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The Process of Compensation of Occupational Diseases in Special Populations: Public Officials, Private School Teachers and Staff, Soldiers, Fishing Crews, and Farmers

Objective The purpose of this study was to review the compensation and development direction of occupational accidents including occupational diseases of workers who do not apply industrial accident compensation insurance. Methods We reviewed laws and related articles about compensation for occupational accidents of public officials, private school teachers and staff, soldiers, fishermen, and farmers, and compared each system and presented problems and solutions. Results Public officials, private school teachers and staff, and soldiers were provided compensation for the occupational accidents by the state in the form of pensions. Safety accident insurance for farmers was a form of voluntary subscription, but the individual had to pay the remaining premiums even though there were over half of the national burden. Although there were differences in the degree of professionalism in approval system of occupational accidents in the fields of public officials, private school teachers and staff, and soldiers, there was a deliberative body composed of experts, but fishermen and farmers were in fact considering deliberations on the compensation of insurance companies. Like the industrial accident compensation insurance, the prevention fund was not legally enforced in all fields. Conclusion Processes for compensation for occupational accidents was somewhat similar. However, scientific and rational deliberations were difficult to achieve consistently. There was a lack of systems to prevent disasters and institutionalize rehabilitation for returning to work after a disaster. It is necessary to introduce a consistent system for reasonable compensation, disaster prevention, and return to work according to the risk level of the special population. Key words: Compensation and redress; Occupational diseases; Pensions

The Emerging Urgency of Mitigating Environmental Impacts and Potential Public Health Risks of the United States Postal Service

ABSTRACTThe privatized, ‘quasi-public’ United States Postal Service (USPS) is the largest commercial entity sending and delivering letters and packages. USPS vehicles drive a billion miles/year, visit 150 million addresses/day, and stimulate fossil fuel mining and vehicle pollutant emissions, with significant environmental impacts and potential public health risks. Sending and delivering therefore constitute excellent candidate activities for optimization to reduce USPS and overall impacts and risks, which depend upon spatial relationships of local post offices and mail recipients. Recipients may receive mail passively, or pick it up at their post office. Under the USPS business model, recipients lack economic incentive for the latter, even if their post office is situated along their daily travel route. USPS can incentivize such customers by dividing the price of postage between two parties: senders, covering delivery of individual pieces to recipients' local post office; and recipients, in the form of annual subscriptions covering delivery of mail to their local address. This alternative model would greatly reduce the price of postage for senders, increase the number of recipients picking up mail at a local post office box to avoid paying for delivery subscriptions, reduce USPS and overall impacts and risks, and possibly restore USPS business volume and profitability.

Foreword

Foreword Gary Kline In order to provide an international structure for the humane and scientific study of peoples, problems, and issues in the world’s developing countries, the late Dr. Harold Isaacs, professor emeritus of history at Georgia Southwestern State University in Americus, GA, founded the Association of Third World Studies (ATWS), Inc., in 1983 with the ultimate goal of improving quality of life. The association now has a global membership and chapters in South Asia and Africa. In the summer of 2016, following a vote of the members of the association, ATWS was renamed the Association of Global South Studies (AGSS). As ATWS, the association began its history as an institution in 1991 when, under the newly ratified ATWS constitution, elected officials assumed responsibility for managing the organization. Since 1992, the executive headquarters have been located at Georgia Southern University (1992–2003), Mississippi State University (2003–2006), and Louisiana State University-Shreveport (2006–). Because of the dedicated and energetic leadership of Zia H. Hashmi and Paul Rodell at Georgia Southern, Shu-hui Wu at Mississippi State, and William Pederson at LSUS, AGSS has made great progress as a global professional organization. In 1995, the United Nations recognized the success of AGSS by granting it UN consultative status, thus enabling the association to increase its direct impact on world development. AGSS has a website (http://apps.gsw.edu/atws/), which will soon be revamped. Membership in AGSS is open to any person interested in studying the developing countries. Yearly membership dues are $60.00, which includes an annual subscription to JGSS. The yearly subscription rate is $60.00; single copies are $30.00. Discounts are available for students and those living in the developing countries. Membership and subscription forms and copies of JTWS/JGSS may be obtained by writing to the Association of Global South Studies, Inc., P.O. Box 1893, Starkville, MS, 39760. Individuals interested in submitting articles to [End Page vii] be considered or refereed for publication by the JGSS Board of Editors should write to the editor, Dr. Gary Kline, at the above address, or by email: gary.kline@gsw.edu. Articles appearing in this journal are abstracted and indexed in the International Bibliography of Periodical Literature, the International Bibliography of Book Reviews, the International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, International Political Science Abstracts, Political Science Abstracts, Sociological Abstracts, Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts, Historical Abstracts and America: History and Life, Periodica Islamica, A Matter of Fact, Media Review, Consumers Index, Social Sciences Index, University Microfilms, Inc., PAIS Indexes, and CAB International (CABI). On behalf of all AGSS members and JGSS subscribers worldwide, I would like to express my gratitude to the associate editors of the journal. Without the dedication and superlative scholarship, skills, and abilities of Yi Sun (Asia), Peter Dumbuya (Africa), Michael Hall (Book Reviews), Jacek Lubecki (Middle East), Ryan Alexander (Latin America), and Jason Strakes (Eurasia), JGSS would not enjoy its present scope and quality. I also extend my sincere appreciation and thanks to Sara Abernathy, our very able editorial assistant. She has contributed very significantly to improving the quality of our journal. We also wish to thank Georgia Southwestern State University and the GSW Foundation for their continuing financial support for our journal. As our home institution, their commitment has both material and spiritual importance for us. Last but not least, Lauren Phillips, journals manager for University of Florida Press, deserves enthusiastic thanks and praise for her excellent production work and assistance. [End Page viii] Gary Kline Department of History and Political Science Georgia Southwestern State University Americus, Georgia 31709 Copyright © 2018 Association of Global South Studies, Inc

