changes in species composition on opposites sides of the Indian Ocean.

The allusive comedy of Kingsley Amis’ L.S. Caton

One of the most fascinating comic characters in British fiction is L.S. Caton, the scheming academic who first appeared in Kingsley Amis’ satire Lucky Jim. Based on Amis’ first publisher, R. A. Caton, the evasive and deceitful L.S. Caton became a running joke in Amis’ early novels; other writers then joined the joke by similarly alluding to him. Since Caton’s appearances subsequent to Lucky Jim allude both to his initial appearance and to his subsequent (allusive) appearances, they are metaallusive—allusions to prior allusions. Until now the existence of the metaallusion as a literary device has passed unnoticed. The allusive use of Caton also highlights two further aspects of allusion that are often overlooked: That they can have more than one object, and that their objects can lie in the future as well as in its past. In addition to addressing these theoretical issues this paper argues that Caton’s appearances enhance readers’ pleasure in the text and thereby facilitate the development of social bonds between them—one of the primary aims of humour. But despite his widespread comic appeal and theoretical interest L.S. Caton has received no sustained academic attention. This paper will correct this oversight by addressing this strangely neglected topic.

The Play of Love, 1230–1578: A Case Study and Edition

ABSTRACT This article offers the first comprehensive history of the “play of love”—a similitude that compares God’s withdrawal in temptation to a mother at play with her young child—from its origin in Ancrene Wisse through its subsequent appearances in English and Latin devotional writing. In Ancrene Wisse, the scene allows an anchorite to understand her emotion in light of God’s love while acknowledging that God’s unprompted withdrawal causes suffering. The play of love was subsequently excerpted, translated into Latin, and circulated in England and on the continent. A Latin compilation misattributed to Richard Rolle, Quandoque tribularis (edited in the appendix), and later Middle English works refashion the play of love to prescribe specific practices or emotions. This case history thus reveals surprising connections between early English vernacular religious writing, Latinate European readers, and later medieval English compilers, as well as an object lesson in these readers’ changing expectations.

Latent Beta-Liouville Probabilistic Modeling for Bursty Topic Discovery in Textual Data

Topic modeling has become a fundamental technique for uncovering latent thematic structures within large collections of textual data. However, conventional models often struggle to capture the burstiness of topics. This characteristic, where the occurrence of a word increases its likelihood of subsequent appearances in a document, is fundamental in natural language processing. To address this gap, we introduce a novel topic modeling framework, integrating Beta-Liouville and Dirichlet Compound Multinomial distributions. Our approach, named Beta-Liouville Dirichlet Compound Multinomial Latent Dirichlet Allocation (BLDCMLDA), is designed to specifically model word burstiness and support a wide range of adaptable topic proportion patterns. Through experiments on diverse benchmark text datasets, the BLDCMLDA model has demonstrated superior performance over conventional models. Our promising results in terms of perplexity and coherence scores demonstrate the effectiveness of BLDCMLDA in capturing the nuances of word usage dynamics in natural language.

Dominating Demons in the Old English Prose Acts of Andrew

Dominating Demons in the Old English Prose <i>Acts of Andrew</i>

Keeping It Unreal: Black Queer Fantasy and Superhero Comics by Darieck Scott (review)