Impact of library spending on the research output of the institution

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the impact and role of libraries of the Institutes of Management in India in their research output. The study is based on the seven point performance evaluation parameter, whereby each individual library has been ranked on the basis of aggregate performance against each individual parameter. Some of the key parameters evaluated, include, preference of resource procurement namely, electronic or print, utilisation of library budget towards the procurement of print and electronic resources, average fund utilisation on resource procurement against each published research article and average fund utilisation on resource procurement against each faculty member. Research output against each faculty member and various other similar aspects have been evaluated.Design/methodology/approachThe study is limited to the management institutes of India, but the findings can be generalised to assess omit it the overall trend across the management institutes in general and India in particular. The study is based on 2016 ranking list of Institutes of Management in India, compiled and released by the Ministry of Human Resource and Development, Govt. of India for the period 2012-2013, 2013-2014 and 2014-2015.FindingsFrom the data analysis, it emerged that almost three-fourth of the library budget in the leading Management Institutes across India is being spent on the procurement of e-documents, mostly in the form of subscription of online journals. On average 1.18 research articles have been published by each faculty member during the period of study from each institute under study, with an average annual institutional research output of 19.63 research articles. In terms of resource allocation, on average Indian Rupees (INR) 0.986/million has been spent by each institutional library on the resource procurement against each published research article, and INR1.166/million has been spent on the resource procurement against each faculty member.Practical implicationsThe study is an attempt to seek correlation between the money spend on the procurement of resources and its direct impact on the research output of that particular institution.Originality/valueThe study is original and first of its kind, undertaken in India.

BACK MATTER

Subject and author index, publication ethics and publication malpractice statement, IJAL subscription form, information of IJAL, notes for contributors, and back cover

Book Reviews and Subscription Form

Book Reviews and Subscription Form

Back Matter

Subject and author index, publication ethics and publication malpractice statement, IJAL subscription form, information of IJAL, notes for contributors, and back cover