Reviewed by: Keeping It Unreal: Black Queer Fantasy and Superhero Comics by Darieck Scott D’Arcee Charington Neal (bio) Scott, Darieck. Keeping It Unreal: Black Queer Fantasy and Superhero Comics. New York University Press, 2022. 280 pp, $89.00, $29.00. In his introduction to Keeping It Unreal: Black Queer Fantasy and Superhero Comics, Darieck Scott considers how rhetorical Blackness in various forms (whether visual, ideological, or fantastical) operates through the lens of the comic book. Asking the critical question of why the collective imagination seems unable to accurately capture the nuance of what it is to be Black, Scott “examine[s] representations of blackness in fantasy-infused genres . . . to theorize how fantasies of black power and triumph fashion theoretical, political, and aesthetic challenges to—and respite from—white supremacy and antiblackness” (2). Through Frantz Fanon’s articulation of fantasy as an abject impossibility for Black people throughout the book, Scott utilizes Fanon’s Afro-pessimistic observations as a thread throughout the text. Later, he argues against the influential linguistic psychoanalyses of Fredric Wertham, Jean LaPlanche and Jean-Bertrand Pontalis in order to construct a societal understanding of what comic books do both to and for their audiences. In Keeping It Unreal, the audience-specific focus takes up much of the space in the book as the central weapon that is stylistically wielded against Black imaginative power. As a result, Scott expertly weaves through a dizzying number of critics, artists, fanatical reports, essays, and Congressional testimony to showcase both the immense power and the masculine fragility of the readers who were consuming 100 million issues per month during the so-called Golden Age. Though that number has dropped significantly, the issues that came with it have not. Wertham’s argument is entertainingly remixed through the idea of what Scott calls “fantasy-acts,” refocusing fantasy’s supposed passivity toward the very real, accountable weight it carries through speculative actions and/or power (30). Scott points out that many of these acts are responsible for the censorship and rabid calls of homosexuality that loom throughout superhero comics’ criticisms. He is also adamant [End Page 93] in pointing out that although they are rarely considered for their subjective additions to literary canons, superhero comics exist as untapped libraries of creative ideals, further arguing that these considerations exist in comics at the intersection of masculine identity, feminine sensuality, and ableist assumptions of whole (and largely white) bodies. For Scott, paradigmatic constructions of fantasy or “phantasy . . . [as] the creative activity of imagination, rather than the reduction to whimsy and triviality that often occurs with the English word ‘fantasy,’” exist not as the sole property of whiteness but, instead, as the unexamined-yet-hugely-influential moments of Black characterization that are under the surface (72). This mantra is the singular track that Scott stays tethered to throughout the book as he examines the way that Black super-heroes—both male and female—have carved out a landscape assumed to be entirely white and straight, and why this is completely wrong. In the first chapter, he makes use of Wonder Woman’s Black sister Nubia and positions his own life story as a queer Black child through Dick Giordano’s 1973 cover of Wonder Woman #206. On it, as Nubia, in a tight leopard print outfit, battles Diana Prince, Scott recontextualizes Wertham’s incendiary argument about homosexuality to highlight how even negative patriarchal views leave no space for women (68). Bringing up various discussions of lesbianism, he points out that these are swept aside in favor of an overt sexuality that is essentially cloaked in two-dimensional fantasies of 1970s Black power. Curiously, Scott makes reference to the fact that DC Comics perhaps recognized the unsubtle racism suggested through Nubia’s initial artwork, citing the fact that her subsequent appearances are redesigned as either fully clothed and/or armored. Regardless, the core issue of identification that Nubia represents remains a staple for Scott, bolstered by Freudian comparisons to a suggestive Oedipal complex. This is represented in Jonathan Dollimore’s update to Wertham’s hetero-to- homosexual lens, which goes from “I desire you” to “I desire (to be like) you” (71, emphasis original). In the character of...

Virtual Filter for Non-Duplicate Sampling With Network Applications

Sampling is key to handling mismatch between the line rate and the throughput of a network traffic measurement module. Flow-spread measurement requires non-duplicate sampling, which only samples the elements (carried in packet header or payload) in each flow when they appear for the first time and blocks them for subsequent appearances. The only prior work for non-duplicate sampling incurs considerable overhead, and has two practical limitations: It lacks a mechanism to set an appropriate sampling probability under dynamic traffic conditions, and it cannot efficiently handle multiple concurrent sampling tasks. This paper proposes a virtual filter design for non-duplicate sampling, which reduces the processing overhead by about half and reduces the memory overhead by an order of magnitude or more under some practical settings. It has a mechanism to automatically adapt its sampling probability to the traffic dynamics. It can be modified to handle sampling for multiple independent tasks with different probabilities. We also enhance the virtual filter for flow spread measurement and super spreader detection with a large measurement period.

An augmented two‐phase method for spread sampling

Sampling is widely used to handle the mismatch between the line rate and the processing throughput of a traffic measurement module. Spread sampling, which only samples the elements in each flow when they appear for the first time and ignores them for subsequent appearances, is required for flow-spread measurement. The previous works on spread sampling suffer from poor accuracy and slow speed. In this paper, the authors proposed an augmented two-phase method with fast speed and low error to achieve spread sampling in that each distinct element is sampled with a predefined probability only at the first occurrence. The experiment results based on real Internet traffic traces show that our method achieves a smaller sampling error and a high line rate.

Examining the health and criminal justice characteristics for young people on compulsory community treatment orders: An Australian birth cohort and data linkage study

BackgroundMost studies on the predictors and effectiveness of community treatment orders (CTOs) are restricted to health-related variables and do not consider forensic contacts as established by criminal justice databases or predictors from birth. We used linked administrative health and criminal justice data for a birth cohort in Queensland, Australia to investigate the characteristics and outcomes of people placed on CTOs. MethodsCTOs were identified from administrative data for hospital admissions and community mental health service contacts for a population cohort of 45,141 individuals born in Queensland in 1990. These data were linked with administrative court records, with individuals followed up to age 23/24 years. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine characteristics associated with CTO placement and Tobit regression analyses to examine factors predicting health and criminal justice outcomes in the following year. ResultsThere were 211 CTO cases by age 23/24 years, for whom it was possible to identify 413 controls on voluntary treatment. Non-affective psychoses [F20-F29] were the strongest predictors of CTO placement (ORadj = 4.07, 2.77–5.99) followed by a court appearance (ORadj = 1.99, 1.28–3.09). CTOs were associated with greater, not lower, subsequent psychiatric hospital admissions, inpatient bed-days and community mental health service contacts, although on sensitivity analyses psychiatric hospital admissions were the same as voluntary controls. CTOs were not associated with more subsequent court appearances despite higher rates of offending before CTO placement. ConclusionsBoth clinical and forensic variables can determine CTO placement and, on adjustment for these covariates, CTOs were not associated with reductions in psychiatric hospital admission, time spent as an inpatient, or subsequent court appearances. The latter finding might mean that CTOs reduce the risk of offending to that of voluntary controls.

Jorge Luis Borges in Turkish: Magical Realism in a Politically-and-Poetically Motivated Literary Field

Jorge Luis Borges in Turkish: Magical Realism in a Politically-and-Poetically Motivated Literary Field Ceyda Elgül This article traces the multiple encounters of Jorge Luis Borges with Turkish readers in light of the publishing policies and social dynamics surrounding the region in the second half of the twentieth century. Although the first translation of his work into Turkish appeared as early as 1955, Borges became popular in Turkey during the 1980s, concurrently with many other Latin American authors, some of whom were participants in the magical realist literary stream. The article mainly investigates the positions of the Turkish translations of Borges and other Latin American writers within the 1980s literary repertoire that reflects the state of cultural production following the Turkish coup d’état in 1980. The revival of the fantastic genre by local writers during the same time period also illuminates the topic of Latin American magical realism in Turkish. Therefore, this article examines the activities of literary agents, namely the translators, editors, and critics, who acted as representatives of Borges and other Latin American authors in Turkey, in addition to mentioning the local representatives of magical realism. In order to present a holistic view, before embarking on this 1980s literary network, the study explores the initial translation of Borges into Turkish, published in a literary review in the 1950s, which seems to suggest an alternative context for the writer that carries traces of the golden age of the short story in Turkey. It concludes with a discussion of the state of Borges and Latin American literature in Turkish after the 1980s, with references to published translations and articles by local critics that delved into these particular subjects. [End Page 53] Jorge Luis Borges’s initial and subsequent appearances in Turkish could be regarded as extensions of the journey of his literature in Europe. By the 1950s, French publisher Roger Caillois had introduced several of Borges’s works into French. In particular, the volumes Ficciones (Gallimard, 1951) and Labyrinthes (Gallimard, 1953) initiated the journey of Borges in Europe. In 1959, his works appeared in Italian (L’Aleph, Feltrinelli, 1959) and German (Labyrinthe, Carl Hanser Verlag, 1959) (Irby and Yates); and in 1961, he received the Prix Formentor, followed by the publication of his two major English-language translations, Ficciones (Grove Press, 1962) and Labyrinths (New Directions, 1962). The 1960s witnessed Borges’s first translations into many other European languages, such as Swedish (Biblioteket I Babel, 1963), Dutch (De Aleph en andere verhalen, 1964), Norwegian (Labyrinter, 1964), Portuguese (História universal da infâmia, 1964), Polish (Fickje, 1972), Greek (Anthologia, 1979), and Czech (Brodiova zpráva, 1979). Following the 1980s, the rest of the world encountered Borges through translations into Slovak (1980), Polish (1980), Albanian (1981), Hebrew (1982), Catalan (1983), Danish (1983), Romanian (1983), Hungarian (1984), Russian (1984), Slovenian (1984), Estonian (1987), Arabic (1987), and Bulgarian (1989).1 The above list refers to the first translations of Borges’s works that appeared in book form. In many of these regions, translations of his poems, stories, and/or essays had been published in periodicals before the appearance of these translated books.2 This was also the case in Turkey. In 1955, a translation of the short story “La escritura del dios” appeared in the journal Yenilik, under the Turkish title “Tanrının Yazdığı Yazı” (The Writing of the God). The story was originally published in the Argentine paper Sur, then included in the short story collection El Aleph in 1949. It might be surprising to see Borges in a Turkish literary journal at a time when he was barely recognized in Europe and North America. However, the literary setting of 1950s Turkey may account for this early encounter between an Argentine writer and Turkish readers. The 1950s cannot be examined separately from Turkey’s transition to a multi-party regime, after which the country witnessed the implementation of a liberal democracy model that exhibited close ties with the USA. The economic and political developments of this era require more detailed elaboration that would exceed the scope of this article. However, the liberal environment promised by the political diversification of the 1950s can still be related to Borges’s...