Foreword

Foreword Gary Kline In order to provide an international structure for the humane and scientific study of peoples, problems, and issues in the world’s developing countries, with the ultimate goal of improving quality of life, the late Dr. Harold Isaacs, Professor Emeritus of History at Georgia Southwestern State University in Americus, GA, founded the Association of Third World Studies (ATWS), Inc., in 1983. The association now has a global membership and chapters in South Asia and Africa. In the summer of 2016, following a vote of the members of the association, ATWS was renamed the Association of Global South Studies (AGSS). As ATWS, the association began its history as an institution in 1991 when, under the newly ratified ATWS Constitution, elected officials assumed responsibility for the management of the organization. Since 1992 the Executive Headquarters have been located at Georgia Southern University (1992–2003), Mississippi State University (2003–2006), and Louisiana State University-Shreveport (2006–). Due to the dedicated and energetic leadership of Zia H. Hashmi and Paul Rodell at Georgia Southern, Shu-hui Wu at Mississippi State, and, presently, William Pederson at LSUS, AGSS has made great progress as a global, professional organization. In 1995, the United Nations recognized the success of AGSS by granting it UN “consultative status,” thus enabling the association to increase its direct impact on world development. AGSS has an established website on the internet. The address for the AGSS website is: http://apps.gsw.edu/atws/. This site will soon be revamped totally. Membership in AGSS is open to any person interested in studying the developing countries. Yearly membership dues are $60.00, which includes an annual subscription to JGSS. The yearly subscription rate for nonmembers is $60.00, and single copies are $30.00. Discounts are available for students and those living in the developing countries. Membership and subscription forms may be obtained by writing to the Association of Global South Studies, Inc., [End Page v] P.O. Box 1893, Starkville, MS 39760. Individuals interested in submitting articles to be considered, or refereed, for publication by the JGSS Board of Editors, should write to the editor, Dr. Gary Kline, at the above address. Alternatively, manuscripts may be sent to the editor via email: gary.kline@gsw.edu. Articles appearing in this journal are abstracted and indexed in International Bibliography of Periodical Literature; International Bibliography of Book Reviews; International Bibliography of the Social Sciences; International Political Science Abstracts; Political Science Abstracts; Sociological Abstracts; Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts; Historical Abstracts and America: History and Life; Periodica Islamica; A Matter of Fact; Media Review; Consumers Index; Social Sciences Index; University Microfilms, Inc., PAIS Indexes; and CAB International (CABI). On behalf of all AGSS members and JGSS subscribers worldwide, the editor would like to express his gratitude to the associate editors of the journal. Without the dedication and superlative scholarship, skills, and abilities of Yi Sun (Asia), Peter Dumbuya (Africa), Michael Hall (Book Reviews), Jacek Lubecki (Middle East), and Ryan Alexander (Latin America), JGSS would not possess its present scope and quality. Sincere appreciation and thanks are also extended to Sara Abernathy, our very skilled editorial assistant. She has contributed very significantly to improving the quality of our journal. Tom Goodlett of Value Print and Media, LLC, also deserves thanks and praise for his excellent production work over the years. [End Page vi] Gary Kline Department of History and Political Science Georgia Southwestern State University Americus, Georgia 31709 Copyright © 2017 Association of Global South Studies, Inc

Compare the effect of flaxseed, evening primrose oil and Vitamin E on duration of periodic breast pain.

BACKGROUND:Breast periodic pain is the most common disorder of the breast which leads to consultation with knowledgeable people like a midwife. The aim of this study was to compare the therapeutic effect of flaxseed, evening primrose oil, and Vitamin E on the duration of the period of breast pain.MATERIALS AND METHODS:This study is a quasi-randomized clinical trial conducted in 2015 on ninety patients complaining of breast periodic pain referring to Gynecologic Clinics of Ghaem Hospital or residents living in dormitories of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Randomization was conducted based on the study environment. The first group received 30 g of powdered flaxseed, the second group received two 1000 mg capsules of evening primrose, and the third group received 1 capsule of 400 IU Vitamin E, daily and for two menstrual cycles. Cyclical breast pain was measured at the beginning and end of both intervention periods by daily subscription form of pain duration. Data analysis was performed by SPSS 16 software and Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Chi-square, Friedman, Fisher's, and one-sided ANOVA tests. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05.RESULTS:The mean duration of breast pain in flaxseed group within 2 months of intervention decreased significantly (confidence interval [CI] =95%, P = 0.006), but despite reducing the duration of pain in evening primrose oil group (CI = 95%, P = 0.058) and Vitamin E (CI = 95%, P = 0.306), this reduction was not significant. In overall, the average duration of breast pain in all three flaxseed, evening primrose oil, and Vitamin E groups was not significantly different before the intervention (CI = 95%, P = 0.286), 1 month after the intervention (CI = 95%, P = 0.195), and 2 months after the intervention (CI = 95%, P = 0.667).CONCLUSION:The use of flaxseed, evening primrose oil, or Vitamin E may reduce breast pain, and this is a significant reduction in flaxseed.

Why an open access publishing cooperative can work

Why an open access publishing cooperative can work

Risk of the Collective Investment and Investment Portfolio

Abstract Currently, the investing method of the available funds in the form of collective investing is going to be more popular. This method that is based on the common interest of a greater number of individual investors as efficiently as possible to evaluate their available funds. The basic starting point for collective investment is to minimize the risk of investors, through the diversification of the portfolio. The benefits of collective investment is more efficient diversification of risk, professional management of savings, availability and expansion of investment opportunities for small investors. There are also large selection of funds, high liquidity, lower transaction costs, and insufficient information and tax advantages compared to bank deposits. And these are what is attracted for more and more investors to invest their funds right this way. In the case of investment funds, however, is to get the cash in form of subscription of shares, which investors buy, thereby increasing the risk that investors will run regardless of the amount of the income. Along with the theme of collective investment came also to the fore the portfolio theory and its application of this theory as well as in the field of collective investment. The principle of portfolio theory is diversification which is used to achieve the objective of investment enterprises and their funds, mutual funds and pension funds, and the creation and management of the portfolio that provides to the clients the highest effect. The present paper deals with the analysis and optimization of the investment portfolio. There is also mentioned the founder of the portfolio, M. H. Markowitz and his selective model. This paper is also dedicated to the measurement of risk and return of portfolio and their calculation – correlation and covariance.

Editorial: Positive News About the Future of Philosophy of Education

In 1999 I was approached by Jim Garrison (then editor-in-chief of Studies in Philosophy and Education) and Terry McLaughlin (then chair of the International Network of Philosophers of Education) with the question whether I was willing to become the next editor of Studies in Philosophy of Education. I was honoured by the request and started working behind the scenes from the end of that year onwards. Fifteen years later I come to the end of my editorship and it gives me great pleasure to introduce and welcome Barbara ThayerBacon as the next editor-in-chief of Studies in Philosophy and Education. Barbara brings a wealth of experience to the task and a deep insight in the international field of philosophy of education. What also gives me great pleasure is that at last one of the major international English-language philosophies of education journals will have a female editor. I am extremely pleased that Studies in Philosophy and Education is making history—although it has been long overdue. In this editorial I would like to identify a number of memorable events that occurred during my editorship, and want to provide some reflections about the future of philosophy of education. When I took over as editor, Studies in Philosophy and Education was a rather small journal with probably somewhere in the range of 400 paper subscriptions world-wide. Although it performed a role within the field of philosophy of education, it is obvious that even with library subscriptions included, its reach must have been rather modest. Perhaps the most significant change during my editorship, then, has been the move towards electronic publishing and the subsequent decision of the publisher to offer the journal as part of a bundle of journals to libraries, rather than in the form of single subscriptions. This has not only significantly increased the number of subscriptions to the journal, but has also dramatically increased the readership of the journal, with annual download figures in the 50,000 region in recent years. This can only mean that there is a large group of people ‘out there’ with a real interest in the kind of work published in Studies in Philosophy and

Preserving Theater Ephemera, from Programs to Websites

Theater performances are ephemeral, being by definition unique. Yet they leave traces of their existence, which are preserved by the Performing Arts Department of the Bibliothèque nationale de France (French National Library). Some of these traces are particularly short-lived, such as the documentation issued for the press and public composed of programs for individual plays or for the season’s productions, brochures and leaflets, subscription forms, invitations, tickets, and press kits and cuttings. In the last few years, there has been a shift to electronic documentation, using another short-lived carrier, the web. This article explores the continuities and discontinuities in archiving performing arts ephemera, from archiving theater programs to harvesting the web in the context of the mandate received by the Bibliothèque nationale de France (French National Library) for the “legal deposit of the web.”

The impact of QoS differentiation on service quality and system capacity in cellular networks

Mobile network operators are currently preparing the introduction of QoS differentiation mechanisms in their 3G networks, as a means to support service-specific quality requirements, to enable the offering of distinct subscription forms and/or to enhance the resource efficiency and hence network capacity. In this paper we quantify the attainable performance and/or capacity gains from introducing different forms of QoS differentiation in an HSDPA network, considering distinct scenarios of subscription- and/or service-based differentiation. For the case of weight-based QoS differentiation, we demonstrate how the significance of the achievable performance impact and capacity gains depends on the applied differentiation weights, the traffic characteristics, the service mix and the class-specific performance requirements. For scenarios with reasonable traffic mixes and performance requirements, capacity gains of about 20 % appear very well possible. For the investigated minimum bit rate-based QoS differentiation scheme, we demonstrate an inherent trade-off between giving high-priority data users preferred access to the shared transport channel, while as a consequence reducing the spectral efficiency of the channel by granting prioritised users access even at times when their channel conditions are unfavourable. Achievable performance gains were primarily observed at cell traffic loads exceeding the `dimensioning load', although for some scenarios capacity gains of up to 8.6 % were found, compared to a case without QoS differentiation.