Correlation of lithofacies and depositional environment using Markov chain analysis in Sambipitu formation at Ngalang river, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

The research area is located at Ngalang river, Gedangsari sub-district, Gunungkidul Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta. The research area is part of southern mountain area which is composed of lithology of Sambipitu calcareous sandstone. The depositional process phase in the Sambipitu formation has a unique pattern and is relevant to the previous lithology. As a result, the stratigraphic position and lithological repetition pattern were reviewed using the statistical method (Markov chain). The aim of this research is to use geostatistics to examine the sedimentation trend in order to predict the existence of rock facies in the Sambipitu Formation. In each unit of lithology cycle, geostatistics is expected to assist, to predict and to interpret the significance of subsequent lithology appearances. The research method used was measured stratigraphy, determination of rock age and depositional environment based on fossil identification. In addition, this research used probability matrix in Markov chain analysis. The results of the Markov chain analysis showed that lithology of rock in the upper Sambipitu formation had a non-random transition pattern. The results of statistical calculation showed that the calculation value was greater than the Chi-square table value (333.9&gt;34.38) that the H0 component was rejected. Lithofacies and depositional environment are correlated to several geological aspects such as distribution of rock facies, source of rock, paleobtahymetri, trace fossils and sedimentation process.

Review: Double Negative: The Black Image and Popular Culture, by Racquel J. Gates

Review: Double Negative: The Black Image and Popular Culture, by Racquel J. Gates

Spirit and Rebirth in the Gospel of John

Insofar as Christianity can be said to have begun with the disappearance of a body, namely the absence of Jesus’ body in the grave, this disappearance occasioned not so much a disjuncture with Jesus’ preceding work as a new start, by way of a salvific turn, according to multiple accounts in the New Testament. It is through the absence of Jesus’ body and subsequent appearances of the risen Jesus that the messianic promise is fulfilled. Furthermore, the absence of Jesus’ body opens up space for transfigured bodies in multiple forms to fill the gap, each in its own way. Christian faith was thus marked, from the earliest time, by questions regarding the meaning, representation, and transformation of the body. In the Gospel of John, after Jesus is resurrected he blows (ἐμφυσάω) the holy spirit into his disciples. Here the infusion of the spirit evokes the framework of ancient embryology, in which spirit brings life. Ancient embryology illumines the recurrent passages in John referring to birth, being reborn, and children of God, especially 1:13–14 and 3:3–8.

A Manifesto of Living Self-portraiture (Identity, Transformation, and Performance)

In an era when blogging, Facebook, and Twitter are more and more becoming the ubiquitous means of expression for an entire generation, The Manifesto of Living Self-portraiture illuminates the potential and power of self-representation through the highly personal art practice of queer transsexual Nina Arsenault. Arsenault's unfolding creative work begins with the documentation of her sixty cosmetic procedures which transformed her body into a 36D-28-42 self-portrait of hyperfemininity. Her subsequent numerous nightlife appearances, photo shoots, videos, and theatrical performances chart the trajectory of her constant and perpetual transformations and by inference illuminate cultural values of beauty, sexuality, and the power of spirituality. Furthermore, Arsenault's discipline incorporates voice/breath/body training, contemporary self-help manuals, and ongoing research into art and mythology to vivify herself as living Goddess archetypes. Arsenault's life as self-portraiture, created at the nexus point of fantasy and reality, becomes a sacred drama of transfiguration in a society which seeks to minimize her passion and pathologize her identity.