학습부진 대학생을 위한 예방적 학습컨설팅 프로그램 개발과 효과

The numbers of learning underachievers in college are gradually increasing. As a result, the need for extracurricular programs to increase learning in college is also growing. The purpose of this study was to analyze factors of learning difficulty and develop a model of learning consulting for college underachievers. This study also aimed to evaluate this model's validity. Using both 56 subscription forms of college underachievers and three sets of focus group interviews at B university, we found that students had difficulties in goal and career setting, management of grades and tests, learning methods, time management, failure overcome ability, lack of learning habit sustaining power and learning motivation, and so on. We developed a model of learning consulting for college underachievers based on these factors and applied the model to evaluate it's validity, testing it on 31 underachievers currently enrolled in college, five times every week. Let we say in conclusion that this model of learning consulting had positive effects on changing college underachiever's character, emotion, motivation, and behavior towards learning.

Implementing hospital pharmacy practice changes

Accountability, bedside discharge counseling, and the Pharmacy Practice Model Initiative (PPMI) were just a few topics spotlighted at the 2012 American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) Midyear Clinical Meeting & Exposition.

State of the Journal

State of the Journal

From the Editor’s Desk: Report for the French Review, 2010–2011

Category Approved Under Rejected Total Evaluation Submitted Film 3 1 1 5 Focus on the Classroom 8 4 6 18 Interview 3 – 2 5 Linguistics 1 2 – 3 Literature 14 13 19 46 Society and Culture 6 – 9 15 Totals 35 20 37 92 The October issue is traditionally one of our longest, and this year is no exception. With 11 articles and 62 reviews, this first issue of Volume 85 of the French Review has something for all of our subscribers. Readers will find in our annual rubric, “L’année littéraire,” articles that cover the principal developments for novels, poetry, and the Festival d’Avignon during 2010. Also, I am happy to report that the Bloc-notes culturel, which was missing last year, is back. We have two articles devoted to the cinema, one of which explores the pedagogical value of the film that has become the biggest box office success in French history, Bienvenue chez les Ch’tis. One of the articles in the Literature rubric also addresses the issue of film adaptation. This issue also marks the beginning of one of our new rubrics, “Lettrismes” (descriptions of our new rubrics are found in the “Announcements” section). It is already time to think ahead to our numéro spécial for Vol. 86 (May 2013), which will be devoted to professional issues linked to the future of teaching French/Francophone language, literature, and culture in the United States. As a reminder, in our April issue of this calendar year (FR 84.5), we published a special report (910–16) in the aftermath of the wholesale language program eliminations at State University of New York, Albany. Another article in the same issue (992–1003) argued that French/Francophone programs at the university level need to move beyond their traditional focus on literature. Meanwhile, we are now quite familiar with the budgetary woes of states and school districts, which have negatively impacted French programs at schools and universities. Since the future of French in the classroom and as a scholarly discipline is of course a vital issue to all members of the AATF, we would like to hear from our readers at all levels of teaching and research . The call for papers for this special issue is found in the Announcements section. As was announced in the May issue, we have now transitioned to an all-electronic method for the submission of articles to the French Review. Authors can now simply submit articles by E-mail attachment (addressed to me: edward.ousselin@wwu.edu). Hardcopies of submitted articles are no longer required, and the postage fee has been eliminated (AATF membership remains a requirement for all contributors to the French Review). For reviews of books, films, or pedagogical materials, authors should contact the appropriate 9 From the Editor’s Desk: Report for the French Review, 2010–2011 Articles submitted 1 June 2010–31 May 2011 (Vol. 84) Review Editor before writing their review (see the list of Editors). Also, a few formatting changes now apply. Authors of future articles and reviews should familiarize themselves with these changes. Please note that the updated Guide for Authors is now only available online, on the French Review Web site (www.wwu.edu/depts/mcl/french/FR). Meanwhile, the following items, which will no longer be regularly printed in the French Review, are available on the AATF Web site (www.frenchteachers.org): the AATF information page and list of Officers, the roster of chapter Presidents, the list of National French Contest Administrators, the AATF membership and subscription form, and the addresses of the French and Quebec Cultural Services. While some of these items will still be printed once a year in our pages, they are easier to access (and to regularly update) online. Edward Ousselin, Editor in Chief 10 FRENCH REVIEW 85.1 ...

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Ensayos de historia política de Colombia, siglos XIX y XX

David Bushnell’s long-established mastery of Colombian history is once again displayed in these essays, which deal with topics from the independence period to the 1930s and 1940s. Several of the essays are relatively slight pieces. The first compares the tendency of Colombian scholars since 1945 to glorify Simón Bolívar as a social democrat (for example, Indalecio Liévano Aguirre, Hermes Tovar Pinzón) with the darker tints applied to Francisco de Paula Santander. Bushnell offers a quiet defense of the founder of the republic, pointing to his commitment to public education as well as the rule of law.A second essay, originally published in the HAHR in 1950, describes the news papers of the 1820s, noting the role of subsidies (in the form of government subscriptions) in sustaining pro-government media. A third piece, originally published in a Colombian journal of limited distribution in 1982, seeks to reveal the identities of those few Venezuelan public men who supported Santander in the election of 1825.A fourth article, dating from the 1980s, discusses the changing patterns in representations on postage stamps, from the federation of 1863 – 86 through the Regeneration of 1886 – 1903 and its immediate aftermath. The Radicals of the 1860s and 1870s, rejecting the idea of dominance of personalist leaders, refrained from displaying Colombian heroes on stamps during their period of dominance. The Regeneration celebrated such centralist heroes as Antonio Nariño, Bolívar, Antonio José de Sucre, and Rafael Núñez himself. The post-Regeneration regimes, attending to the centenary of the Independence movement, printed stamps honoring martyrs of the Independence: Camilo Torres, José Acevedo y Gómez, and Policarpa Salavarrieta. The post-Regeneration government, signaling a move toward party conciliation after the War of a Thousand Days, also finally recognized Francisco de Paula Santander.Relatively slight as the essays discussed above may be, they all bear the mark of Bushnell’s distinctive style — attention to detail in evidence, serene impartiality, and a wry, gentle sense of humor. These qualities are also evident in the three much more substantial essays in the collection. The first, probably the best known in the Atlantic world, is his essay on Bolívar’s dictatorship, published in the HAHR in February 1983. The article discusses the beginning of the dictatorship, describes its policies, and identifies its supporters. The assessment of policies is notably dispassionate and balanced. Bushnell notes that many participants in the preceding Santander regime of 1819 – 27, including some notable liberals, continued as supporters of and functionaries in the Bolivarian dictatorship.A second important article, probably much less well known, was produced for a conference on economic liberalism in 1990. The essay skillfully and perceptively discusses the process of economic and political liberalization of 1847 – 80, comparing it to the recent neoliberal turn (the topic of the conference). The analysis is up-to-date and, though I have covered this ground myself, I found a number of observations instructive. One surprising, perhaps even puckish, note is his comparison of the obligatory end of religious vows to the abolition of slavery.The third major essay discusses Colombian responses to the Spanish Civil War of 1936 – 39. Once again the exposition is thorough and careful, dispassionate and balanced. The content is too variegated and nuanced to summarize adequately in brief compass. Grosso modo, Bushnell finds that most Conservative public figures clearly supported the Nationalist cause, both because of their allegiance to the Church and their fear of and hostility to communism and the left in general. However, most Conservative spokesmen remained loyal to democratic, constitutional institutions, with the exception of only a few extremists. While they might have corporatist leanings, they were not sympathetic to German or Italian fascism, in part perhaps because of the perceived fascist lack of regard for the Church. Liberals, including the administration of Alfonso López Pumarejo (1934 – 38), tended to support the Republican cause. But Liberals were less uniformly supportive of, and had more reservations about, the Spanish Republicans than was the case of the Conservatives with regard to the Spanish Nationalists.This collection was published primarily to make essays originally issued in English more available to Colombian readers. But it will be equally useful to readers in the Anglophone world. In it Bushnell once again demonstrates both attention to detail and a capacity to discern general patterns, as well as the equilibrium and the careful attention to balancing contrary evidence that have characterized the whole of his long and exemplary career.