The Passion of Montgomery Clift

Montgomery Clift was one of postwar Hollywood's heart-throbs, acclaimed as one of the most beautiful men of his generation until he was disfigured in 1956 by a car accident that made his subsequent screen appearances painful viewing. Infamously queer, he cut an intense, ambiguous and enigmatic figure in the US film industry from the late 1940s until his death in 1966 at the age of forty-five. His story is fascinating, dramatic, and ultimately one of disappointment. His myth is one of tragedy: a beautiful youth with a glorious career cut down by a tragic accident as well as by his own fatal psychological flaws. Amy Lawrence's The Passion of Montgomery Clift enhances his mythic reputation while simultaneously refuting key aspects of the established mythology. This is not a biography but rather a study of a career, a star image and a body of work, and an investigation into how these were created. It is written by a self-confessed fan, whose mother was also a fan back in the 1950s. As a result, this study combines the hyperbole of the fan with the kind of painstakingly detailed investigation that only a true devotee would bother to undertake. It also probes deeply into this fandom, exploring the statements of Clift's admirers in a bid to understand more fully his appeal, both in his own time and posthumously. Given an emphasis here on the religiosity of Clift's image, his association with sanctity and martyrdom (hence the ‘passion’ of the title), this level of devotion, bordering on worship, seems rather appropriate, despite the conventional requirement of objectivity for an academic study.

A comparison of the biological, geological events and environmental backgrounds between the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian and Permian-Triassic transitions

The Neoproterozoic-Cambrian (N-C) and Permian-Triassic (P-T) transitions have been regarded the two most critical transitions in earth history because of the explosive biological radiation in the early Cambrian (the Cambrian Explosion) and the largest mass extinction at the end-Permian. Previous studies suggest that these two critical transitions showed certain comparability in major evolutionary events. In other words, a series of biological, geological, and geochemical events that had happened in the N-C transition occurred repeatedly during the P-T transition. Those events included continental re-configuration related to the deep mantle dynamics, global-scale glaciations, large C-, Sr-, and S-isotope perturbations indicating atmospheric and oceanic changes, abnormal precipitation of carbonates, and associated multiple biological radiations and mass extinctions. The coupling of those events in both N-C and P-T transitions suggests that deep mantle dynamics could be a primary mechanism driving dramatic changes of environment on the earth’s surface, which in turn caused major biological re-organizations. A detailed comparison of those events during the two critical transitions indicates that despite their general comparability, significant differences do exist in magnitude, duration, and frequency. The supercontinent Rodinia began to rift before the Snowball Earth time. By contrast, the supercontinent Pangea entered the dispersal stage after the greatest glaciation from the Late Carboniferous to Cisuralian. Quantitative data and qualitative analyses of different fossil groups show a more profound mass extinction during the N-C transition than at the end-Permian in terms of ecosystem disruption. This is indicated by the disappearance of the whole Ediacaran biota at the N-C boundary. The subsequent appearances of many new complex animals at phylum level in the early Cambrian mark the establishment of a brand new ecosystem. However, the end-Permian mass extinction is manifested mainly by the extinction of many different taxa at class and order levels. Although it caused the extinction of 95% of marine species and 75% of terrestrial species as well as complete cessation of coal and reef deposits after the mass extinction, this high-level biological re-organization still occurred within an established ecosystem, however drastic it may seem. Survived or Lazarus taxa re-occupied the existing ecospace in a relatively short duration after the end-Permian mass extinction. C-isotope excursions display large perturbations during both transitions, yet also in different magnitudes and frequencies, which suggest different atmospheric and oceanic conditions. The recurrent geological and geochemical events as well as the coupled major biological turnovers during the two transitions provide new clues to understanding the interplays among the earth-life system. Thus, it is essential to carry out multidisciplinary studies from the deep internal system to the surface of the Earth as a whole in order to unravel the interactions of different spheres of the earth.

Pulmonary sarcoidosis in a child with cystic fibrosis

The co-occurrence of cystic fibrosis (CF) and sarcoidosis is rare. This case report describes a patient with both diseases. A 13-year-old girl with known CF (homozygous delta F508 defect) presented with a sudden decline in lung function. FEV1 decreased from 80% to 64% predicted, and FVC from 90% to 80% predicted. Diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (D(L)CO) was 92% predicted. There was no history of cough, dyspnea, or reduced exercise tolerance, but she had arthralgia of the knee- and ankle-joints. A chest radiograph and CT scan of the thorax demonstrated pronounced bilateral hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy, compatible with pulmonary sarcoidosis. Histological examination of lymph node biopsy specimens obtained at mediastinoscopy demonstrated noncaseating epithelioid-cell granuloma. The majority of lymphocytes were CD4+ T lymphocytes, with a CD4+/CD8+ ratio of 5:1. The patient showed a prompt response to treatment with oral corticosteroids, and lung function returned to baseline levels. Subsequent radiographic appearances showed almost complete regression of mediastinal lymphadenopathy. The probability that CF and sarcoidosis would coexist by chance in a Danish child of this age is approximately 1:10(9). The collective incidence and geographic distribution of previously described patients with coexistent CF and sarcoidosis lend support to an association between the two diseases.

Spermiogenesis and spermatozoa in Acanthodasys aculeatus (Gastrotricha, Macrodasyida): an ultrastructural study

AbstractThe spermatogenesis, the spermiogenetic process and the structure of the mature spermatozoon of Acanthodasys aculeatus (Gastrotricha, Macrodasyida) are described from an ultrastructural point of view. Several spermatogonia in mitotic divisions were seen, proving that euthely of gastrotrichs does not concern gonads. Spermiogenesis is characterized by the early formation of both the acrosome and the axoneme, by the subsequent appearances of a perinuclear helix and of a complex axial tubular structure in the acrosome and by the late development of the peraxonemal striated cylinder. The mature spermatozoon is filiform, and composed of a spiralized acrosome, a helical nuclear–mitochondrial complex and a long flagellum. The acrosome contains an axial tubular structure and the spring‐shaped nucleus delimits a single, long mitochondrion. A perinuclear helix formed by the pro‐acrosome surrounds the nuclear–mitochondrial complex extending for its whole length. A monolayered, obliquely striated cylinder encloses the 9 × 2 + 2 axoneme; its terminal part is empty because of the shortness of the axoneme.

Therapeutic responses to antibacterial drugs in vivax malaria

Some antibacterial drugs have antimalarial activity that can be exploited for the prevention or treatment of malaria. Monotherapy with tetracycline, doxycycline, clindamycin or azithromycin was assessed in 1995–1998 in 92 adult patients in Thailand with Plasmodium vivax malaria. All patients recovered following treatment and the early therapeutic responses were similar among the 4 groups. The overall median fever clearance time was 57 h and the mean (SD) overall time to parasite clearance was 134 (48) h. Of 66 patients who completed a 28-day follow-up, reappearances of vivax infection occurred in 27 patients (41%) from all groups; delayed appearances of falciparum malaria occurred in 6 patients (9%), only from the azithromycin group. The overall mean (SD) time to reappearance of P. Vivax was 23 (5) days and time taken for detection of falciparum malaria was 13 (4) days after starting treatment for vivax malaria. The 28-day cumulative cure rates of clindamycin ( n = 12), tetracycline ( n = 18) and doxycycline ( n = 18) groups were similar ( P ⩾ 0·14) and all were significantly higher compared to the azithromycin group ( n = 18; P ⩽ 0·04). The intervals until vivax reappearance were also significantly shorter in the azithromycin group [mean (SD) = 21 (6) vs 25 (3) days, P < 0·05] suggesting that some of these were recrudescences. The apparent success rate (no subsequent appearances of either vivax or falciparum infection) was significantly lower for the azithromycin group (11%) compared to the other groups (34–78%; P < 0·01). In current antibacterial treatment regimens, short-course azithromycin has inferior antimalarial activity compared to clindamycin or the tetracyclines.

A madwoman's choice: aria substitution in Lucia di Lammermoor

Shortly following the premiere of Lucia di Lammermoor in 1835, performances of this opera often featured a strange substitution: sopranos performed the rondò-finale from one of Donizetti's earlier operas, Fausta, in place of the now-famous mad scene aria. At least four productions were affected and this alteration was performed by some of the most famous sopranos of the time. This article explores the brief tradition of altering the mad scene by looking carefully at its origin and subsequent appearances, discussing its effects on the experience of hearing Lucia di Lammermoor as a whole, and investigating the possible reasons why this substitution lasted only for a brief period of time.